中毒性休克综合征

参考文献

关键文献

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS): 2010 case definition. 2010 [internet publication].​全文

Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;49(11):e1063-143.全文  摘要

Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.全文  摘要

Sartelli M, Guirao X, Hardcastle TC, et al. 2018 WSES/SIS-E consensus conference: recommendations for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2018;13:58.全文  摘要

参考文献

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Working Group on Severe Streptococcal Infections. Defining the group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: rationale and consensus definition. JAMA. 1993 Jan 20;269(3):390-1. 摘要

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS): 2010 case definition. 2010 [internet publication].​全文

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Toxic shock syndrome (other than streptococcal ) (TSS): 2011 case definition. Apr 2021 [internet publication]​.全文

4. Reingold AL, Hargrett NT, Shands KN, et al. Toxic shock syndrome surveillance in the United States, 1980 to 1981. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Jun;96(6 Pt 2):875-80. 摘要

5. Kotler DP, Sandkovsky U, Schlievert PM, et al. Toxic shock-like syndrome associated with staphylococcal enterocolitis in an HIV-infected man. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jun 15;44(12):e121-3.全文  摘要

6. Paterson MP, Hoffman EB, Roux P. Severe disseminated staphylococcal disease associated with osteitis and septic arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990 Jan;72(1):94-7.全文  摘要

7. Ferguson MA, Todd JK. Toxic shock syndrome associated with Staphylococcus aureus sinusitis in children. J Infect Dis. 1990 May;161(5):953-5. 摘要

8. Parsonnet J. Nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome: new insights into diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 1996;16:1-20. 摘要

9. Darenberg J, Luca-Harari B, Jasir A, et al. Molecular and clinical characteristics of invasive group A streptococcal infections in Sweden. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Aug 15;45(4):450-8.全文  摘要

10. Gnann JW Jr. Varicella-zoster virus: atypical presentations and unusual complications. J Infect Dis. 2002 Oct 15;186(suppl 1):S91-S98.全文  摘要

11. Imöhl M, van der Linden M, Reinert RR, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal disease and association with varicella in Germany, 1996-2009. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2011 Jun;62(1):101-9.全文  摘要

12. Davis JP, Osterholm MT, Helms CM, et al. Tri-state toxic-shock syndrome study: clinical and laboratory findings. J Infect Dis. 1982 Apr;145(4):441-8. 摘要

13. Chesney PJ. Clinical aspects and spectrum of illness of toxic shock syndrome: overview. Rev Infect Dis. 1989 Jan-Feb;11(suppl 1):S1-S7. 摘要

14. Kain KC, Schulzer M, Chow AW. Clinical spectrum of nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome (TSS): comparison with menstrual TSS by multivariate discriminant analyses. Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Jan;16(1):100-6. 摘要

15. Andrews M, Parent EM, Barry M, et al. Recurrent nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 May 15;32(10):1470-9. 摘要

16. Stolz SJ, Davis JP, Vergeront JM, et al. Development of serum antibody to toxic shock toxin among individuals with toxic shock syndrome in Wisconsin. J Infect Dis. 1985 May;151(5):883-9. 摘要

17. Cone LA, Woodard DR, Byrd RG, et al. A recalcitrant, erythematous, desquamating disorder associated with toxin-producing staphylococci in patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis. 1992 Apr;165(4):638-43.全文  摘要

18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ​Nationally notifiable infectious diseases and conditions, United States: annual tables. 2019 [internet publication].全文

19. Berger S, Kunerl A, Wasmuth S, et al. Menstrual toxic shock syndrome: case report and systematic review of the literature. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019 Sep;19(9):e313-21. 摘要

20. Sharma H, Smith D, Turner CE, et al. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome in the United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018 Feb;24(2).全文  摘要

21. Hajjeh RA, Reingold A, Weil A, et al. Toxic shock syndrome in the United States: surveillance update, 1979-1996. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999 Nov-Dec;5(6):807-10.全文  摘要

22. Gaventa S, Reingold AL, Hightower AW, et al. Active surveillance for toxic shock syndrome in the United States, 1986. Rev Infect Dis. 1989 Jan-Feb;11(1 Suppl):S28-34.全文  摘要

23. Schwartz B, Gaventa S, Broome CV, et al. Nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome associated with barrier contraceptives: report of a case-control study. Rev Infect Dis. 1989 Jan-Feb;11(1 Suppl):S43-8. 摘要

24. Durand G, Bes M, Meugnier H, et al. Detection of new methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones containing the toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 gene responsible for hospital- and community-acquired infections in France. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Mar;44(3):847-53.全文  摘要

25. Fey PD, Said-Salim B, Rupp ME, et al. Comparative molecular analysis of community- or hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Jan;47(1):196-203.全文  摘要

26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Group A streptococcal (GAS) disease. Jun 2022 [internet publication].全文

27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Group A streptococcal (GAS) disease: increase in invasive group A strep infections, 2022-2023. Feb 2023 [internet publication]​.全文

28. UK Health Security Agency. Group A streptococcal infections: activity during the 2022 to 2023 season. Apr 2023 [internet publication].全文

29. Adams DA, Thomas KR, Jajosky RA, et al. Summary of notifiable infectious diseases and conditions - United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016 Oct 14;63(54):1-152.全文  摘要

30. Gottlieb M, Long B, Koyfman A. The evaluation and management of toxic shock syndrome in the emergency department: a review of the literature. J Emerg Med. 2018 Jun;54(6):807-14. 摘要

31. Adebanjo T, Apostol M, Alden N, et al. Evaluating household transmission of invasive group A streptococcus disease in the United States using population-based surveillance data, 2013-2016. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 17;70(7):1478-81.全文  摘要

32. Schwartz B, Facklam RR, Brieman RF. Changing epidemiology of group A streptococcal infection in the USA. Lancet. 1990 Nov 10;336(8724):1167-71. 摘要

33. Davies HD, McGeer A, Schwartz B, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada. N Engl J Med. 1996 Aug 22;335(8):547-54.全文  摘要

34. Demers B, Simor AE, Vellend H, et al. Severe invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada: 1987-1991. Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Jun;16(6):792-800. 摘要

35. O'Brien KL, Levine OS, Schwartz B. The changing epidemiology of group A streptococcus infections. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 1997;8:10-16.

36. Schwartz B, Elliot JA, Butler JC, et al. Clusters of invasive group A streptococcal infections in family, hospital, and nursing home settings. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Aug;15(2):277-84. 摘要

37. Kakis A, Gibbs L, Eguia J, et al. An outbreak of group A streptococcal infection among health care workers. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Dec 1;35(11):1353-9.全文  摘要

38. Auerbach SB, Schwartz B, Williams D, et al. Outbreak of invasive group A streptococcal infections in a nursing home: lessons on prevention and control. Arch Intern Med. 1992 May;152(5):1017-22. 摘要

39. Hohenboken JJ, Anderson F, Kaplan EL. Invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) serotype M-1 outbreak in a long-term care facility (LTCF) with mortality. Paper presented at: 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 1994; Orlando, FL.

40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nosocomial group A streptococcal infections associated with asymptomatic health-care workers: Maryland and California, 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999 Mar 5;48(8):163-6.全文  摘要

41. Stevens DL. Invasive group A streptococcus infections. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Jan;14(1):2-11. 摘要

42. Tang WM, Ho PL, Yau WP, et al. Report of two fatal cases of adult necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome caused by Streptococcus agalactiae. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Oct;31(4):E15-7.全文  摘要

43. Kotb M. Bacterial pyrogenic exotoxins as superantigens. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995 Jul;8(3):411-26.全文  摘要

44. Norrby-Teglund A, Thulin P, Gan BS, et al. Evidence for superantigen involvement in severe group A streptococcal tissue infections. J Infect Dis. 2001 Oct 1;184(7):853-60.全文  摘要

45. Stevens DL, Bryant AE, Hackett SP, et al. Group A streptococcal bacteremia: the role of tumor necrosis factor in shock and organ failure. J Infect Dis. 1996 Mar;173(3):619-26. 摘要

46. Gaworzewska ET, Coleman G. Correspondence: group A streptococcal infections and a toxic shock-like syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:1546.

47. Stegmayr B, Bjorck S, Holm S, et al. Septic shock induced by group A streptococcal infections: clinical and therapeutic aspects. Scand J Infect Dis. 1992;24(5):589-97. 摘要

48. Holm SE, Norrby A, Bergholm AM, et al. Aspects of pathogenesis of serious group A streptococcal infections in Sweden, 1988-1989. J Infect Dis. 1992 Jul;166(1):31-7. 摘要

49. Eriksson BK, Andersson J, Holm SE, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal infections: T1M1 isolates expressing pyrogenic exotoxins A and B in combination with selective lack of toxin-neutralizing antibodies are associated with increased risk of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1999 Aug;180(2):410-8.全文  摘要

50. Norrby-Teglund A, Newton D, Kotb M, et al. Superantigenic properties of the group A streptococcal exotoxin SpeF (MF). Infect Immun. 1994 Dec;62(12):5227-33.全文  摘要

51. Norrby-Teglund A, Kotb M. Host-microbe interactions in the pathogenesis of invasive group A streptococcal infections. J Med Microbiol. 2000 Oct;49(10):849-52.全文  摘要

52. Kaul R, McGeer A, Low DE, et al. Population-based surveillance for group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis: clinical features, prognostic indicators, and microbiological analysis of seventy-seven cases. Am J Med. 1997 Jul;103(1):18-24. 摘要

53. Barry W, Hudgins L, Donta ST, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for toxic shock syndrome. JAMA. 1992 Jun 24;267(24):3315-6. 摘要

54. Basma H, Norrby-Teglund A, Guedez Y, et al. Risk factors in the pathogenesis of invasive group A streptococcal infections: role of protective humoral immunity. Infect Immun. 1999 Apr;67(4):1871-7.全文  摘要

55. Ato M, Ikebe T, Kawataba H, et al. Incompetence of neutrophils to invasive group A streptococcus is attributed to induction of plural virulence factors by dysfunction of a regulator. PLoS ONE. 2008;3(10):e3455.全文  摘要

56. Kikuchi K, Takahashi N, Piao C, et al. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains causing neonatal toxic shock syndrome-like exanthematous disease in neonatal and perinatal wards. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Jul;41(7):3001-6.全文  摘要

57. van der Mee-Marquet N, Lina G, Quentin R, et al. Staphylococcal exanthematous disease in a newborn due to a virulent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain containing the TSST-1 gene in Europe: an alert for neonatologists. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Oct;41(10):4883-4.全文  摘要

58. De Boer ML, Kum WW, Pang LT, et al. Co-production of staphylococcal enterotoxin A with toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) enhances TSST-1 mediated mortality in a D-galactosamine sensitized mouse model of lethal shock. Microb Pathog. 1999 Aug;27(2):61-70. 摘要

59. Lehn N, Schaller E, Wagner H, et al. Frequency of toxic shock syndrome toxin- and enterotoxin-producing clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995 Jan;14(1):43-6. 摘要

60. Parsonnet J, Hansmann MA, Delaney ML, et al. Prevalence of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 producing Staphylococcus aureus and the presence of antibodies to this superantigen in menstruating women. J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Sep;43(9):4628-34.全文  摘要

61. Bonventre PF, Thompson MR, Adinolfi LE, et al. Neutralization of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 by monoclonal antibodies in vitro and in vivo. Infect Immun. 1988 Jan;56(1):135-41.全文  摘要

62. O'Brien KL, Beall B, Barrett NL, et al. Epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcus disease in the United States, 1995-1999. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Aug 1;35(3):268-76.全文  摘要

63. Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, et al. Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a shock-like syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1989 Jul 6;321(1):1-7. 摘要

64. Stevens DL. Streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome: spectrum of disease, pathogenesis, and new concepts in treatment. Emerg Infect Dis. 1995 Jul-Sep;1(3):69-78.全文  摘要

65. Gourlay M, Gutierrez C, Chong A, et al. Group A streptococcal sepsis and ovarian vein thrombosis after an uncomplicated vaginal delivery. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2001 Sep-Oct;14(5):375-80.全文  摘要

66. Gergis H, Barik S, Lim K, et al. Life-threatening puerperal infection with group A streptococcus. J R Soc Med. 1999 Aug;92(8):412-3.全文  摘要

67. Okumura K, Schroff R, Campbell R, et al. Group A streptococcal puerperal sepsis with retroperitoneal involvement developing in a late postpartum woman: case report. Am Surg. 2004 Aug;70(8):730-2. 摘要

68. Agerson AN, Wilkins EG. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome after breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 2005 May;54(5):553-6. 摘要

69. Celie KB, Colen DL, Kovach SJ 3rd. Toxic shock syndrome after surgery: case presentation and systematic review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2020 May;8(5):e2499.全文  摘要

70. Billon A, Gustin MP, Tristan A, et al. Association of characteristics of tampon use with menstrual toxic shock syndrome in France. EClinicalMedicine. 2020 Apr;21:100308.全文  摘要

71. Reingold AL, Broome CV, Gaventa S, et al. Risk factors for menstrual toxic shock syndrome: results of a multistate case-control study. Rev Infect Dis. 1989 Jan-Feb;11(suppl 1):S35-S41. 摘要

72. Osterholm MT, Davis JP, Gibson RW, et al. Toxic shock syndrome: relation to catamenial products, personal health and hygiene, and sexual practices. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Jun;96(6 Pt 2):954-8. 摘要

73. Broome CV. Epidemiology of toxic shock syndrome in the United States: overview. Rev Infect Dis. 1989 Jan-Feb;11(suppl 1):S14-S21. 摘要

74. Strandberg KL, Peterson ML, Schaefers MM, et al. Reduction in Staphylococcus aureus growth and exotoxin production and in vaginal interleukin 8 levels due to glycerol monolaurate in tampons. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Dec 1;49(11):1711-7. 摘要

75. Rimailho A, Riou B, Richard C, et al. Fulminant necrotizing fasciitis and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Infect Dis. 1987 Jan;155(1):143-6. 摘要

76. Vucicevic Z, Jajic-Bencic I, Kruslin B, et al. Toxic shock syndrome due to group A streptococcal pharyngitis and bacteremia in adults. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2009 Jun;42(3):276-9 摘要

77. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Group A streptococcal (GAS) disease: strep ​throat. Jun 2022 [internet publication].全文

78. UK Health Security Agency. Invasive group A streptococcal disease: managing close contacts in community settings. Mar 2023​ [internet publication].全文

79. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention​. Group A streptococcal disease: streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Jun 2022 [internet publication].全文

80. Moore DL, Allen UD, Mailman T. Invasive group A streptococcal disease: Management and chemoprophylaxis. [in fre]. Paediatr Child Health. 2019 May;24(2):128-9.全文  摘要

81. Kanetake K, Hayashi M, Hino A, et al. Primary peritonitis associated with streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome: report of a case. Surg Today. 2004;34(12):1053-6. 摘要

82. Tseng HW, Liu CC, Wang SM, et al. Complications of varicella in children: emphasis on skin and central nervous system disorders. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2000 Dec;33(4):248-52. 摘要

83. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;49(11):e1063-143.全文  摘要

84. Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. Statement on the initial antimicrobial treatment of sepsis V2.0. Oct 2022 [internet publication].全文

85. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. Sep 2017 [internet publication].全文

86. UK Sepsis Trust. Professional sepsis resources: clinical​. [intrenet publication].全文

87. NHS England. Sepsis guidance implementation advice for adults. Sep 2017 [internet publication].全文

88. Stevens DL. The toxic shock syndromes. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1996 Dec;10(4):727-46. 摘要

89. Effler PV, Bogard AK, Domen HY, et al. Evaluation of eight rapid screening tests for acute leptospirosis in Hawaii. J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Apr;40(4):1464-9.全文  摘要

90. De Backer D, Aldecoa C, Njimi H, et al. Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2012 Mar;40(3):725-30. 摘要

91. Trzeciak S, Dellinger RP. Other supportive therapies in sepsis: an evidence-based review. Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov;32(suppl 11):S571-7. 摘要

92. Nguyen HB, Rivers EP, Abrahamian FM, et al. Severe sepsis and septic shock: review of the literature and emergency department management guidelines. Ann Emerg Med. 2006 Jul;48(1):28-54. 摘要

93. ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 2023 Jan 1;46(1 suppl 1):S267-78.全文  摘要

94. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 4;342(18):1301-8.全文  摘要

95. Stevens DL, Madaras-Kelly KJ, Richards DM. In vitro antimicrobial effects of various combinations of penicillin and clindamycin against four strains of Streptococcus pyogenes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 May;42(5):1266-8.全文  摘要

96. American Academy of Pediatrics. Severe invasive group A streptococcal infection: a subject review. Pediatrics. 1998 Jan;101(1 pt 1):136-40.全文  摘要

97. Stevens DL, Gibbons AE, Bergstrom R, et al. The Eagle effect revisited: efficacy of clindamycin, erythromycin, and penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal myositis. J Infect Dis. 1988 Jul;158(1):23-8. 摘要

98. Wheeler MC, Roe MH, Kaplan EL, et al. Outbreak of group A streptococcus septicemia in children: clinical, epidemiologic, and microbiological correlates. JAMA. 1991 Jul 24-31;266(4):533-7. 摘要

99. Kohler W. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1990 Mar;272(3):257-64. 摘要

100. Cornaglia G, Ligozzi M, Mazzariol A, et al. Rapid increase of resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin in Streptococcus pyogenes in Italy, 1993-1995. Emerg Infect Dis. 1996 Oct-Dec;2(4):339-42.全文  摘要

101. Gooskens J, Neeling AJ, Willems RJ, et al. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome by an iMLS resistant M type 77 Streptococcus pyogenes in the Netherlands. Scand J Infect Dis. 2005;37(2):85-9. 摘要

102. Richter SS, Heilmann KP, Beekmann SE, et al. Macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in the Unites States, 2002-2003. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 1;41(5):599-608. 摘要

103. Carapetis JR, Jacoby P, Carville K, et al. Effectiveness of clindamycin and intravenous immunoglobulin, and risk of disease in contacts, in invasive group a streptococcal infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Aug 1;59(3):358-65. 摘要

104. Kaul R, McGeer A, Norrby-Teglund A, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a comparative observational study. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:800-807.全文  摘要

105. Linnér A, Darenberg J, Sjölin J, et al. Clinical efficacy of polyspecific intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a comparative observational study. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Sep 15;59(6):851-7. 摘要

106. Darenberg J, Ihendyane N, Sjolin J, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a European randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Aug 1;37(3):333-40.全文  摘要

107. Kadri SS, Swihart BJ, Bonne SL, et al. Impact of intravenous immunoglobulin on survival in necrotizing fasciitis with vasopressor-dependent shock: a propensity score-matched analysis from 130 US hospitals. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Apr 1;64(7):877-85. 摘要

108. Parks T, Wilson C, Curtis N, et al. Polyspecific intravenous immunoglobulin in clindamycin-treated patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Oct 15;67(9):1434-6.全文  摘要

109. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.全文  摘要

110. Sartelli M, Guirao X, Hardcastle TC, et al. 2018 WSES/SIS-E consensus conference: recommendations for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2018;13:58.全文  摘要

111. Sartelli M, Coccolini F, Kluger Y, et al. WSES/GAIS/WSIS/SIS-E/AAST global clinical pathways for patients with skin and soft tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2022 Jan 15;17(1):3.全文  摘要

112. Diep BA, Equils O, Huang DB, et al. Linezolid effects on bacterial toxin production and host immune response: review of the evidence. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2012 Jun;73(3):86-102.

113. Bisno AL, Stevens DL. Streptococcal infections of skin and soft tissues. N Engl J Med. 1996 Jan 25;334(4):240-5. 摘要

114. Tibbles PM, Edelsberg JS. Hyperbaric-oxygen therapy. N Engl J Med. 1996 Jun 20;334(25):1642-8. 摘要

115. Ekelund K, Skinhoj P, Madsen J, et al. Reemergence of emm1 and a changed superantigen profile for group A streptococci causing invasive infections: results from a nationwide study. J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Apr;43(4):1789-96.全文  摘要

116. Hasegawa T, Hashikawa SN, Nakamura T, et al. Factors determining prognosis in streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome: results of a nationwide investigation in Japan. Microbes Infect. 2004 Oct;6(12):1073-7. 摘要

117. Katz AR, Morens DM. Severe streptococcal infections in historical perspective. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Jan;14(1):298-307. 摘要

118. Braunstein H. Characteristics of group A streptococcal bacteremia in patients at the San Bernardino County Medical Center. Rev Infect Dis. 1991 Jan-Feb;13(1):8-11. 摘要

119. Francis J, Warren RE. Streptococcus pyogenes bacteraemia in Cambridge: a review of 67 episodes. Q J Med. 1988 Aug;68(256):603-13. 摘要

120. Hoge CW, Schwartz DF, Talkington DF, et al. The changing epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal infections and the emergence of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome: a retrospective population-based study. JAMA. 1993 Jan 20;269(3):384-9. 摘要

121. Bongartz T, Sutton AJ, Sweeting MJ, et al. Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2006 May 17;295(19):2275-85.全文  摘要

122. Ejlersten T, Prag J, Pettersson E, et al. A 7-month outbreak of relapsing postpartum group A streptococcal infections linked to a nurse with atopic dermatitis. Scand J Infect Dis. 2001;33(10):734-7. 摘要

123. Daneman N, Green KA, Low DE, et al. Surveillance for hospital outbreaks of invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada, 1992 to 2000. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Aug 21;147(4):234-41. 摘要

124. Factor SH. Invasive group A streptococcal disease: risk factors for adults. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Aug;9(8):970-7. 摘要

125. Tanz RR, Poncher JR, Corydon KE, et al. Clindamycin treatment of chronic pharyngeal carriage of group a streptococci. J Pediatr. 1991 Jul;119(1 pt 1):123-8. 摘要

126. Gertner M, Rodriguez L, Barnett SH, et al. Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1992 Jul;11(7):595-6. 摘要

127. Givner LB. Invasive disease due to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci: continued occurrence in children in North Carolina. South Med J. 1998 Apr;91(4):333-7. 摘要

128. Karakousis PC, Page KR, Varello MA, et al. Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome after infection with group A streptococcus. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001 Nov;76(11):1167-70. 摘要

129. DermNet. Toxic shock syndrome and toxic shock-like syndrome. Oct 2021 [internet publication].​全文

内容使用需遵循免责声明