自发性脑出血引起的卒中

Greenberg SM, Ziai WC, Cordonnier C, et al. 2022 Guideline for the management of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2022 Jul;53(7):e282-361.全文  摘要

Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. National clinical guideline for stroke for the UK and Ireland. May 2023 [internet publication].全文

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management. Apr 2022 [internet publication].全文

Royal College of Physicians. National Clinical Guideline for Stroke. Oct 2016 [internet publication].全文

1. Aho K, Harmsen P, Hatano S, et al. Cerebrovascular disease in the community: results of a WHO collaborative study. Bull World Health Organ. 1980;58(1):113-30.全文  摘要

2. Qureshi AI, Tuhrim S, Broderick JP, et al. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2001 May 10;344(19):1450-60. 摘要

3. Smith EE, Rosand J, Greenberg SM. Hemorrhagic stroke. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2005 May;15(2):259-72. 摘要

4. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE impact: stroke. May 2019 [internet publication].全文

5. Royal College of Physicians. Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP). Is stroke care improving? The second SSNAP annual report. Dec 2015 [internet publication].全文

6. Stroke Association. State of the nation: stroke statistics. Jan 2017 [internet publication].全文

7. Wang Y, Rudd AG, Wolfe CD. Age and ethnic disparities in incidence of stroke over time: the South London Stroke Register. Stroke. 2013 Dec;44(12):3298-304.全文  摘要

8. GBD 2016 Stroke Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019 May;18(5):439-58.全文  摘要

9. Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2023 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023 Feb 21;147(8):e93-621.全文  摘要

10. GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020 Oct 17;396(10258):1204-22.全文  摘要

11. Lioutas VA, Beiser AS, Aparicio HJ, et al. Assessment of incidence and risk factors of intracerebral hemorrhage among participants in the Framingham heart study between 1948 and 2016. JAMA Neurol. 2020 Oct 1;77(10):1252-60.全文  摘要

12. Gardener H, Sacco RL, Rundek T, et al. Race and ethnic disparities in stroke incidence in the Northern Manhattan Study. Stroke. 2020 Apr;51(4):1064-9.全文  摘要

13. Howard G, Moy CS, Howard VJ, et al. Where to focus efforts to reduce the Black-White disparity in stroke mortality: incidence versus case fatality? Stroke. 2016 Jul;47(7):1893-8.全文  摘要

14. Block F, Dafotakis M. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy in stroke medicine. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2017 Jan 20;114(3):37-42.全文  摘要

15. Smith EE, Greenberg SM. Clinical diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: validation of the Boston criteria. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2003 Jul;5(4):260-6. 摘要

16. Zhang-Nunes SX, Maat-Schieman ML, van Duinen SG, et al. The cerebral beta-amyloid angiopathies: hereditary and sporadic. Brain Pathol. 2006 Jan;16(1):30-9. 摘要

17. Wang DN, Hou XW, Yang BW, et al. Quantity of cerebral microbleeds, antiplatelet therapy, and intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015 Dec;24(12):2728-37. 摘要

18. Lappin JM, Darke S, Farrell M. Stroke and methamphetamine use in young adults: a review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 Dec;88(12):1079-91. 摘要

19. Derdeyn CP, Zipfel GJ, Albuquerque FC, et al. Management of brain arteriovenous malformations: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2017 Aug;48(8):e200-24.全文  摘要

20. Fisher CM. Pathological observations in hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1971 Jul;30(3):536-50. 摘要

21. Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2008 May 15;358(20):2127-37. 摘要

22. Florczak-Rzepka M, Grond-Ginsbach C, Montaner J, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases in human spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: an update. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;34(4):249-62.全文  摘要

23. Greenberg SM, Ziai WC, Cordonnier C, et al. 2022 Guideline for the management of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2022 Jul;53(7):e282-361.全文  摘要

24. Dastur CK, Yu W. Current management of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2017 Mar;2(1):21-9.全文  摘要

25. Broderick J, Brott T, Kothari R, et al. The Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study: preliminary first-ever and total incidence rates of stroke among blacks. Stroke. 1998 Feb;29(2):415-21.全文  摘要

26. Labovitz DL, Halim A, Boden-Albala B, et al. The incidence of deep and lobar intracerebral hemorrhage in whites, blacks and Hispanics. Neurology. 2005 Aug 23;65(4):518-22. 摘要

27. Flaherty ML, Woo D, Haverbusch M, et al. Racial variations in location and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2005 May;36(5):934-7.全文  摘要

28. Jolink WM, Klijn CJ, Brouwers PJ, et al. Time trends in incidence, case fatality, and mortality of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2015 Oct 13;85(15):1318-24. 摘要

29. Woo D, Sauerbeck LR, Kissela BM, et al. Genetic and environmental risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage: preliminary results of a population-based study. Stroke. 2002 May;33(5):1190-5.全文  摘要

30. Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. National clinical guideline for stroke for the UK and Ireland. May 2023 [internet publication].全文

31. Charidimou A, Imaizumi T, Moulin S, et al. Brain hemorrhage recurrence, small vessel disease type, and cerebral microbleeds: A meta-analysis. Neurology. 2017 Aug 22;89(8):820-9.全文  摘要

32. Greenberg SM, Eng JA, Ning M, et al. Hemorrhage burden predicts recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage after lobar hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004 Jun;35(6):1415-20.全文  摘要

33. Smith EE, Gurol ME, Eng JA, et al. White matter lesions, cognition, and recurrent hemorrhage in lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2004 Nov 9;63(9):1606-12. 摘要

34. O'Donnell HC, Rosand J, Knudsen KA, et al. Apolipoprotein E genotype and the risk of recurrent lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan 27;342(4):240-5.全文  摘要

35. Fox CK, Leykina L, Hills NK, et al. Hemorrhagic stroke in children and adults with sickle cell anemia: The post-STOP cohort. Stroke. 2022 Nov;53(11):e463-6.全文  摘要

36. Gould DB, Phalan FC, van Mil SE, et al. Role of COL4A1 in small-vessel disease and hemorrhagic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 6;354(14):1489-96.全文  摘要

37. Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002 Jan 12;324(7329):71-86.全文  摘要

38. Hart RG, Boop BS, Anderson DC. Oral anticoagulants and intracranial hemorrhage. Facts and hypotheses. Stroke. 1995 Aug;26(8):1471-7.全文  摘要

39. Barnes B, Cawley CM, Barrow DL. Intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to vascular lesions. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2002 Jul;13(3):289-97. 摘要

40. Takahashi JC, Funaki T, Houkin K, et al; JAM Trial Investigators. Significance of the hemorrhagic site for recurrent bleeding: prespecified analysis in the Japan Adult Moyamoya trial. Stroke. 2016 Jan;47(1):37-43. 摘要

41. Bateman BT, Schumacher HC, Bushnell CD, et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage in pregnancy: frequency, risk factors, and outcome. Neurology. 2006 Aug 8;67(3):424-9. 摘要

42. Meeks JR, Bambhroliya AB, Alex KM, et al. Association of primary intracerebral hemorrhage with pregnancy and the postpartum period. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Apr 1;3(4):e202769.全文  摘要

43. Ariesen MJ, Claus SP, Rinkel GJ, et al. Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the general population: a systematic review. Stroke. 2003 Aug;34(8):2060-5.全文  摘要

44. Ungprasert P, Matteson EL, Thongprayoon C. Nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of hemorrhagic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Stroke. 2016 Feb;47(2):356-64. 摘要

45. Bassetti CLA, Randerath W, Vignatelli L, et al. EAN/ERS/ESO/ESRS statement on the impact of sleep disorders on risk and outcome of stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2020 Jul;27(7):1117-36.全文  摘要

46. Yeghiazarians Y, Jneid H, Tietjens JR, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Jul 20;144(3):e56-67.全文  摘要

47. Saliba W, Barnett-Griness O, Gronich N, et al. Association of diabetes and glycated hemoglobin with the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: a population-based cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2019 Apr;42(4):682-8.全文  摘要

48. Price AJ, Wright FL, Green J, et al. Differences in risk factors for 3 types of stroke: UK prospective study and meta-analyses. Neurology. 2018 Jan 23;90(4):e298-306.全文  摘要

49. Boulanger M, Poon MT, Wild SH, et al. Association between diabetes mellitus and the occurrence and outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2016 Aug 30;87(9):870-8.全文  摘要

50. Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Brass LM, et al. Phenylpropanolamine and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2000 Dec 21;343(25):1826-32.全文  摘要

51. Morgenstern LB, Viscoli CM, Kernan WN, et al. Use of Ephedra-containing products and risk for hemorrhagic stroke. Neurology. 2003 Jan 14;60(1):132-5. 摘要

52. Cohen BA, Biller J. Hemorrhagic stroke due to cerebral vasculitis and the role of immunosuppressive therapy. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1992 Jul;3(3):611-24. 摘要

53. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Dec 2023 [internet publication].全文

54. Meschia JF, Bushnell C, Boden-Albala B, et al. Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014 Dec;45(12):3754-832.全文  摘要

55. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management. Apr 2022 [internet publication].全文

56. British Columbia Ministry of Health. Stroke and transient ischemic attack: acute and long-term management. Apr 2015 [internet publication].全文

57. Royal College of Physicians. National Clinical Guideline for Stroke. Oct 2016 [internet publication].全文

58. Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019 Dec;50(12):e344-418.全文  摘要

59. Kobayashi A, Czlonkowska A, Ford GA, et al. European Academy of Neurology and European Stroke Organization consensus statement and practical guidance for pre-hospital management of stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2018 Mar;25(3):425-33.全文  摘要

60. Harbison J, Hossain O, Jenkinson D, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of stroke referrals from primary care, emergency room physicians, and ambulance staff using the face arm speech test. Stroke. 2003 Jan;34(1):71-6.全文  摘要

61. Nor AM, Davis J, Sen B, et al. The Recognition of Stroke in the Emergency Room (ROSIER) scale: development and validation of a stroke recognition instrument. Lancet Neurol. 2005 Nov;4(11):727-34. 摘要

62. Hand PJ, Kwan J, Lindley RI, et al. Distinguishing between stroke and mimic at the bedside: the brain attack study. Stroke. 2006 Mar;37(3):769-75.全文  摘要

63. Markus H, Pereira A, Cloud G. Stroke medicine (Oxford specialist handbooks in neurology). Oxford Medicine Online. Jan 2017 [internet publication].全文

64. Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-99.全文  摘要

65. Stone J, Burton C, Carson A. Recognising and explaining functional neurological disorder. BMJ. 2020 Oct 21;371:m3745. 摘要

66. Brown RJ, Reuber M. Psychological and psychiatric aspects of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES): A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Apr;45:157-82. 摘要

67. Knudsen KA, Rosand J, Karluk D, et al. Clinical diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: validation of the Boston criteria. Neurology. 2001 Feb 27;56(4):537-9. 摘要

68. Pocket ICU management. ATLS algorithms. Apr 2010 [internet publication].全文

69. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169.全文  摘要

70. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90.全文  摘要

71. Parry-Jones AR, Sammut-Powell C, Paroutoglou K, et al. An intracerebral hemorrhage care bundle is associated with lower case fatality. Ann Neurol. 2019 Oct;86(4):495-503.全文  摘要

72. Christensen H, Cordonnier C, Kõrv J, et al. European Stroke Organisation guideline on reversal of oral anticoagulants in acute intracerebral haemorrhage. Eur Stroke J. 2019 Dec;4(4):294-306.全文  摘要

73. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. 摘要

74. Barnett A, Beasley R, Buchan C, et al. Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand position statement on acute oxygen use in adults: 'swimming between the flags'. Respirology. 2022 Apr;27(4):262-76.全文  摘要

75. Global Initiative for Asthma. 2023 GINA report, global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2023 [internet publication].全文

76. Voshaar T, Stais P, Köhler D, et al. Conservative management of COVID-19 associated hypoxaemia. ERJ Open Res. 2021 Mar 15;7(1):00026-2021.全文  摘要

77. Barbateskovic M, Schjørring OL, Russo Krauss S, et al. Higher versus lower fraction of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to the intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Nov 27;2019(11):CD012631.全文  摘要

78. ICU-ROX Investigators and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group., Mackle D, Bellomo R, et al. Conservative Oxygen Therapy during Mechanical Ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 12;382(11):989-98.全文  摘要

79. Cumpstey AF, Oldman AH, Smith AF, et al. Oxygen targets in the intensive care unit during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a rapid review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 020 Sep 1;9(9):CD013708.全文  摘要

80. Langhorne P, Ramachandra S, Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke: network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Apr 23;4(4):CD000197.全文  摘要

81. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for intensive interventions to lower blood pressure in people with acute intracerebral haemorrhage. NICE guideline NG128 intervention evidence review. Apr 2022 [internet publication].全文

82. Moullaali TJ, Wang X, Martin RH, et al. Statistical analysis plan for pooled individual patient data from two landmark randomized trials (INTERACT2 and ATACH-II) of intensive blood pressure lowering treatment in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Int J Stroke. 2019 Apr;14(3):321-8. 摘要

83. Fuentes B, Ntaios G, Putaala J, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on glycaemia management in acute stroke. Eur Stroke J. 2018 Mar;3(1):5-21.全文  摘要

84. Gray CS, Hildreth AJ, Sandercock PA, et al. Glucose-potassium-insulin infusions in the management of post-stroke hyperglycaemia: the UK Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST-UK). Lancet Neurol. 2007 May;6(5):397-406. 摘要

85. Andrews PJD, Verma V, Healy M, et al. Targeted temperature management in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, or acute ischaemic stroke: consensus recommendations. Br J Anaesth. 2018 Oct;121(4):768-75.全文  摘要

86. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for head positioning. NICE guideline NG128 intervention evidence review. May 2019 [internet publication].全文

87. Olavarría VV, Lavados PM, Muñoz-Venturelli P, et al. Flat-head positioning increases cerebral blood flow in anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke. A cluster randomized phase IIb trial. Int J Stroke. 2018 Aug;13(6):600-1.全文  摘要

88. Anderson CS, Arima H, Lavados P, et al. Cluster-randomized, crossover trial of head positioning in acute stroke. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jun 22;376(25):2437-47.全文  摘要

89. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7.全文  摘要

90. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for very early mobilisation. NICE guideline NG128 intervention evidence review. May 2019 [internet publication].全文

91. Diserens K, Moreira T, Hirt L, et al. Early mobilization out of bed after ischaemic stroke reduces severe complications but not cerebral blood flow: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Clin Rehabil. 2012 May;26(5):451-9. 摘要

92. Poletto SR, Rebello LC, Valença MJ, et al. Early mobilization in ischemic stroke: a pilot randomized trial of safety and feasibility in a public hospital in Brazil. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra. 2015 Jan-Apr;5(1):31-40.全文  摘要

93. Bernhardt J, Langhorne P, Lindley RI, et al; AVERT Trial Collaboration Group. Efficacy and safety of very early mobilisation within 24 h of stroke onset (AVERT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Jul 4;386(9988):46-55.全文  摘要

94. Bernhardt J, Churilov L, Dewey H, et al. Statistical analysis plan (SAP) for A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial (AVERT): an international trial to determine the efficacy and safety of commencing out of bed standing and walking training (very early mobilization) within 24 h of stroke onset vs. usual stroke unit care. Int J Stroke. 2015 Jan;10(1):23-4. 摘要

95. Bernhardt J, Churilov L, Ellery F, et al. Prespecified dose-response analysis for A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial (AVERT). Neurology. 2016 Jun 7;86(23):2138-45. 摘要

96. Bernhardt J, Raffelt A, Churilov L, et al. Exploring threats to generalisability in a large international rehabilitation trial (AVERT). BMJ Open. 2015 Aug 17;5(8):e008378.全文  摘要

97. Langhorne P, Wu O, Rodgers H, et al. A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial after stroke (AVERT): a phase III, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Health Technol Assess. 2017 Sep;21(54):1-120.全文  摘要

98. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med 2018;56(12):2015-38. 摘要

99. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:115-51.全文  摘要

100. Colquhoun MC, Handley AJ, Evans TR, eds. ABC of resuscitation. 5th ed. Wiley-Blackwell; 2004.

101. Chrimes N, Higgs A, Hagberg CA, et al. Preventing unrecognised oesophageal intubation: a consensus guideline from the Project for Universal Management of Airways and international airway societies. Anaesthesia. 2022 Aug 17 [Epub ahead of print].全文  摘要

102. Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Fernandes HM, et al. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005 Jan 29-Feb 4;365(9457):387-97. 摘要

103. Zhou X, Chen J, Li Q, et al. Minimally invasive surgery for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke. 2012 Nov;43(11):2923-30.全文  摘要

104. Hanley DF, Thompson RE, Muschelli J, et al. Safety and efficacy of minimally invasive surgery plus alteplase in intracerebral haemorrhage evacuation (MISTIE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2016 Nov;15(12):1228-37.全文  摘要

105. Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Rowan EN, et al; STICH II Investigators. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial lobar intracerebral haematomas (STICH II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2013 Aug 3;382(9890):397-408. 摘要

106. Vespa P, Hanley D, Betz J, et al. ICES (intraoperative stereotactic computed tomography-guided endoscopic surgery) for brain hemorrhage: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2016 Nov;47(11):2749-55.全文  摘要

107. Webb AJ, Ullman NL, Mann S, et al. Resolution of intraventricular hemorrhage varies by ventricular region and dose of intraventricular thrombolytic: the Clot Lysis: Evaluating Accelerated Resolution of IVH (CLEAR IVH) program. Stroke. 2012 Jun;43(6):1666-8.全文  摘要

108. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Andexanet alfa for reversing anticoagulation from apixaban or rivaroxaban. May 2021 [internet publication].全文

109. ClinicalTrials.gov. Trial of andexanet in ICH patients receiving an oral FXa inhibitor. Jul 2020 [internet publication].全文

110. Takagi T, Hara HJ. Protective effects of cilostazol against hemorrhagic stroke: current and future perspectives. Pharmacol Sci. 2016 Jul;131(3):155-61. 摘要

111. Kim SM, Jung JM, Kim BJ, et al. Cilostazol mono and combination treatments in ischemic stroke: an updated systematic review and meta-Analysis. Stroke. 2019 Dec;50(12):3503-11.全文  摘要

112. McHutchison C, Blair GW, Appleton JP, et al. Cilostazol for secondary prevention of stroke and cognitive decline: systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2020 Aug;51(8):2374-85.全文  摘要

113. Passero S, Rocchi R, Rossi S, et al. Seizures after spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Epilepsia. 2002 Oct;43(10):1175-80. 摘要

114. Hinkle JL, Becker KJ, Kim JS, et al. Poststroke fatigue: emerging evidence and approaches to management: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2017 Jul;48(7):e159-70.全文  摘要

115. Phipps MS, Cronin CA. Management of acute ischemic stroke. BMJ. 2020 Feb 13;368:l6983. 摘要

116. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management. Aug 2023 [internet publication].全文

117. Royal College of Physicians. National early warning score (NEWS2). Standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. December 2017 [internet publication]全文

118. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2023 [internet publication]全文

119. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. July 2019 [internet publication].全文

120. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90全文  摘要

121. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 26;391(10131):1693-705 摘要

122. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169. 摘要

123. NHS England. Toolkit for general practice in supporting older people living with frailty. March 2017 [internet publication]全文

124. Wallis SJ, Wall J, Biram RW, et al. Association of the clinical frailty scale with hospital outcomes. QJM. 2015 Dec;108(12):943-9全文  摘要

125. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13 摘要

126. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].全文

127. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults. Feb 2022 [internet publication].全文

128. Chowdhury TA, Cheston H, Claydon A. Managing adults with diabetes in hospital during an acute illness. BMJ. 2017 Jun 22;357:j2551 摘要

129. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Self-management of diabetes in hospital. Feb 2023 [internet publication].全文

130. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Glycaemic management during the inpatient enteral feeding of stroke patients with diabetes. Nov 2019 [internet publication].全文

131. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. Oct 2014 [internet publication].全文

132. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].全文

133. Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for perioperative care for people with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective and emergency surgery. Dec 2022 [internet publication].全文

134. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88全文  摘要

135. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness. March 2020 [internet publication]全文

136. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jun 15;38(9):1687-93全文  摘要

137. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management. Apr 2022 [internet publication]全文

138. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].全文

139. Scott JF, Robinson GM, French JM, et al. Prevalence of admission hyperglycaemia across clinical subtypes of acute stroke. Lancet. 1999 Jan 30;353(9150):376-7 摘要

140. Fuentes B, Ntaios G, Putaala J, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on glycaemia management in acute stroke. Eur Stroke J. 2018 Mar;3(1):5-21全文  摘要

141. Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. National clinical guideline for stroke for the UK and Ireland. May 2023 [internet pubication].全文

142. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. Sep 2023 [internet publication].全文

143. Hsu CY, Ordoñez JD, Chertow GM, et al. The risk of acute renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2008 Apr 2;74(1):101-7全文  摘要

144. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. Clinical guideline CG174. May 2017 [internet publication]全文

145. Verbrugge FH, Grieten L, Mullens W. Management of the cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure. Cardiorenal Med. 2014 Dec;4(3-4):176-88全文  摘要

146. Fritz Z, Slowther AM, Perkins GD. Resuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision. BMJ. 2017 Feb 28;356:j813全文  摘要

147. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Decision making and mental capacity. October 2018 [internet publication]全文

148. Office of the Public Guardian. Mental Capacity Act: making decisions. Jun 2023 [internet publication]全文

149. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Independent mental capacity advocate (IMCA). January 2010 [internet publication]全文

150. Pendlebury ST, Klaus SP, Mather M, et al. Routine cognitive screening in older patients admitted to acute medicine: abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) and subjective memory complaint versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment and IQCODE. Age Ageing. 2015 Oct 13;44(6):1000-5全文  摘要

151. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972 Nov;1(4):233-8 摘要

152. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].全文

153. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].全文

154. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk reduction and management of delirium. Mar 2019 [internet publication].全文

155. Nova Scotia Health Authority. This is not my Mom. 2012 [internet publication]全文

156. Inouye SK, Schlesinger MJ, Lydon TJ. Delirium: a symptom of how hospital care is failing older persons and a window to improve quality of hospital care. Am J Med. 1999 May;106(5):565-73 摘要

157. Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, et al. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Mar 2;43(4):496-502.全文  摘要

158. MacLullich AM, Shenkin SD, Goodacre S, et al. The 4 'A's test for detecting delirium in acute medical patients: a diagnostic accuracy study. Health Technol Assess. 2019 Aug;23(40):1-194全文  摘要

159. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jan 11;74(3):357-72全文  摘要

160. Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, et al. Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 11;3:CD005563全文  摘要

161. Martinez F, Tobar C, Hill N. Preventing delirium: should non-pharmacological, multicomponent interventions be used? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Age Ageing. 2014 Nov 25;44(2):196-204全文  摘要

162. Public Health England. Urinary tract infection: diagnostic tools for primary care. October 2020 [internet publication]全文

163. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Haloperidol (haldol): reminder of risks when used in elderly patients for the acute treatment of delirium. 2021 [internet publication]全文

164. Ma H, Huang Y, Cong Z, et al. The efficacy and safety of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of dementia: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;42(3):915-37 摘要

165. Huybrechts KF, Gerhard T, Crystal S, et al. Differential risk of death in older residents in nursing homes prescribed specific antipsychotic drugs: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2012 Feb 23;344:e977全文  摘要

166. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 30;3:CD007726.全文  摘要

167. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13 摘要

168. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 May;106(5):906-14. 摘要

169. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Liaison psychiatry. In: Emergency acute medical care in over 16s: service delivery and organisation. March 2018 [internet publication]全文

170. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD). Treat as one. Bridging the gap between mental and physical healthcare in general hospitals. 2017 [internet publication]全文

171. Pan A, Sun Q, Okereke OI, et al. Depression and risk of stroke morbidity and mortality: a meta-analysis and systematic review. JAMA. 2011 Sep 21;306(11):1241-9 摘要

172. Towfighi A, Ovbiagele B, El Husseini N, et al. Poststroke depression: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2017 Feb;48(2):e30-e43全文  摘要

173. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7 摘要

174. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(S7):S54-60 摘要

175. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: recognition and management. October 2009 [internet publication]全文

176. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Jan;78(1):25-33全文  摘要

177. Archer G, Kuh D, Hotopf M, et al. Association between lifetime affective symptoms and premature mortality. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 1;77(8):806-13.全文  摘要

178. Machado MO, Veronese N, Sanches M, et al. The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. BMC Med. 2018 Jul 20;16(1):112全文  摘要

179. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: treatment and management. Jun 2022 [internet publication]全文

180. Licht CM, de Geus EJ, Seldenrijk A, et al. Depression is associated with decreased blood pressure, but antidepressant use increases the risk for hypertension. Hypertension. 2009 Apr;53(4):631-8.全文  摘要

181. Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 14th edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021

182. Renoux C, Vahey S, Dell'Aniello S, et al. Association of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with the risk for spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage. JAMA Neurol. 2017 Feb 1;74(2):173-80全文  摘要

183. Kubiszewski P, Sugita L, Kourkoulis C, et al. Association of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use after intracerebral hemorrhage with hemorrhage recurrence and depression severity. JAMA Neurol. 2020 Aug 31;78(1):1-8. 摘要

184. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 May 12;29(5):459-525全文  摘要

185. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20. 摘要

186. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626 摘要

187. Kneebone I, Baker J, O’Malley H. Screening for depression after stroke: developing protocols for the occupational therapist. British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2010;73(2):71-6

188. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke rehabilitation in adults. Oct 2023 [internet publication].全文

189. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S295-306.全文  摘要

190. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8全文

191. NHS Digital. National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) - 2019. Nov 2020 [internet publication]全文

192. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].全文

193. TREND Diabetes. End of life guidance for diabetes care. November 2021 [internet publication]全文

194. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2309-21全文  摘要

195. Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest. 2002 Mar;121(3):846-51全文  摘要

196. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2023 [internet publication]全文

197. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 19;3:CD006897全文  摘要

198. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. July 2019 [internet publication]全文

199. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication]全文

200. Rayman G, Vas PR, Baker N, et al. The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2011 May 18;34(7):1517-8全文  摘要

201. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. Jan 2023 [internet publication].全文

202. Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 19;6(6):CD013308全文  摘要

203. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77.全文  摘要

204. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.全文  摘要

205. Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 June 28;6(6):CD006103全文