黑棘皮症

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2. Schwartz RA. Acanthosis nigricans. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994 Jul;31(1):1-19. 摘要

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13. Brown J, Winkelmann RK. Acanthosis nigricans: a study of 90 cases. Medicine. 1968 Jan;47(1):33-51. 摘要

14. Ramirez-Amador V, Esquivel-Pedraza L, Caballero-Mendoza E, et al. Oral manifestations as a hallmark of malignant acanthosis nigricans. J Oral Pathol Med. 1999 Jul;28(6):278-81. 摘要

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16. Yosipovitch G, DeVore A, Dawn A. Obesity and the skin: skin physiology and skin manifestations of obesity. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Jun;56(6):901-16. 摘要

17. Phiske MM. An approach to acanthosis nigricans. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2014 Jul;5(3):239-49.全文  摘要

18. Maitra SK, Rowland Payne CM. The obesity syndrome and acanthosis nigricans. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2004;3:202-210.

19. Kong AS, Williams RL, Smith M, et al. Acanthosis nigricans and diabetes risk factors: prevalence in young persons seen in southwestern US primary care practices. Ann Fam Med. 2007 May-Jun;5(3):202-8.全文  摘要

20. Hud JA Jr, Cohen JB, Wagner JM, et al. Prevalence and significance of acanthosis nigricans in an adult obese population. Arch Dermatol. 1992 Jul;128(7):941-4. 摘要

21. Mukhtar Q, Cleverly G, Voorhees RE, et al. Prevalence of acanthosis nigricans and its association with hyperinsulinemia in New Mexico Adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2001 May;28(5):372-6. 摘要

22. Houpt KR, Cruz PD. Acanthosis nigricans. In: Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, et al, eds, Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine, 6th ed. New York, NY; McGraw Hill: 2003: 1796-1801.

23. Sedano HO, Gorlin RJ. Acanthosis nigricans. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987 Apr;63(4):462-7. 摘要

24. Torley D, Bellus GA, Munro CS. Genes, growth factors and acanthosis nigricans. Br J Dermatol. 2002 Dec;147(6):1096-101. 摘要

25. Koyama S, Ikeda K, Sato M, et al. Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha)-producing gastric carcinoma with acanthosis nigricans: an endocrine effect of TGF alpha in the pathogenesis of cutaneous paraneoplastic syndrome and epithelial hyperplasia of the esophagus. J Gastroenterol. 1997 Feb;32(1):71-7. 摘要

26. Hermanns-Le T, Scheen A, Pierard GE. Acanthosis nigricans associated with insulin resistance: pathophysiology and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004;5(3):199-203. 摘要

27. Trout CR, Levine N, Chang MW. Disorders of hyperpigmentation. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, eds. Dermatology. 1st ed. Edinburgh: Mosby, 2003: 1000-1001.

28. Kim YC, Davis MD, Schanbacher CF, et al. Dowling-Degos disease (reticulate pigmented anomaly of the flexures): a clinical and histopathologic study of 6 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999 Mar;40(3):462-7. 摘要

29. Pierson D, Bandel C, Ehrig T, et al. Benign epidermal tumors and proliferations. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, eds. Dermatology. 1st ed. Edinburgh: Mosby, 2003: 1717-1718.

30. Kim EJ, Lin J, Junkins-Hopkins JM, et al. Mycosis fungoides and sezary syndrome: an update. Curr Oncol Rep. 2006 Sep;8(5):376-86. 摘要

31. Willemze R, Scheffer E, Van Vloten WA. Mycosis fungoides simulating acanthosis nigricans. Am J Dermatopathol. 1985 Aug;7(4):367-71. 摘要

32. Richard G, Ringpfeil F. Ichthyoses, erythrokeratodermas and related disorders. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, eds. Dermatology. 1st ed. Edinburgh: Mosby, 2003: 785-786.

33. Oh JS, Kang, MS, Yu HJ, et al. Familial acanthosis nigricans showing ichthyosiform skin lesions in two sisters. J Dermatol. 2007 Sep;34(9):680-1. 摘要

34. Bossuyt L, Morren M, Degreef H. Transient acanthosis-nigricans-like dermatosis in re-epithelializing lesions of pemphigus foliaceus. Dermatology. 1992;185(4):309-10. 摘要

35. Usui K, Kondo A, Nakagawa H. Pemphigus vulgaris associated with transient acanthosis nigricans like lesion. J Dermatol. 1998 Aug;25(8):550-2. 摘要

36. Romo A, Benavides S. Treatment options in insulin resistance obesity-related acanthosis nigricans. Ann Pharmacother. 2008 Jul;42(7):1090-4. 摘要

37. Rosenbach A, Ram R. Treatment of Acanthosis nigricans of the axillae using a long-pulsed (5-msec) alexandrite laser. Dermatol Surg. 2004 Aug;30(8):1158-60. 摘要

38. Bredlich RO, Krahn G, Kunzi-Rapp K, et al. Continuous-wave carbon dioxide laser therapy in pseudoacanthosis nigricans. Br J Dermatol. 1998 Nov;139(5):937-8. 摘要

39. Wedge CC, Rootman DS, Hunter W, et al. Malignant acanthosis nigricans. A case report. Ophthalmology. 1993 Oct;100(10):1590-2. 摘要

40. Blobstein SH. Topical therapy with tretinoin and ammonium lactate for acanthosis nigricans associated with obesity. Cutis. 2003 Jan;71(1):33-4. 摘要

41. Omar HA, Logsdon S, Richards J. Clinical profiles, occurrence, and management of adolescent patients with HAIR-AN syndrome. ScientificWorldJournal. 2004 Jul 8;4:507-11. 摘要

42. Dai WS, LaBraico JM, Stern RS. Epidemiology of isotretinoin exposure during pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992 Apr;26(4):599-606. 摘要

43. Lammer EJ, Chen DT, Hoar RM, et al. Retinoic acid embryopathy. N Engl J Med. 1985 Oct 3;313(14):837-411. 摘要

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45. Chan A, Hanna M, Abbott M, et al. Oral retinoids and pregnancy. Med J Aust. 1996 Aug 5;165(3):164-7. 摘要

46. Salpeter SR, Greyber E, Pasternak GA, et al. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Apr 14;(4):CD002967.全文  摘要

47. Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centred approach. Update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia. 2015 Jan 13;58(3):429-42.全文  摘要

48. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA revises warnings regarding use of the diabetes medicine metformin in certain patients with reduced kidney function. April 2016 [internet publication].全文

49. Ormerod AD, Campalani E, Goodfield MJ, et al. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines on the efficacy and use of acitretin in dermatology. Br J Dermatol. 2010 May;162(5):952-63. 摘要