阿尔茨海默病

GBD 2016 Dementia Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019 Jan;18(1):88-106.全文  摘要

Livingston G, Huntley J, Sommerlad A, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet. 2020 Aug 8;396(10248):413-46.全文  摘要

Fink HA, Linskens EJ, Silverman PC, et al. Accuracy of biomarker testing for neuropathologically defined Alzheimer disease in older adults with dementia. Ann Intern Med. 2020 May 19;172(10):669-77. 摘要

Birks JS, Harvey RJ. Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 18;(6):CD001190.全文  摘要

Birks JS, Chong LY, Grimley Evans J. Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 22;(9):CD001191.全文  摘要

McShane R, Westby MJ, Roberts E, et al. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 20;(3):CD003154.全文  摘要

1. Grossman H, Bergmann C, Parker S. Dementia: a brief review. Mt Sinai J Med. 2006 Nov;73(7):985-92. 摘要

2. Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Bienias JL, et al. Alzheimer disease in the US population: prevalence estimates using the 2000 census. Arch Neurol. 2003 Aug;60(8):1119-22.全文  摘要

3. GBD 2016 Dementia Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019 Jan;18(1):88-106.全文  摘要

4. World Health Organization. Dementia: key facts. Sep 2020 [internet publication].全文

5. Niu H, Álvarez-Álvarez I, Guillén-Grima F, et al. Prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer's disease in Europe: a meta-analysis. Neurologia. 2017 Oct;32(8):523-32.全文  摘要

6. Arvanitakis Z, Shah RC, Bennett DA. Diagnosis and management of dementia: review. JAMA. 2019 Oct 22;322(16):1589-9.全文  摘要

7. Brookmeyer R, Gray S, Kawas C. Projections of Alzheimer's disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset. Am J Public Health. 1998 Sep;88(9):1337-42.全文  摘要

8. Kelley BJ, Petersen RC. Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neurol Clin. 2007 Aug;25(3):577-609. 摘要

9. Hebert LE, Weuve J, Scherr PA, et al. Alzheimer disease in the United States (2010-2050) estimated using the 2010 census. Neurology. 2013 May 7;80(19):1778-83.全文  摘要

10. Demirovic JA, Prineas R, Loewenstein D, et al. Prevalence of dementia in three ethnic groups: the South Florida program on aging and health. Ann Epidemiol. 2003 Jul;13(6):472-8. 摘要

11. Matthews KA, Xu W, Gaglioti AH, et al. Racial and ethnic estimates of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in the United States (2015-2060) in adults aged ≥65 years. Alzheimers Dement. 2019 Jan;15(1):17-24.全文  摘要

12. Joe E, Ringman JM. Cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease: clinical management and prevention. BMJ. 2019 Dec 6;367:l6217. 摘要

13. Lane CA, Hardy J, Schott JM. Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurol. 2018 Jan;25(1):59-70.全文  摘要

14. Tan CC, Yu JT, Tan L. Biomarkers for preclinical Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;42(4):1051-69. 摘要

15. Berti V, Polito C, Lombardi G, et al. Rethinking on the concept of biomarkers in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Sci. 2016 May;37(5):663-72. 摘要

16. Dubois B, Hampel H, Feldman HH, et al. Preclinical Alzheimer's disease: definition, natural history, and diagnostic criteria. Alzheimers Dement. 2016 Mar;12(3):292-323. 摘要

17. Dumurgier J, Hanseeuw BJ, Hatling FB, et al. Alzheimer's disease biomarkers and future decline in cognitive normal older adults. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;60(4):1451-9.全文  摘要

18. Jack CR Jr, Bennett DA, Blennow K, et al. NIA-AA Research Framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018 Apr;14(4):535-62.全文  摘要

19. Lee Y, Back JH, Kim J, et al. Systematic review of health behavioral risks and cognitive health in older adults. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010 Mar;22(2):174-87. 摘要

20. Ruan Y, Tang J, Guo X, et al. Dietary fat intake and risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2018;15(9):869-76. 摘要

21. Livingston G, Huntley J, Sommerlad A, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet. 2020 Aug 8;396(10248):413-46.全文  摘要

22. Sabia S, Fayosse A, Dumurgier J, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of dementia: 23 year follow-up of Whitehall II cohort study. BMJ. 2018 Aug 1;362:k2927.全文  摘要

23. Barnes DE, Byers AL, Gardner RC, et al. Association of mild traumatic brain injury with and without loss of consciousness with dementia in US military veterans. JAMA Neurol. 2018 Sep 1;75(9):1055-61.全文  摘要

24. Loughrey DG, Kelly ME, Kelley GA, et al. Association of age-related hearing loss with cognitive function, cognitive impairment, and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018 Feb 1;144(2):115-26.全文  摘要

25. Anstey KJ, Ashby-Mitchell K, Peters R. Updating the evidence on the association between serum cholesterol and risk of late-life dementia: review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;56(1):215-28.全文  摘要

26. McCaddon A, Hudson P, Davies G, et al. Homocysteine and cognitive decline in healthy elderly. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2001 Sep-Oct;12(5):309-13. 摘要

27. Taipale H, Gomm W, Broich K, et al. Use of antiepileptic drugs and dementia risk: an analysis of Finnish health register and German health insurance data. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018 Jul;66(6):1123-9. 摘要

28. Nunomura A, Perry G, Aliev G, et al. Oxidative damage is the earliest event in Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2001 Aug;60(8):759-67. 摘要

29. de la Torre JC, Stefano GB. Evidence that Alzheimer's disease is a microvascular disorder: the role of constitutive nitric oxide. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2000 Dec;34(3):119-36. 摘要

30. Streit WJ. Microglia and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. J Neurosci Res. 2004 Jul 1;77(1):1-8. 摘要

31. Bachman DL, Wolf PA, Linn RT, et al. Incidence of dementia and probable Alzheimer's disease in a general population: the Framingham Study. Neurology. 1993 Mar;43(3 Pt 1):515-9. 摘要

32. Lautenschlager NT, Cupples LA, Rao VS, et al. Risk of dementia among relatives of Alzheimer's disease patients in the MIRAGE study: what is in store for the oldest old? Neurology. 1996 Mar;46(3):641-50. 摘要

33. Silverman JM, Raiford K, Edland S, et al. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part VI. Family history assessment: a multicenter study of first-degree relatives of Alzheimer's disease probands and nondemented spouse controls. Neurology. 1994 Jul;44(7):1253-9. 摘要

34. Yamazaki Y, Painter MM, Bu G, et al. Apolipoprotein E as a therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease: a review of basic research and clinical evidence. CNS Drugs. 2016 Sep;30(9):773-89.全文  摘要

35. Stocker H, Möllers T, Perna L, et al. The genetic risk of Alzheimer's disease beyond APOE ε4: systematic review of Alzheimer's genetic risk scores. Transl Psychiatry. 2018 Aug 24;8(1):166.全文  摘要

36. Cipriani G, Danti S, Carlesi C, et al. Aging with Down syndrome: the dual diagnosis: Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2018 Jun;33(4):253-62.全文  摘要

37. Kim D, Yang PS, Yu HT, et al. Risk of dementia in stroke-free patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation: data from a population-based cohort. Eur Heart J. 2019 Jul 21;40(28):2313-23.全文  摘要

38. Doney ASF, Bonney W, Jefferson E, et al. Investigating the relationship between type 2 diabetes and dementia using electronic medical records in the GoDARTS bioresource. Diabetes Care. 2019 Oct;42(10):1973-80.全文  摘要

39. Gottesman RF, Albert MS, Alonso A, et al. Associations between midlife vascular risk factors and 25-year incident dementia in the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) cohort. JAMA Neurol. 2017 Oct 1;74(10):1246-54.全文  摘要

40. Coupland CAC, Hill T, Dening T, et al. Anticholinergic drug exposure and the risk of dementia: a nested case-control study. JAMA Intern Med. 2019 Jun 24;179(8):1084-93.全文  摘要

41. Savolainen-Peltonen H, Rahkola-Soisalo P, Hoti F, et al. Use of postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of Alzheimer's disease in Finland: nationwide case-control study. BMJ. 2019 Mar 6;364:l665.全文  摘要

42. Jayadevappa R, Chhatre S, Malkowicz SB, et al. Association between androgen deprivation therapy use and diagnosis of dementia in men with prostate cancer. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Jul 3;2(7):e196562.全文  摘要

43. Larsson SC, Traylor M, Malik R; CoSTREAM Consortium, on behalf of the International Genomics of Alzheimer’s Project. Modifiable pathways in Alzheimer's disease: Mendelian randomisation analysis. BMJ. 2017 Dec 6;359:j5375.全文  摘要

44. Dal Forno G, Palermo MT, Donohue JE, et al. Depressive symptoms, sex, and risk for Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol. 2005 Mar;57(3):381-7. 摘要

45. Xu W, Tan L, Wang HF, et al. Meta-analysis of modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015 Dec;86(12):1299-306. 摘要

46. Cherbuin N, Kim S, Anstey KJ. Dementia risk estimates associated with measures of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2015 Dec 21;5(12):e008853.全文  摘要

47. Seshadri S. Elevated plasma homocysteine levels: risk factor or risk marker for the development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease? J Alzheimers Dis. 2006 Aug;9(4):393-8. 摘要

48. Pase MP, Himali JJ, Beiser AS, et al. Sugar- and artificially-sweetened beverages and the risks of incident stroke and dementia: a prospective cohort study. Stroke. 2017 May;48(5):1139-46.全文  摘要

49. World Health Organization. Risk reduction of cognitive decline and dementia. 2019 [internet publication].全文

50. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia, disability and frailty in later life - mid-life approaches to delay or prevent onset. Oct 2015 [internet publication].全文

51. Brasure M, Desai P, Davila H, et al. Physical activity interventions in preventing cognitive decline and Alzheimer-type dementia: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Jan 2;168(1):30-8. 摘要

52. Larson EB, Wang L, Bowen JD, et al. Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Jan 17;144(2):73-81.全文  摘要

53. Stephen R, Hongisto K, Solomon A, et al. Physical activity and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017 Jun 1;72(6):733-9.全文  摘要

54. Kivimäki M, Singh-Manoux A, Pentti J, et al. Physical inactivity, cardiometabolic disease, and risk of dementia: an individual-participant meta-analysis. BMJ. 2019 Apr 17;365:l1495.全文  摘要

55. Xu W, Wang HF, Wan Y, et al. Leisure time physical activity and dementia risk: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ Open. 2017 Oct 22;7(10):e014706.全文  摘要

56. Lourida I, Hannon E, Littlejohns TJ, et al. Association of lifestyle and genetic risk with incidence of dementia. JAMA. 2019 Jul 14;322(5):430-7.全文  摘要

57. Pase MP, Beiser A, Enserro D, et al. Association of ideal cardiovascular health with vascular brain injury and incident dementia. Stroke. 2016 May;47(5):1201-6.全文  摘要

58. Sabia S, Fayosse A, Dumurgier J, et al. Association of ideal cardiovascular health at age 50 with incidence of dementia: 25 year follow-up of Whitehall II cohort study. BMJ. 2019 Aug 7;366:l4414.全文  摘要

59. Larsson SC, Markus HS. Does treating vascular risk factors prevent dementia and Alzheimer's disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;64(2):657-68. 摘要

60. Smith AD, Refsum H, Bottiglieri T, et al. Homocysteine and dementia: an international consensus statement. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;62(2):561-70.全文  摘要

61. Fink HA, Jutkowitz E, McCarten JR, et al. Pharmacologic interventions to prevent cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, and clinical Alzheimer-type dementia: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Jan 2;168(1):39-51. 摘要

62. Jordan F, Quinn TJ, McGuinness B, et al. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Apr 30;(4):CD011459.全文  摘要

63. Butler M, Nelson VA, Davila H, et al. Over-the-counter supplement interventions to prevent cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, and clinical Alzheimer-type dementia: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Jan 2;168(1):52-62. 摘要

64. Butler M, McCreedy E, Nelson VA, et al. Does cognitive training prevent cognitive decline? A systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Jan 2;168(1):63-8. 摘要

65. Doody RS, Stevens JC, Beck C, et al; American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter: management of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2001 May 8;56(9):1154-66.全文  摘要

66. Julayanont P, Brousseau M, Chertkow H, et al. Montreal Cognitive Assessment Memory Index Score (MoCA-MIS) as a predictor of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014 Apr;62(4):679-84. 摘要

67. Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res. 1982-1983;17(1):37-49. 摘要

68. Burgunder JM, Finsterer J, Szolnoki Z, et al. EFNS guidelines on the molecular diagnosis of channelopathies, epilepsies, migraine, stroke, and dementias. Eur J Neurol. 2010 May;17(5):641-8.全文  摘要

69. Ritchie C, Smailagic N, Noel-Storr AH, et al. CSF tau and the CSF tau/ABeta ratio for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 22;(3):CD010803.全文  摘要

70. Nguyen TT, Ta QTH, Nguyen TKO, et al. Role of body-fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2020 May 20;10(5):326.全文  摘要

71. Herukka SK, Simonsen AH, Andreasen N, et al. Recommendations for cerebrospinal fluid Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in the diagnostic evaluation of mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement. 2017 Mar;13(3):285-95.全文  摘要

72. Rivero-Santana A, Ferreira D, Perestelo-Pérez L, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for the differential diagnosis between Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration: systematic review, HSROC analysis, and confounding factors. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;55(2):625-44. 摘要

73. Filippi M, Agosta F, Barkhof F, et al; European Federation of the Neurologic Societies. EFNS task force: the use of neuroimaging in the diagnosis of dementia. Eur J Neurol. 2012 Dec;19(12):e131-40, 1487-501.全文  摘要

74. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: dementia. 2019 [internet publication].全文

75. Hort JO, O'Brien JT, Gainotti G, et al. EFNS guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Oct;17(10):1236-48.全文  摘要

76. Ruan Q, D'Onofrio G, Sancarlo D, et al. Potential neuroimaging biomarkers of pathologic brain changes in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2016 May 16;16:104.全文  摘要

77. Scheltens P, Fox N, Barkhof F, et al. Structural magnetic resonance imaging in the practical assessment of dementia: beyond exclusion. Lancet Neurol. 2002 May;1(1):13-21. 摘要

78. Chetelat G, Baron JC. Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: contribution of structural neuroimaging. Neuroimage. 2003 Feb;18(2):525-41. 摘要

79. Martínez G, Vernooij RW, Fuentes Padilla P, et al. 18F PET with florbetaben for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Nov 22;(11):CD012883.全文  摘要

80. Martínez G, Vernooij RW, Fuentes Padilla P, et al. 18F PET with florbetapir for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Nov 22;(11):CD012216.全文  摘要

81. Martínez G, Vernooij RW, Fuentes Padilla P, et al. 18F PET with flutemetamol for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Nov 22;(11):CD012884.全文  摘要

82. Fink HA, Linskens EJ, Silverman PC, et al. Accuracy of biomarker testing for neuropathologically defined Alzheimer disease in older adults with dementia. Ann Intern Med. 2020 May 19;172(10):669-77. 摘要

83. Rabinovici GD, Gatsonis C, Apgar C, et al. Association of amyloid positron emission tomography with subsequent change in clinical management among Medicare beneficiaries with mild cognitive impairment or dementia. JAMA. 2019 Apr 2;321(13):1286-94.全文  摘要

84. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011 May;7(3):263-9.全文  摘要

85. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Herholz K, et al. Multicenter standardized 18F-FDG PET diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and other dementias. J Nucl Med. 2008 Mar;49(3):390-8.全文  摘要

86. American College of Radiology. ACR-ACNM-ASNR-SNMMI practice parameter for brain PET-CT imaging in dementia. 2020 [internet publication].全文

87. Suppiah S, Didier MA, Vinjamuri S. The who, when, why, and how of PET amyloid imaging in management of Alzheimer's disease-review of literature and interesting images. Diagnostics (Basel). 2019 Jun 25;9(2):65.全文  摘要

88. Staffen W, Schonauer U, Zauner H, et al. Brain perfusion SPECT in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: comparison of a semiquantitative and a visual evaluation. J Neural Transm. 2006 Feb;113(2):195-203. 摘要

89. Briel RC, McKeith IG, Barker WA, et al. EEG findings in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999 Mar;66(3):401-3. 摘要

90. Tsoi KK, Chan JY, Hirai HW, et al. Cognitive tests to detect dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Sep;175(9):1450-8.全文  摘要

91. Tariq SH, Tumosa N, Chibnall JT, et al. Comparison of the Saint Louis University mental status examination and the Mini-Mental State Examination for detecting dementia and mild neurocognitive disorder - a pilot study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006 Nov;14(11):900-10. 摘要

92. Chan CC, Fage BA, Burton JK, et al. Mini-Cog for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias within a secondary care setting. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Sep 14;(9):CD011414.全文  摘要

93. Ossenkoppele R, Jansen WJ, Rabinovici GD, et al. Prevalence of amyloid PET positivity in dementia syndromes: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015 May 19;313(19):1939-49.全文  摘要

94. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision, (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.

95. Montine TJ, Phelps CH, Beach TG, et al; National Institute on Aging; Alzheimer’s Association. National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease: a practical approach. Acta Neuropathol. 2012 Jan;123(1):1-11.全文  摘要

96. Jack CR Jr, Bennett DA, Blennow K, et al. A/T/N: An unbiased descriptive classification scheme for Alzheimer disease biomarkers. Neurology. 2016 Aug 2;87(5):539-47.全文  摘要

97. Patnode CD, Perdue LA, Rossom RC, et al. Screening for cognitive impairment in older adults: updated evidence report and systematic seview for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2020 Feb 25;323(8):764-85.全文  摘要

98. Miller DK, Morley JE, Rubenstein LZ, et al. Formal geriatric assessment instruments and the care of older general medical outpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990 Jun;38(6):645-51. 摘要

99. Foster NL, Bondi MW, Das R, et al. Quality improvement in neurology: mild cognitive impairment quality measurement set. Neurology. 2019 Oct 15;93(16):705-713.全文  摘要

100. Fazio S, Pace D, Maslow K, et al. Alzheimer's Association dementia care practice recommendations. Gerontologist. 2018 Jan 18;58(Suppl 1):S1-9.全文  摘要

101. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].全文

102. Cognitive Decline Partnership Centre. Clinical practice guidelines and principles of care for people with dementia. Feb 2016 [internet publicaton].全文

103. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. June 2018 [internet publicatoin].全文

104. Chiong W, Tsou AY, Simmons Z, et al. Ethical considerations in dementia diagnosis and care: AAN position statement. Neurology. 2021 Jul 13;97(2):80-9.全文  摘要

105. Chien LY, Chu H, Guo JL, et al. Caregiver support groups in patients with dementia: a meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011 Oct;26(10):1089-98. 摘要

106. Taylor LP, Besbris JM, Graf WD, et al. Clinical guidance in neuropalliative care: an AAN position statement. Neurology. 2022 Mar 8;98(10):409-16.全文  摘要

107. Walsh SC, Murphy E, Devane D, et al. Palliative care interventions in advanced dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Sep 28;9:CD011513.全文  摘要

108. Graff MJ, Vernooij-Dassen MJ, Thijssen M, et al. Effects of community occupational therapy on quality of life, mood, and health status in dementia patients and their caregivers: a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007 Sep;62(9):1002-9. 摘要

109. Graff MJ, Adang EM, Vernooij-Dassen MJ, et al. Community occupational therapy for older patients with dementia and their care givers: cost effectiveness study. BMJ. 2008 Jan 19;336(7636):134-8.全文  摘要

110. Liang Y, Wang L. Alzheimer's disease is an important risk factor of fractures: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Mol Neurobiol. 2017 Jul;54(5):3230-5. 摘要

111. Epstein NU, Guo R, Farlow MR, et al. Medication for Alzheimer's disease and associated fall hazard: a retrospective cohort study from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Drugs Aging. 2014 Feb;31(2):125-9.全文  摘要

112. Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jan 25;(1):CD005593.全文  摘要

113. Tariot PN, Farlow MR, Grossberg GT, et al. Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease already receiving donepezil: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Jan 21;291(3):317-24. 摘要

114. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Jun 2018 [internet publication].全文

115. Atri A, Rountree SD, Lopez OL, et al. Validity, significance, strengths, limitations, and evidentiary value of real-world clinical data for combination therapy in Alzheimer's disease: comparison of efficacy and effectiveness studies. Neurodegener Dis. 2012;10(1-4):170-4. 摘要

116. Winblad B, Wimo A, Engedal K, et al. 3- year study of donepezil therapy in Alzheimer's disease: effects of early and continuous therapy. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006;21(5-6):353-63. 摘要

117. Renn BN, Asghar-Ali AA, Thielke S, et al. A systematic review of practice guidelines and recommendations for discontinuation of cholinesterase inhibitors in dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018 Feb;26(2):134-47.全文  摘要

118. Aronson S, Van Baelen B, Kavanagh S, et al. Optimal dosing of galantamine in patients with mild or moderate Alzheimer's disease: post hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Drugs Aging. 2009;26(3):231-9. 摘要

119. Gauthier S, Lopez OL, Waldemar G, et al. Effects of donepezil on activities of daily living: integrated analysis of patient data from studies in mild, moderate and severe Alzheimer's disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010 Sep;22(6):973-83. 摘要

120. Birks JS, Harvey RJ. Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 18;(6):CD001190.全文  摘要

121. Farlow MR, Salloway S, Tariot PN, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of high-dose (23 mg/d) versus standard-dose (10 mg/d) donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind study. Clin Ther. 2010 Jul;32(7):1234-51.全文  摘要

122. Small G, Dubois B. A review of compliance to treatment in Alzheimer's disease: potential benefits of a transdermal patch. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 Nov;23(11):2705-13. 摘要

123. Blesa R, Ballard C, Orgogozo JM, et al. Caregiver preference for rivastigmine patches versus capsules for the treatment of Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2007 Jul 24;69(4 Suppl 1):S23-8. 摘要

124. Grossberg GS, Sadowsky C, Olin JT. Rivastigmine transdermal system for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Int J Clin Practice. 2010 Apr;64(5):651-60. 摘要

125. Darreh-Shori T, Jelic V. Safety and tolerability of transdermal and oral rivastigmine in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2010 Jan;9(1):167-76. 摘要

126. Birks JS, Chong LY, Grimley Evans J. Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 22;(9):CD001191.全文  摘要

127. Sadowsky CH, Dengiz A, Olin JT, et al. Switching from donepezil tablets to rivastigmine transdermal patch in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2009 Jun-Jul;24(3):267-75. 摘要

128. Howard R, McShane R, Lindesay J, et al. Donepezil and memantine for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2012 Mar 8;366(10):893-903.全文  摘要

129. Mueller C, Perera G, Hayes RD, et al. Associations of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment with reduced mortality in Alzheimer's disease: a retrospective survival analysis. Age Ageing. 2018 Jan 1;47(1):88-94.全文  摘要

130. Vaci N, Koychev I, Kim CH, et al. Real-world effectiveness, its predictors and onset of action of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in dementia: retrospective health record study. Br J Psychiatry. 2020 Jul 27;1-7. 摘要

131. McShane R, Westby MJ, Roberts E, et al. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 20;(3):CD003154.全文  摘要

132. Jones RW. A review comparing the safety and tolerability of memantine with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010 Jun;25(6):547-53. 摘要

133. Mecocci P, Bladström A, Stender K. Effects of memantine on cognition in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: post-hoc analyses of ADAS-cog and SIB total and single-item scores from six randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009 May;24(5):532-8. 摘要

134. Butler R, Radhakrishnan R. Dementia. BMJ Clin Evid. 2012 Sep 10;2012.全文  摘要

135. Farrimond LE, Roberts E, McShane R. Memantine and cholinesterase inhibitor combination therapy for Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2012 Jun 11;2(3).全文  摘要

136. Chen R, Chan PT, Chu H, et al. Treatment effects between monotherapy of donepezil versus combination with memantine for Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017 Aug 21;12(8):e0183586.全文  摘要

137. Liang JH, Xu Y, Lin L, et al. Comparison of multiple interventions for older adults with Alzheimer disease or mild cognitive impairment: a PRISMA-compliant network meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 May;97(20):e10744.全文  摘要

138. Panza GA, Taylor BA, MacDonald HV, et al. Can exercise improve cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018 Mar;66(3):487-95. 摘要

139. Forbes D, Forbes SC, Blake CM, et al. Exercise programs for people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 15;(4):CD006489.全文  摘要

140. World Health Organization. Risk reduction of cognitive decline and dementia. 2019 [internet publication].全文

141. Carrion C, Folkvord F, Anastasiadou D, et al. Cognitive therapy for dementia patients: a systematic review. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2018;46(1-2):1-26.全文  摘要

142. Bahar-Fuchs A, Martyr A, Goh AM, et al. Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 25;(3):CD013069.全文  摘要

143. Oltra-Cucarella J, Ferrer-Cascales R, Clare L, et al. Differential effects of cognition-focused interventions for people with Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. Neuropsychology. 2018 Sep;32(6):664-79. 摘要

144. Orrell M, Aguirre E, Spector A, et al. Maintenance cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia: single-blind, multicentre, pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2014 Jun;204(6):454-61.全文  摘要

145. Smallfield S, Heckenlaible C. Effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions to enhance occupational performance for adults with Alzheimer's disease and related major neurocognitive disorders: a systematic review. Am J Occup Ther. 2017 Sep/Oct;71(5):7105180010p1-7105180010p9. 摘要

146. Egan MB, Bérubé D, Racine G, et al. Methods to enhance verbal communication between individuals with Alzheimer's disease and their formal and informal caregivers: a systematic review. Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2010 Jun 3;2010.全文  摘要

147. van der Steen JT, Smaling HJ, van der Wouden JC, et al. Music-based therapeutic interventions for people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jul 23;(7):CD003477.全文  摘要

148. Woods B, O'Philbin L, Farrell EM, et al. Reminiscence therapy for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 1;(3):CD001120.全文  摘要

149. Duan Y, Lu L, Chen J, et al. Psychosocial interventions for Alzheimer's disease cognitive symptoms: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2018 Aug 7;18(1):175.全文  摘要

150. Neal M, Briggs M, et al. Validation therapy for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD001394.全文  摘要

151. Jaturapatporn D, Isaac MG, McCleery J, et al. Aspirin, steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 15;(2):CD006378.全文  摘要

152. Farina N, Llewellyn D, Isaac MGEKN, et al. Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 18;(4):CD002854.全文  摘要

153. McCleery J, Abraham RP, Denton DA, et al. Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Nov 1;(11):CD011905.全文  摘要

154. Weinmann S, Roll S, Schwarzbach C, et al. Effects of Ginkgo biloba in dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2010 Mar 17;10:14.全文  摘要

155. Birks J, Grimley Evans J. Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD003120.全文  摘要

156. Peters ME, Schwartz S, Han D, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms as predictors of progression to severe Alzheimer's dementia and death: the Cache County Dementia Progression Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 May;172(5):460-5. 摘要

157. Russ TC, Parra MA, Lim AE, et al. Prediction of general hospital admission in people with dementia: cohort study. Br J Psychiatry. 2015 Feb;206(2):153-9. 摘要

158. McCurry SM, Gibbons LE, Logsdon RG, et al. Nighttime insomnia treatment and education for Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 May;53(5):793-802. 摘要

159. Mitolo M, Tonon C, La Morgia C, et al. Effects of light treatment on sleep, cognition, mood, and behavior in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2018;46(5-6):371-84.全文  摘要

160. Mittelman MS, Haley WE, Clay OJ, et al. Improving caregiver well-being delays nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2006 Nov 14;67(9):1592-9. 摘要

161. Lins S, Hayder-Beichel D, Rücker G, et al. Efficacy and experiences of telephone counselling for informal carers of people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Sep 1;(9):CD009126.全文  摘要

162. Teri L, Gibbons LE, McCurry SM, et al. Exercise plus behavioral management in patients with Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003 Oct 15;290(15):2015-22.全文  摘要

163. Konno R, Kang HS, Makimoto K. A best-evidence review of intervention studies for minimizing resistance-to-care behaviours for older adults with dementia in nursing homes. J Adv Nurs. 2014 Oct;70(10):2167-80.全文  摘要

164. Orgeta V, Qazi A, Spector A, et al. Psychological treatments for depression and anxiety in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2015 Oct;207(4):293-8.全文  摘要

165. Brasure M, Jutkowitz E, Fuchs E, et al. Nonpharmacologic interventions for agitation and aggression in dementia: comparative effectiveness reviews, no. 177. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2016.全文  摘要

166. Watt JA, Goodarzi Z, Veroniki AA, et al. Comparative efficacy of interventions for aggressive and agitated behaviors in dementia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Nov 5;171(9):633-42. 摘要

167. Zhao QF, Tan L, Wang HF, et al. The prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016 Jan 15;190:264-71. 摘要

168. Trinh NH, Hoblyn J, Mohanty S, et al. Efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms and functional impairment in Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2003 Jan 8;289(2):210-6. 摘要

169. Rodda J, Morgan S, Walker Z. Are cholinesterase inhibitors effective in the management of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in Alzheimer's disease? A systematic review of randomized, placebo-controlled trials of donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009 Oct;21(5):813-24. 摘要

170. Magierski R, Sobow T, Schwertner E, et al. Pharmacotherapy of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: state of the art and future progress. Front Pharmacol. 2020 Jul 31;11:1168.全文  摘要

171. Dudas R, Malouf R, McCleery J, et al. Antidepressants for treating depression in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Aug 31;(8):CD003944.全文  摘要

172. Sepehry AA, Lee PE, Hsiung GY, et al. Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease with comorbid depression: a meta-analysis of depression and cognitive outcomes. Drugs Aging. 2012 Oct;29(10):793-806. 摘要

173. Banerjee S, Hellier J, Romeo R, et al. Study of the use of antidepressants for depression in dementia: the HTA-SADD trial - a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of sertraline and mirtazapine. Health Technol Assess. 2013 Feb;17(7):1-166.全文  摘要

174. An H, Choi B, Park KW, et al. The effect of escitalopram on mood and cognition in depressive alzheimer's disease subjects. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;55(2):727-35. 摘要

175. McCleery J, Sharpley AL. Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 15;(11):CD009178.全文  摘要

176. Seitz DP, Adunuri N, Gill SS, et al. Antidepressants for agitation and psychosis in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Feb 16;(2):CD008191.全文  摘要

177. Porsteinsson AP, Drye LT, Pollock BG, et al; CitAD Research Group. Effect of citalopram on agitation in Alzheimer disease: the CitAD randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 Feb 19;311(7):682-91.全文  摘要

178. Leonpacher AK, Peters ME, Drye LT, et al; CitAD Research Group. Effects of citalopram on neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's dementia: evidence from the CitAD study. Am J Psychiatry. 2016 May 1;173(5):473-80. 摘要

179. Schneider LS, Frangakis C, Drye LT, et al; CitAD Research Group. Heterogeneity of treatment response to citalopram for patients with Alzheimer's disease with aggression or agitation: the CitAD randomized clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2016 May 1;173(5):465-72. 摘要

180. Tariot PN, Erb R, Podgorski CA, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of carbamazepine for agitation and aggression in dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 1998 Jan;155(1):54-61.全文  摘要

181. Watt JA, Gomes T, Bronskill SE, et al. Comparative risk of harm associated with trazodone or atypical antipsychotic use in older adults with dementia: a retrospective cohort study. CMAJ. 2018 Nov 26;190(47):E1376-83.全文  摘要

182. López-Pousa S, Garre-Olmo J, Vilalta-Franch J, et al. Trazodone for Alzheimer's disease: a naturalistic follow-up study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2008 Sep-Oct;5;47(2):207-15. 摘要

183. Kales HC, Valenstein M, Kim HM, et al. Mortality risk in patients with dementia treated with antipsychotics versus other psychiatric medications. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;164(10):1568-76. 摘要

184. Wang PS, Schneeweiss S, Avorn J, et al. Risk of death in elderly users of conventional vs. atypical antipsychotic medications. N Engl J Med. 2005 Dec 1;353(22):2335-41.全文  摘要

185. Ballard C, Waite J, Birks J. Atypical antipsychotics for aggression and psychosis in Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jan 25;(1):CD003476.全文  摘要

186. Maher AR, Maglione M, Bagley S, et al. Efficacy and comparative effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications for off-label uses in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011 Sep 28;306(12):1359-69. 摘要

187. British National Formulary. Advice of Royal College of Psychiatrists on doses of antipsychotic drugs above BNF upper limit [internet publication].全文

188. Wang J, Yu JT, Wang HF, et al. Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015 Jan;86(1):101-9. 摘要

189. Wang J, Yu JT, Wang HF, et al. Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015 Jan;86(1):101-9. 摘要

190. Reus VI, Fochtmann LJ, Eyler AE, et al. The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline on the use of antipsychotics to treat agitation or psychosis in patients with dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2016 May 1;173(5):543-6.全文  摘要

191. Ihl R, Frölich L, Winblad B, et al; WFSBP Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Feb;12(1):2-32.全文  摘要

192. Sampson EL, Candy B, Jones L. Enteral tube feeding for older people with advanced dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD007209.全文  摘要

193. Vachon M, Veilleux MC, Macoir J. Promoting the maintenance of satisfactory communication: strategies used by caregivers and medical staff with people suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Geriatr Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil. 2017 Jun 1;15(2):185-95. 摘要

194. Cheung G, Stapelberg J. Quetiapine for the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD): a meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. N Z Med J. 2011 Jun 10;124(1336):39-50. 摘要

195. Schneider-Thoma J, Efthimiou O, Huhn M, et al. Second-generation antipsychotic drugs and short-term mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomised controlled trials. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018 Aug;5(8):653-63. 摘要

196. Ayalon L, Gum AM, Feliciano L, et al. Effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions for the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Nov 13;166(20):2182-8.全文  摘要

197. Cummings J, Aisen P, Lemere C, et al. Aducanumab produced a clinically meaningful benefit in association with amyloid lowering. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2021 May 10;13(1):98.全文  摘要

198. Sevigny J, Chiao P, Bussière T, et al. The antibody aducanumab reduces Aβ plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Nature. 2016 Sep 1;537(7618):50-6. 摘要

199. Day GS, Scarmeas N, Dubinsky R, et al. Aducanumab use in symptomatic Alzheimer disease evidence in focus: a report of the AAN guidelines subcommittee. Neurology. 2022 Apr 12;98(15):619-31.全文  摘要

200. Chiong W, Tolchin BD, Bonnie RJ, et al. Decisions with patients and families regarding aducanumab in Alzheimer disease, with recommendations for consent. AAN Position Statement. Neurology. 2022 Jan 25;98(4):154-9.全文  摘要

201. van Dyck CH, Swanson CJ, Aisen P, et al. Lecanemab in early Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 29 Nov 2022 [Epub ahead of print]. 摘要

202. Reish NJ, Jamshidi P, Stamm B, et al. Multiple cerebral hemorrhages in a patient receiving lecanemab and treated with t-PA for stroke. N Engl J Med. 2023 Feb 2;388(5):478-9. 摘要

203. van Dyck CH, Swanson CJ, Aisen P, et al. Lecanemab in early Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 29 Nov 2022 [Epub ahead of print]. 摘要

204. Reish NJ, Jamshidi P, Stamm B, et al. Multiple cerebral hemorrhages in a patient receiving lecanemab and treated with t-PA for stroke. N Engl J Med. 2023 Feb 2;388(5):478-9. 摘要

205. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of subcutaneous lecanemab in healthy participants. Jan 2022 [internet publication].全文

206. Mintun MA, Lo AC, Duggan Evans C, et al. Donanemab in early Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2021 May 6;384(18):1691-1704. 摘要

207. Iverson DJ, Gronseth GS, Reger MA, et al. Practice parameter update: evaluation and management of driving risk in dementia: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2010 Apr 20;74(16):1316-24.全文  摘要

208. Royal College of Psychiatrists. Driving with dementia or mild cognitive impairment: consensus guidelines for clinicians [internet publication].全文