成人对乙酰氨基酚过量

National Poisons Information Service. TOXBASE. Paracetamol. 2017 [internet publication].全文

Manyike PT, Kharasch ED, Kalhorn TF, et al. Contribution of CYP2E1 and CYP3A to acetaminophen reactive metabolite formation. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Mar;67(3):275-82. 摘要

National Institute of Health and Care Excellence. Self-harm in over 8s: short-term management and prevention of recurrence. July 2004 [internet publication].全文

Rumack BH, Matthew H. Acetaminophen poisoning and toxicity. Pediatrics. 1975 Jun;55(6):871-6. 摘要

O'Grady JG, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, et al. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology. 1989 Aug;97(2):439-45. 摘要

Chiew AL, Gluud C, Brok J, et al. Interventions for paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 23;(2):CD003328.全文  摘要

Schmidt LE, Knudsen TT, Dalhoff K, et al. Effect of acetylcysteine on prothrombin index in paracetamol poisoning without hepatocellular injury. Lancet. 2002 Oct 12;360(9340):1151-2. 摘要

1. Ferner RE, Dear JW, Bateman DN. Management of paracetamol poisoning. BMJ. 2011 Apr 19;342:d2218. 摘要

2. National Poisons Information Service. TOXBASE. Paracetamol. 2017 [internet publication].全文

3. Gunnell D, Murray V, Hawton K. Use of paracetamol (acetaminophen) for suicide and nonfatal poisoning: worldwide patterns of use and misuse. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2000 Winter;30(4):313-26. 摘要

4. Hawkins LC, Edwards JN, Dargan PI. Impact of restricting paracetamol pack sizes on paracetamol poisoning in the United Kingdom: a review of the literature. Drug Saf. 2007;30(6):465-79. 摘要

5. Morgan OW, Griffiths C, Majeed A. Interrupted time-series analysis of regulations to reduce paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning. PLoS Med. 2007 Apr;4(4):e105.全文  摘要

6. Sheen CL, Dillon JF, Bateman DN, et al. Paracetamol-related deaths in Scotland, 1994-2000. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Oct;54(4):430-2.全文  摘要

7. Kaufman DW, Kelly JP, Rosenberg L, et al. Recent patterns of medication use in the ambulatory adult population of the United States: the Slone survey. JAMA. 2002 Jan 16;287(3):337-44.全文  摘要

8. Hawton K, Harriss L. Deliberate self-harm in young people: characteristics and subsequent mortality in a 20-year cohort of patients presenting to hospital. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;68(10):1574-83. 摘要

9. Tyrrell EG, Kendrick D, Sayal K, et al. Poisoning substances taken by young people: a population-based cohort study. Br J Gen Pract. 2018 Oct;68(675):e703-e710.全文  摘要

10. Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Spyker DA, et al. 2016 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 34th annual report. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2017 Dec;55(10):1072-1252.全文  摘要

11. Daly FF, O'Malley GF, Heard K, et al. Prospective evaluation of repeated supratherapeutic acetaminophen (paracetamol) ingestion. Ann Emerg Med. 2004 Oct;44(4):393-8. 摘要

12. Heard K, Sloss D, Weber S, et al. Overuse of over-the-counter analgesics by emergency department patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2006 Sep;48(3):315-8. 摘要

13. Vogel J, Heard KJ, Carlson C, et al. Dental pain as a risk factor for accidental acetaminophen overdose: a case-control study. Am J Emerg Med. 2011 Nov;29(9):1125-9. 摘要

14. Berling I, Anscombe M, Isbister GK. Intravenous paracetamol toxicity in a malnourished child. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2012 Jan;50(1):74-6. 摘要

15. Beringer RM, Thompson JP, Parry S, et al. Intravenous paracetamol overdose: two case reports and a change to national treatment guidelines. Arch Dis Child. 2011 Mar;96(3):307-8. 摘要

16. Manyike PT, Kharasch ED, Kalhorn TF, et al. Contribution of CYP2E1 and CYP3A to acetaminophen reactive metabolite formation. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Mar;67(3):275-82. 摘要

17. Prescott LF. Kinetics and metabolism of paracetamol and phenacetin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1980 Oct;10 Suppl 2:291-8S.全文  摘要

18. Tsutsumi M, Lasker JM, Shimizu M, et al. The intralobular distribution of ethanol-inducible P450IIE1 in rat and human liver. Hepatology. 1989 Oct;10(4):437-46. 摘要

19. Bond GR, Hite LK. Population-based incidence and outcome of acetaminophen poisoning by type of ingestion. Acad Emerg Med. 1999 Nov;6(11):1115-20. 摘要

20. Makin AJ, Wendon J, Williams R. A 7-year experience of severe acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity (1987-1993). Gastroenterology. 1995 Dec;109(6):1907-16. 摘要

21. Schiødt FV, Rochling FA, Casey DL, et al. Acetaminophen toxicity in an urban county hospital. N Engl J Med. 1997 Oct 16;337(16):1112-7.全文  摘要

22. Kalsi SS, Dargan PI, Waring WS, et al. A review of the evidence concerning hepatic glutathione depletion and susceptibility to hepatotoxicity after paracetamol overdose. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011 Dec 23;3:87-96.全文  摘要

23. Buckley NA, Gunnell D. Does restricting pack size of paracetamol (acetaminophen) reduce suicides? PLoS Med. 2007 Apr;4(4):e152.全文  摘要

24. Hawton K, Bergen H, Simkin S, et al. Effect of withdrawal of co-proxamol on prescribing and deaths from drug poisoning in England and Wales: time series analysis. BMJ. 2009 Jun 18;338:b2270.全文  摘要

25. Resuscitation Council UK. The ABCDE Approach. 2015 [internet publication].全文

26. European Association for the Study of the Liver clinical practice guidelines panel. EASL clinical practical guidelines on the management of acute (fulminant) liver failure. J Hepatol. 2017 May;66(5):1047-81.全文  摘要

27. McDowell Torres D, Stevens RD, Gurakar A. Acute liver failure: a management challenge for the practicing gastroenterologist. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2010 Jul;6(7):444-50. 摘要

28. Kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) acute kidney injury work group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012 Mar;2(1):1-138.全文

29. Mental Capacity Act 2005 (UK). July 2020 [internet publication].全文

30. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Self-harm. The short-term physical and psychological management and secondary prevention of self-harm in primary and secondary care. Summary of management and treatment. July 2004 [internet publication].全文

31. Yoon E, Babar A, Choudhary M, et al. Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity: a comprehensive update. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2016 Jun 28;4(2):131-42.全文  摘要

32. Mullen KD. Review of the final report of the 1998 Working Party on definition, nomenclature and diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Feb;25 Suppl 1:11-6.全文  摘要

33. NHS Blood and Transplant. Guidelines for referral for liver transplant assessment. March 2012 [internet publication].全文

34. Ferenci P, Lockwood A, Mullen K, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy - definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology. 2002 Mar;35(3):716-21. 摘要

35. Agarwal R, Baid R. Asterixis. J Postgrad Med. 2016 Apr-Jun;62(2):115-7.全文  摘要

36. Reddick AD, Hodge K, Morrison WG. Effect of concomitant opiate ingestion on paracetamol levels in acute overdose. Emerg Med J. 2010 Oct;27(10):742-4. 摘要

37. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Treating paracetamol overdose with intravenous acetylcysteine: new guidance. Dec 2014 [internet publication].全文

38. Dear JW, Clarke JI, Francis B, et al. Risk stratification after paracetamol overdose using mechanistic biomarkers: results from two prospective cohort studies. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Feb;3(2):104-13.全文  摘要

39. Thornton JR, Losowsky MS. Severe thrombocytopenia after paracetamol overdose. Gut. 1990 Oct;31(10):1159-60. 摘要

40. Stravitz RT, Ellerbe C, Durkalski V, et al. Bleeding complications in acute liver failure. Hepatology. 2018 May;67(5):1931-42.全文  摘要

41. Taylor NJ, Nishtala A, Manakkat Vijay GK, et al. Circulating neutrophil dysfunction in acute liver failure. Hepatology. 2013 Mar;57(3):1142-52.全文  摘要

42. Shah AD, Wood DM, Dargan PI. Understanding lactic acidosis in paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Jan;71(1):20-8.全文  摘要

43. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Salicylates. LiverTox: clinical and research information on drug-induced liver injury. 2012 [Internet publication].全文  摘要

44. Caton CL, Drake RE, Hasin DS, et al. Differences between early-phase primary psychotic disorders with concurrent substance use and substance-induced psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;62(2):137-45.全文  摘要

45. National Institute of Health and Care Excellence. Self-harm in over 8s: short-term management and prevention of recurrence. July 2004 [internet publication].全文

46. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med 2018;56(12):2015-38. 摘要

47. Rumack BH, Matthew H. Acetaminophen poisoning and toxicity. Pediatrics. 1975 Jun;55(6):871-6. 摘要

48. Chiew AL, Fountain JS, Graudins A, et al. Summary statement: new guidelines for the management of paracetamol poisoning in Australia and New Zealand. Med J Aust. 2015 Sep 7;203(5):215-8.全文  摘要

49. Lucanie R, Chiang WK, Reilly R. Utility of acetaminophen screening in unsuspected suicidal ingestions. Vet Hum Toxicol. 2002 Jun;44(3):171-3. 摘要

50. Sporer KA, Khayam-Bashi H. Acetaminophen and salicylate serum levels in patients with suicidal ingestion or altered mental status. Am J Emerg Med. 1996 Sep;14(5):443-6. 摘要

51. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Treatments for paracetamol poisoning. BMJ. 2016 May 18;353:i2579. 摘要

52. Riordan SM, Williams R. Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 1997 Aug 14;337(7):473-9. 摘要

53. O'Grady JG, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, et al. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology. 1989 Aug;97(2):439-45. 摘要

54. Bailey B, Amre DK, Gaudreault P. Fulminant hepatic failure secondary to acetaminophen poisoning: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic criteria determining the need for liver transplantation. Crit Care Med. 2003 Jan;31(1):299-305. 摘要

55. McPhail MJ, Farne H, Senvar N, et al. Ability of King's College Criteria and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores to predict mortality of patients with acute liver failure: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Apr;14(4):516-25.e5.全文  摘要

56. Ding GK, Buckley NA. Evidence and consequences of spectrum bias in studies of criteria for liver transplant in paracetamol hepatotoxicity. QJM. 2008 Sep;101(9):723-9.全文  摘要

57. Bernal W, Hyyrylainen A, Gera A, et al. Lessons from look-back in acute liver failure? A single centre experience of 3300 patients. J Hepatol. 2013 Jul;59(1):74-80. 摘要

58. O'Grady J. Timing and benefit of liver transplantation in acute liver failure. J Hepatol. 2014 Mar;60(3):663-70.全文  摘要

59. Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary. Charcoal, activated. June 2020 [internet publication].全文

60. National Poisons Information Service. TOXBASE. Salicylic acids and salicylates (salicylates). 2019 [internet publication].全文

61. Chiew AL, Gluud C, Brok J, et al. Interventions for paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 23;(2):CD003328.全文  摘要

62. Bateman DN, Dear JW, Thanacoody HK, et al. Reduction of adverse effects from intravenous acetylcysteine treatment for paracetamol poisoning: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014 Feb 22;383(9918):697-704. 摘要

63. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for paracetamol overdose: reminder of authorised dose regimen; possible need for continued treatment with NAC. 19 January 2017 [internet publication].全文

64. Wong A, McNulty R, Taylor D, et al. The NACSTOP trial: a multicenter, cluster-controlled trial of early cessation of acetylcysteine in acetaminophen overdose. Hepatology. 2019 Feb;69(2):774-84.全文  摘要

65. Owens KH, Medlicott NJ, Zacharias M, et al. Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling to describe the effects of paracetamol and N-acetylcysteine on the international normalized ratio. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2015 Jan;42(1):102-8. 摘要

66. National Poisons Information Service. TOXBASE. Paracetamol. 2017 [internet publication]全文

67. Wong A, Gunja N, McNulty R, et al. Analysis of an 8-hour acetylcysteine infusion protocol for repeated supratherapeutic ingestion (RSTI) of paracetamol. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2018 Mar;56(3):199-203. 摘要

68. Lesna M, Watson AJ, Douglas AP, et al. Evaluation of paracetamol-induced damage in liver biopsies: acute changes and follow-up findings. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol. 1976 Jul 21;370(4):333-44. 摘要

69. Portmann B, Talbot IC, Day DW, et al. Histopathological changes in the liver following a paracetamol overdose: correlation with clinical and biochemical parameters. J Pathol. 1975 Nov;117(3):169-81. 摘要

70. Baeg NJ, Bodenheimer HC Jr, Burchard K. Long-term sequellae of acetaminophen-associated fulminant hepatic failure: relevance of early histology. Am J Gastroenterol. 1988 May;83(5):569-71. 摘要

71. Hamlyn AN, Douglas AP, James O. The spectrum of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose: clinical and epidemiological studies. Postgrad Med J. 1978 Jun;54(632):400-4.全文  摘要

72. Prescott LF, Proudfoot AT, Cregeen RJ. Paracetamol-induced acute renal failure in the absence of fulminant liver damage. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982 Feb 6;284(6313):421-2.全文  摘要

73. Prescott LF, Critchley JA. The treatment of acetaminophen poisoning. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1983;23:87-101. 摘要

74. Craig DG, Bates CM, Davidson JS, et al. Staggered overdose pattern and delay to hospital presentation are associated with adverse outcomes following paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 Feb;73(2):285-94.全文  摘要

75. Bernal W, Donaldson N, Wyncoll D, et al. Blood lactate as an early predictor of outcome in paracetamol-induced acute liver failure: a cohort study. Lancet. 2002 Feb 16;359(9306):558-63. 摘要

76. Yip L, Dart RC, Hurlbut KM. Intravenous administration of oral N-acetylcysteine. Crit Care Med. 1998 Jan;26(1):40-3. 摘要

77. Pakravan N, Waring WS, Sharma S, et al. Risk factors and mechanisms of anaphylactoid reactions to acetylcysteine in acetaminophen overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2008 Sep;46(8):697-702. 摘要

78. Schmidt LE, Knudsen TT, Dalhoff K, et al. Effect of acetylcysteine on prothrombin index in paracetamol poisoning without hepatocellular injury. Lancet. 2002 Oct 12;360(9340):1151-2. 摘要

79. Knudsen TT, Thorsen S, Jensen SA, et al. Effect of intravenous N-acetylcysteine infusion on haemostatic parameters in healthy subjects. Gut. 2005 Apr;54(4):515-21.全文  摘要

80. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. December 2019 [internet publication]全文

81. Hsu CY, Ordoñez JD, Chertow GM, et al. The risk of acute renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2008 Apr 2;74(1):101-7全文  摘要

82. Fritz Z, Slowther AM, Perkins GD. Resuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision. BMJ. 2017 Feb 28;356:j813全文  摘要

83. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Decision making and mental capacity. October 2018 [internet publication]全文

84. Office of the Public Guardian. Mental Capacity Act: making decisions. October 2014 [internet publiction]全文

85. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Independent mental capacity advocate (IMCA). January 2010 [internet publication]全文

86. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13 摘要

87. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 Mar 7;106(5):906-14全文  摘要

88. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Liaison psychiatry. In: Emergency acute medical care in over 16s: service delivery and organisation. March 2018 [internet publication]全文

89. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD). Treat as one. Bridging the gap between mental and physical healthcare in general hospitals. 2017 [internet publication]全文

90. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7 摘要

91. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(7 suppl):S54-60 摘要

92. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: recognition and management. October 2009 [internet publication]全文

93. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2014 Nov 8;78(1):25-33全文  摘要

94. World Health Organization. Excess mortality in persons with severe mental disorders. 2016 [internet publication]全文

95. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-72 摘要

96. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].全文

97. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults. Feb 2022 [internet publication].全文

98. Chowdhury TA, Cheston H, Claydon A. Managing adults with diabetes in hospital during an acute illness. BMJ. 2017 Jun 22;357:j2551 摘要

99. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Self-management of diabetes in hospital. Feb 2023 [internet publication].全文

100. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Glycaemic management during the inpatient enteral feeding of stroke patients with diabetes. Nov 2019 [internet publication].全文

101. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. Oct 2014 [internet publication].全文

102. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].全文

103. Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for perioperative care for people with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective and emergency surgery. Dec 2022 [internet publication].全文

104. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88全文  摘要

105. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness. March 2020 [internet publication]全文

106. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jun 15;38(9):1687-93 摘要

107. Grau AJ, Urbanek C, Palm F. Common infections and the risk of stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Nov 9;6(12):681-94 摘要

108. Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1996. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2307-13 摘要

109. Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016 May 4;47(6):e98-e169全文  摘要

110. Pendlebury ST, Klaus SP, Mather M, et al. Routine cognitive screening in older patients admitted to acute medicine: abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) and subjective memory complaint versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment and IQCODE. Age Ageing. 2015 Oct 13;44(6):1000-5全文  摘要

111. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972 Nov;1(4):233-8 摘要

112. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].全文

113. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].全文

114. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk reduction and management of delirium. Mar 2019 [internet publication].全文

115. Nova Scotia Health Authority. This is not my Mom. 2012 [internet publication]全文

116. Inouye SK, Schlesinger MJ, Lydon TJ. Delirium: a symptom of how hospital care is failing older persons and a window to improve quality of hospital care. Am J Med. 1999 May;106(5):565-73 摘要

117. Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, et al. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Mar 2;43(4):496-502.全文  摘要

118. MacLullich AM, Shenkin SD, Goodacre S, et al. The 4 'A's test for detecting delirium in acute medical patients: a diagnostic accuracy study. Health Technol Assess. 2019 Aug;23(40):1-194全文  摘要

119. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jan 11;74(3):357-72全文  摘要

120. Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, et al. Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 11;3:CD005563全文  摘要

121. Martinez F, Tobar C, Hill N. Preventing delirium: should non-pharmacological, multicomponent interventions be used? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Age Ageing. 2014 Nov 25;44(2):196-204全文  摘要

122. Public Health England. Urinary tract infection: diagnostic tools for primary care. October 2020 [internet publication]全文

123. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Haloperidol (haldol): reminder of risks when used in elderly patients for the acute treatment of delirium. 2021 [internet publication]全文

124. Ma H, Huang Y, Cong Z, et al. The efficacy and safety of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of dementia: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;42(3):915-37 摘要

125. Huybrechts KF, Gerhard T, Crystal S, et al. Differential risk of death in older residents in nursing homes prescribed specific antipsychotic drugs: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2012 Feb 23;344:e977全文  摘要

126. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 30;3:CD007726.全文  摘要

127. ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al, on behalf of the American Diabetes Association. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023 Jan 1;46(suppl 1):S267-78.全文  摘要

128. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].全文

129. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Aug 2022 [internet publication].全文

130. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Inpatient care of the frail older adult with diabetes. Feb 2023 [internet publication].全文

131. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1359-67全文  摘要

132. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Chittock DR, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1283-97.全文  摘要

133. Marik PE, Preiser JC. Toward understanding tight glycemic control in the ICU: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2010 Mar;137(3):544-51全文  摘要

134. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8全文

135. NHS Digital. National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) - 2019. Nov 2020 [internet publication]全文

136. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].全文

137. TREND Diabetes. End of life guidance for diabetes care. November 2021 [internet publication]全文

138. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication]全文

139. Rayman G, Vas PR, Baker N, et al. The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2011 May 18;34(7):1517-8全文  摘要

140. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. July 2019 [internet publication].全文

141. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2023 [internet publication]全文

142. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2309-21全文  摘要

143. Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest. 2002 Mar;121(3):846-51全文  摘要

144. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2023 [internet publication]全文

145. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 19;3:CD006897全文  摘要

146. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. July 2019 [internet publication]全文

147. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 May 12;29(5):459-525全文  摘要

148. Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 14th edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021

149. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20 摘要

150. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626 摘要

151. Dalton SO, Sørensen HT, Johansen C. SSRIs and upper gastrointestinal bleeding: what is known and how should it influence prescribing? CNS Drugs. 2006;20(2):143-51 摘要

152. Dalton SO, Johansen C, Mellemkjaer L, et al. Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Jan 13;163(1):59-64全文  摘要

153. Cheng YL, Hu HY, Lin XH, et al. Use of SSRI, but not SNRI, increased upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Nov;94(46):e2022全文  摘要

154. Loke YK, Trivedi AN, Singh S. Meta-analysis: gastrointestinal bleeding due to interaction between selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 1;27(1):31-40全文  摘要

155. Flowers L. Nicotine replacement therapy. Am J Psychiatry Resid. 2016 Jun;11(6)4-7全文

156. Desai HD, Seabolt J, Jann MW. Smoking in patients receiving psychotropic medications: a pharmacokinetic perspective. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(6):469-94 摘要

157. Oliveira P, Ribeiro J, Donato H, Madeira N. Smoking and antidepressants pharmacokinetics: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017;16:17全文  摘要

158. National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training. Smoking cessation and mental health. 2014 [internet publication]全文

159. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. Jan 2023 [internet publication].全文

160. Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 19;6(6):CD013308全文  摘要

161. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77.全文  摘要

162. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.全文  摘要

163. Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 June 28;6(6):CD006103全文