成人脓毒症

参考文献

关键文献

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. Mar 2024 [internet publication].全文

NHS England. Sepsis guidance implementation advice for adults. Sep 2017 [internet publication].全文

Royal College of Physicians. National early warning score (NEWS) 2: standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. December 2017 [internet publication].全文

Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;49(11):e1063-143.全文  摘要

Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. Statement on the initial antimicrobial treatment of sepsis. Oct 2022 [internet publication].全文

参考文献

1. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016 Feb 23;315(8):801-10.全文  摘要

2. Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, et al. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med. 2003 Apr;31(4):1250-6. 摘要

3. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. Mar 2024 [internet publication].全文

4. Inada-Kim M. Introducing the suspicion of sepsis insights dashboard. Royal College of Pathologists Bulletin. 2019 Apr;186;109.

5. Singer M, Inada-Kim M, Shankar-Hari M. Sepsis hysteria: excess hype and unrealistic expectations. Lancet. 2019 Oct 26;394(10208):1513-4. 摘要

6. NHS Digital. Hospital episode statistics 2017-2018. March 2019 [internet publication].全文

7. Rhee C, Jones TM, Hamad Y, et al. Prevalence, underlying causes, and preventability of sepsis-associated mortality in us acute care hospitals. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Feb 1;2(2):e187571.全文  摘要

8. Kopczynska M, Sharif B, Cleaver S, et al. Sepsis-related deaths in the at-risk population on the wards: attributable fraction of mortality in a large point-prevalence study. BMC Res Notes. 2018 Oct 11;11(1):720.全文  摘要

9. Martin GS, Mannino DM, Moss M. The effect of age on the development and outcome of adult sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2006 Jan;34(1):15-21. 摘要

10. Annane D, Aegerter P, Jars-Guincestre MC, et al. Current epidemiology of septic shock: the CUB-Rea Network. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Jul 15;168(2):165-72.全文  摘要

11. Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, et al. An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 28;355(26):2725-32.全文  摘要

12. Arduino MJ, Tokars JI. Why is an infection control program needed in the hemodialysis setting? Nephrol News Issues. 2005 Jun;19(7):44;46-9. 摘要

13. Berenholtz SM, Milanovich S, Faircloth A, et al. Improving care for the ventilated patient. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2004 Apr;30(4):195-204. 摘要

14. Boyce JM, Pittet D; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee; HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2002 Oct 25;51(RR-16):1-45.全文  摘要

15. Llop J, Badia MB, Comas D, et al. Colonization and bacteremia risk factors in parenteral nutrition catheterization. Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec;20(6):527-34. 摘要

16. Danai PA, Sinha S, Moss M, et al. Seasonal variation in the epidemiology of sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2007 Feb;35(2):410-5. 摘要

17. Raymond NJ, Blackmore TK, Humble MW, et al. Bloodstream infections in a secondary and tertiary care hospital setting. Intern Med J. 2006 Dec;36(12):765-72. 摘要

18. Gea-Banacloche JC, Opal SM, Jorgensen J, et al. Sepsis associated with immunosuppressive medications: an evidence based review. Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov;32(suppl 11):S578-90. 摘要

19. Cohen J, Brun-Buisson C, Torres A, et al. Diagnosis of infection in sepsis: an evidenced based review. Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov;32(11 Suppl):S466-94. 摘要

20. Vincent JL, Rello J, Marshall J, et al. International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA. 2009 Dec 2;302(21):2323-9.全文  摘要

21. Gauer RL. Early recognition and management of sepsis in adults: the first six hours. Am Fam Physician. 2013 Jul 1;88(1):44-53. 摘要

22. Mylotte JM, Tayara A, Goodnough S. Epidemiology of bloodstream infection in nursing home residents: evaluation in a large cohort from multiple homes. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Dec 15;35(12):1484-90.全文  摘要

23. Donelli G. Vascular catheter-related infection and sepsis. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2006;7(suppl 2):S25-7. 摘要

24. Wenzel RP. Treating sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2002 Sep 26;347(13):966-7. 摘要

25. Tsujimoto H, Ono S, Efron PA, et al. Role of Toll-like receptors in the development of sepsis. Shock. 2008 Mar;29(3):315-21. 摘要

26. Hopkins P, Cohen J. Toll-like receptors: the key to the stable door? Crit Care. 2002 Apr;6(2):99-101.全文  摘要

27. Kumpf O, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Koch A, et al. Influence of genetic variations in TLR4 and TIRAP/Mal on the course of sepsis and pneumonia and cytokine release: an observational study in three cohorts. Crit Care. 2010;14(3):R103.全文  摘要

28. Daniels R, Nutbeam T (eds). The ABC of sepsis. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010.

29. Hauser B, Bracht H, Matejovic M, et al. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition in sepsis? Lessons learned from large-animal studies. Anesth Analg. 2005 Aug;101(2):488-98. 摘要

30. Remick DG. Pathophysiology of sepsis. Am J Pathol. 2007 May;170(5):1435-44.全文  摘要

31. Faust SN, Heyderman RS, Levin M. Coagulation in severe sepsis: a central role for thrombomodulin and active protein C. Crit Care Med. 2001 Jul;29(suppl 7):S62-7;discussion S67-8. 摘要

32. Fourrier F, Chopin C, Goudemand J, et al. Septic shock, multiple organ failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation: compared patterns of antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S deficiencies. Chest. 1992 Mar;101(3):816-23.全文  摘要

33. Ince C. The microcirculation is the motor of sepsis. Crit Care. 2005;9(suppl 4):S13-9.全文  摘要

34. Balk RA. Severe sepsis and septic shock: definitions, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations. Crit Care Clin. 2000 Apr;16(2):179-92. 摘要

35. Abraham E, Singer M. Mechanisms of sepsis-induced organ dysfunction. Crit Care Med. 2007 Oct;35(10):2408-16. 摘要

36. Laupland KB, Gregson DB, Zygun DA, et al. Severe bloodstream infections: a population-based assessment. Crit Care Med. 2004 Apr;32(4):992-7. 摘要

37. Waljee AK, Rogers MA, Lin P, et al. Short term use of oral corticosteroids and related harms among adults in the United States: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2017 Apr 12;357:j1415.全文  摘要

38. Vogel TR, Dombrovskiy VY, Carson JL, et al. Postoperative sepsis in the United States. Ann Surg. 2010 Dec;252(6):1065-71.全文  摘要

39. Acosta CD, Kurinczuk JJ, Lucas DN, et al. Severe maternal sepsis in the UK, 2011-2012: a national case-control study. PLoS Med. 2014;11:e1001672.全文  摘要

40. Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, et al. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 17;348(16):1546-54.全文  摘要

41. NHS England. Sepsis guidance implementation advice for adults. Sep 2017 [internet publication].全文

42. Royal College of Physicians. National early warning score (NEWS) 2: standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. December 2017 [internet publication].全文

43. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;49(11):e1063-143.全文  摘要

44. NHS England. National early warning score (NEWS). 2019 [internet publication].全文

45. Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. Statement on the initial antimicrobial treatment of sepsis. Oct 2022 [internet publication].全文

46. Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign bundle: 2018 update. Crit Care Med. 2018 Jun;46(6):997-1000. 摘要

47. Nutbeam T, Daniels R; The UK Sepsis Trust. Professional resources: clinical. 2024 [internet publication].全文

48. Geer JH, Siegel MD. Antibiotics and the yield of blood cultures: sequence matters. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Sep 17 [Epub ahead of print]. 摘要

49. Cheng MP, Stenstrom R, Paquette K, et al. Blood culture results before and after antimicrobial administration in patients with severe manifestations of sepsis: a diagnostic study. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Sep 17 [Epub ahead of print]. 摘要

50. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90. 摘要

51. Royal College of General Practitioners. Sepsis: guidance for GPs. November 2018 [internet publication].全文

52. Gotts JE, Matthay MA. Sepsis: pathophysiology and clinical management. BMJ. 2016 May 23;353:i1585. 摘要

53. Danai PA, Moss M, Mannino DM, et al. The epidemiology of sepsis in patients with malignancy. Chest. 2006 Jun;129(6):1432-40. 摘要

54. Brun-Buisson C, Doyon F, Carlet J, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults. A multicenter prospective study in intensive care units. French ICU Group for Severe Sepsis. JAMA. 1995 Sep 27;274(12):968-74. 摘要

55. O'Brien JM Jr, Lu B, Ali NA, et al. Alcohol dependence is independently associated with sepsis, septic shock, and hospital mortality among adult intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med. 2007 Feb;35(2):345-50. 摘要

56. Daniels R, Nutbeam I, McNamara G, et al. The sepsis six and the severe sepsis resuscitation bundle: a prospective observational cohort study. Emerg Med J. 2011 Jun;28(6):507-12. 摘要

57. Kumar P, Jordan M, Caesar J, et al. Improving the management of sepsis in a district general hospital by implementing the 'Sepsis Six' recommendations. BMJ Qual Improv Rep. 2015 Sep 9;4(1).全文  摘要

58. Spiegel R, Farkas JD, Rola P, et al. The 2018 Surviving Sepsis Campaign's treatment bundle: when guidelines outpace the evidence supporting their use. Ann Emerg Med. 2019 Apr;73(4):356-8.全文  摘要

59. Talan DA, Yealy DM. Challenging the one-hour bundle goal for sepsis antibiotics. Ann Emerg Med. 2019 Apr;73(4):359-62. 摘要

60. Saxena S, Lawley D. Delirium in the elderly: a clinical review. Postgrad Med J. 2009 Aug;85(1006):405-13. 摘要

61. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death. Just say sepsis! A review of the process of care received by patients with sepsis. November 2015 [internet publication].全文

62. The UK Sepsis Trust. Toolkits for out of hours/telephone triage. 2016 [internet publication].全文

63. Cantwell R, Clutton-Brock T, Cooper G, et al. Saving mothers' lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006-2008. The eighth report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. BJOG. 2011 Mar;118 Suppl 1:1-203.全文  摘要

64. Sundén-Cullberg J, Rylance R, Svefors J, et al. Fever in the emergency department predicts survival of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock admitted to the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2017 Apr;45(4):591-9. 摘要

65. Nasa P, Juneja D, Singh O. Severe sepsis and septic shock in the elderly: an overview. World J Crit Care Med. 2012 Feb 4;1(1):23-30.全文  摘要

66. Cecconi M, De Backer D, Antonelli M, et al; Task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. Intensive Care Med. 2014 Dec;40(12):1795-815.全文  摘要

67. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. May 2017 [internet publication].全文

68. Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Meredith P, et al. The ability of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) to discriminate patients at risk of early cardiac arrest, unanticipated intensive care unit admission, and death. Resuscitation. 2013 Apr;84(4):465-70. 摘要

69. Churpek MM, Snyder A, Han X, et al. Quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, and Early Warning Scores for detecting clinical deterioration in infected patients outside the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 Apr 1;195(7):906-11.全文  摘要

70. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 2019 exceptional surveillance of sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management (NICE guideline NG51) and acutely ill adults in hospital: recognising and responding to deterioration (NICE guideline CG50). February 2019 [internet publication].全文

71. Bowyer L, Robinson HL, Barrett H, et al. SOMANZ guidelines for the investigation and management sepsis in pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017 Oct;57(5):540-51. 摘要

72. Albright CM, Ali TN, Lopes V, et al. The sepsis in obstetrics score: a model to identify risk of morbidity from sepsis in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Jul;211(1):39;e1-8. 摘要

73. Royal College of General Practitioners. 10 top tips for GPs and primary healthcare clinicians: a sepsis aware consultation. 2016 [internet publication].全文

74. Sultan HY, Boyle AA, Sheppard N. Necrotising fasciitis. BMJ. 2012 Jul 20;345:e4274. 摘要

75. Garcia-Alvarez M, Marik P, Bellomo R. Sepsis-associated hyperlactatemia. Crit Care. 2014 Sep 9;18(5):503.全文  摘要

76. Kapoor D, Srivastava M, Singh P. Point of care blood gases with electrolytes and lactates in adult emergencies. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2014 Jul;4(3):216-22.全文  摘要

77. Trzeciak S, Dellinger RP, Chansky ME, et al. Serum lactate as a predictor of mortality in patients with infection. Intensive Care Med. 2007 Jun;33(6):970-7. 摘要

78. Middleton P, Kelly AM, Brown J, et al. Agreement between arterial and central venous values for pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate. Emerg Med J. 2006 Aug;23(8):622-4.全文  摘要

79. Theerawit P, Na Petvicharn C, Tangsujaritvijit V, et al. The correlation between arterial lactate and venous lactate in patients with sepsis and septic shock. J Intensive Care Med. 2018 Feb;33(2):116-20. 摘要

80. Bloom B, Pott J, Freund Y, et al. The agreement between abnormal venous lactate and arterial lactate in the ED: a retrospective chart review. Am J Emerg Med. 2014 Jun;32(6):596-600. 摘要

81. Damiani E, Donati A, Serafini G, et al. Effect of performance improvement programs on compliance with sepsis bundles and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One. 2015 May 6;10(5):e0125827.全文  摘要

82. Rhodes A, Phillips G, Beale R, et al. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign bundles and outcome: results from the International Multicentre Prevalence Study on Sepsis (the IMPreSS study). Intensive Care Med. 2015 Sep;41(9):1620-8. 摘要

83. Seymour CW, Gesten F, Prescott HC, et al. Time to treatment and mortality during mandated emergency care for sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jun 8;376(23):2235-44.全文  摘要

84. Liu VX, Morehouse JW, Marelich GP, et al. Multicenter implementation of a treatment bundle for patients with sepsis and intermediate lactate values. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016 Jun 8;193(11):1264-70.全文  摘要

85. Leisman DE, Doerfler ME, Ward MF, et al. Survival benefit and cost savings from compliance with a simplified 3-hour sepsis bundle in a series of prospective, multisite, observational cohorts. Crit Care Med. 2017 Mar;45(3):395-406. 摘要

86. Liu B, Ding X, Yang J. Effect of early goal directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and/or septic shock. Curr Med Res Opin. 2016 Nov;32(11):1773-82. 摘要

87. IDSA Sepsis Task Force. Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) position statement: why IDSA did not endorse the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 May 2;66(10):1631-5.全文  摘要

88. Klompas M, Calandra T, Singer M. Antibiotics for sepsis-finding the equilibrium. JAMA. 2018 Oct 9;320(14):1433-4. 摘要

89. Robson W, Nutbeam T, Daniels R. Sepsis: a need for prehospital intervention? Emerg Med J. 2009 Jul;26(7):535-8. 摘要

90. Robson WP, Daniel R. The Sepsis Six: helping patients to survive sepsis. Br J Nurs. 2008 Jan 10-23;17(1):16-21. 摘要

91. Alam N, Oskam E, Stassen PM, et al. Prehospital antibiotics in the ambulance for sepsis: a multicentre, open label, randomised trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2018 Jan;6(1):40-50. 摘要

92. Venkata C, Kashyap R, Farmer JC, et al. Thrombocytopenia in adult patients with sepsis: incidence, risk factors, and its association with clinical outcome. J Intensive Care. 2013 Dec 30;1(1):9.全文  摘要

93. Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Pilcher D, et al. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in defining severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 23;372(17):1629-38.全文  摘要

94. Neveu H, Kleinknecht D, Brivet F, et al. Prognostic factors in acute renal failure due to sepsis. Results of a prospective multicentre study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996 Feb;11(2):293-9. 摘要

95. van Vught LA, Wiewel MA, Klein Klouwenberg PM, et al. Admission hyperglycemia in critically ill sepsis patients: association with outcome and host response. Crit Care Med. 2016 Jul;44(7):1338-46. 摘要

96. Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E, et al. Blood glucose concentration and outcome of critical illness: the impact of diabetes. Crit Care Med. 2008 Aug;36(8):2249-55. 摘要

97. Hirasawa H, Oda S, Nakamura M. Blood glucose control in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Sep 7;15(33):4132-6.全文  摘要

98. Park S, Kim DG, Suh GY, et al. Mild hypoglycemia is independently associated with increased risk of mortality in patients with sepsis: a 3-year retrospective observational study. Crit Care. 2012 Oct 12;16(5):R189.全文  摘要

99. Ali NA, O'Brien JM Jr, Dungan K, et al. Glucose variability and mortality in patients with sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2008 Aug;36(8):2316-21.全文  摘要

100. Rattarasarn C. Hypoglycemia in sepsis: risk factors and clinical characteristics. J Med Assoc Thai. 1997 Dec;80(12):760-6. 摘要

101. Kibe S, Adams K, Barlow G. Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of sepsis in critical care. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Apr;66 Suppl 2:ii33-40.全文  摘要

102. Póvoa P, Almeida E, Moreira P, et al. C-reactive protein as an indicator of sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 1998 Oct;24(10):1052-6. 摘要

103. Lam SW, Bauer SR, Fowler R, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of procalcitonin-guidance versus usual care for antimicrobial management in critically ill patients: focus on subgroups based on antibiotic initiation, cessation, or mixed strategies. Crit Care Med. 2018 May;46(5):684-90. 摘要

104. Akagi T, Nagata N, Wakamatsu K, et al. Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic discontinuation might shorten the duration of antibiotic treatment without increasing pneumonia recurrence. Am J Med Sci. 2019 Jul;358(1):33-44. 摘要

105. Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, Bingisser R, et al. Procalcitonin guidance significantly reduces antibiotic duration in community-acquired pneumonia: the 'ProCAP' study. Crit Care. 2005; 9 (Suppl 1):P166.全文

106. Semeraro N, Ammollo CT, Semeraro F, et al. Sepsis-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation and thromboembolic disease. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2010 Aug 13;2(3):e2010024.全文  摘要

107. Keeley A, Hine P, Nsutebu E. The recognition and management of sepsis and septic shock: a guide for non-intensivists. Postgrad Med J. 2017 Oct;93(1104):626-34. 摘要

108. Nesseler N, Launey Y, Aninat C, et al. Clinical review: the liver in sepsis. Crit Care. 2012 Oct 30;16(5):235. 摘要

109. Capp R, Chang Y, Brown DF. Accuracy of microscopic urine analysis and chest radiography in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. J Emerg Med. 2011 Jan;42(1):52-7. 摘要

110. Bishop L, Dougherty L, Bodenham A, et al. Guidelines on the insertion and management of central venous access devices in adults. Int J Lab Hematol. 2007 Aug;29(4):261-78. 摘要

111. Smith RN, Nolan JP. Central venous catheters. BMJ. 2013 Nov 11;347:f6570. 摘要

112. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Meningitis (bacterial) and meningococcal disease: recognition, diagnosis and management. Mar 2024 [internet publication].全文

113. Lavi R, Yarnitsky D, Rowe JM, et al. Standard vs atraumatic Whitacre needle for diagnostic lumbar puncture: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2006 Oct 24;67(8):1492-4. 摘要

114. Arendt K, Demaerschalk BM, Wingerchuk DM, Camann W. Atraumatic lumbar puncture needles: after all these years, are we still missing the point? Neurologist. 2009 Jan;15(1):17-20. 摘要

115. Nath S, Koziarz A, Badhiwala JH, et al. Atraumatic versus conventional lumbar puncture needles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Mar 24;391(10126):1197-204. 摘要

116. Rochwerg B, Almenawer SA, Siemieniuk RAC, et al. Atraumatic (pencil-point) versus conventional needles for lumbar puncture: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 May 22;361:k1920.全文  摘要

117. Ahmed SV, Jayawarna C, Jude E. Post lumbar puncture headache: diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Nov;82(973):713-6.全文  摘要

118. Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Ciapponi A, Roqué i Figuls M, et al. Posture and fluids for preventing post-dural puncture headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 7;(3):CD009199.全文  摘要

119. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication].全文

120. Public Health England. Point of care tests for influenza and other respiratory viruses. November 2018 [internet publication].全文

121. Rayment M, Asboe D, Sullivan AK. HIV testing and management of newly diagnosed HIV. BMJ. 2014 Jul 8;349:g4275. 摘要

122. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:115-51.全文  摘要

123. Colquhoun MC, Handley AJ, Evans TR, eds. ABC of resuscitation. 5th ed. Wiley-Blackwell; 2004.

124. Chrimes N, Higgs A, Hagberg CA, et al. Preventing unrecognised oesophageal intubation: a consensus guideline from the Project for Universal Management of Airways and international airway societies. Anaesthesia. 2022 Aug 17 [Epub ahead of print].全文  摘要

125. Pickard A, Karlen W, Ansermino JM. Capillary refill time: is it still a useful clinical sign? Anesth Analg. 2011 Jul;113(1):120-3. 摘要

126. Simon HB. Hyperthermia. N Engl J Med. 1993 Aug 12;329(7):483-7. 摘要

127. Brandom BW. Genetics of malignant hyperthermia. Anesthesiol Clin North America. 2005 Dec;23(4):615-9;viii. 摘要

128. Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, et al. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med. 1985 Oct;13(10):818-29. 摘要

129. Shapiro NI, Wolfe RE, Moore RB, et al. Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis (MEDS) score: a prospectively derived and validated clinical prediction rule. Crit Care Med. 2003 Mar;31(3):670-5. 摘要

130. Knaus WA, Wagner DP, Draper EA, et al. The APACHE III prognostic system. Risk prediction of hospital mortality for critically ill hospitalized adults. Chest. 1991 Dec;100(6):1619-36. 摘要

131. Rivers EP, Nguyen, HB, Amponsah D. Sepsis: a landscape from the emergency department to the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2003 Mar;31(3):968-9. 摘要

132. Macdonald SP, Arendts G, Fatovich DM, et al. Comparison of PIRO, SOFA, and MEDS scores for predicting mortality in emergency department patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Acad Emerg Med. 2014 Nov;21(11):1257-63.全文  摘要

133. Vasquez DN, Das Neves AV, Vidal L, et al. Characteristics, outcomes, and predictability of critically ill obstetric patients: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2015 Sep;43(9):1887-97. 摘要

134. Shehabi Y, Sterba M, Garrett PM, et al. Procalcitonin algorithm in critically ill adults with undifferentiated infection or suspected sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014 Nov 15;190(10):1102-10.全文  摘要

135. Warhurst G, Dunn G, Chadwick P, et al. Rapid detection of health-care-associated bloodstream infection in critical care using multipathogen real-time polymerase chain reaction technology: a diagnostic accuracy study and systematic review. Health Technol Assess. 2015 May;19(35):1-142.全文  摘要

136. Public Health England. Antimicrobial stewardship: start smart – then focus. March 2015 [internet publication].全文

137. Paul M, Dickstein Y, Raz-Pasteur A. Antibiotic de-escalation for bloodstream infections and pneumonia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016 Dec;22(12):960-7. 摘要

138. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. 摘要

139. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Neutropenic sepsis: prevention and management in people with cancer. Sep 2012 [internet publication].全文

140. Martin GS. Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock: changes in incidence, pathogens and outcomes. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2012 Jun;10(6):701-6.全文  摘要

141. Rhee C, Kadri SS, Danner RL, et al. Diagnosing sepsis is subjective and highly variable: a survey of intensivists using case vignettes. Crit Care. 2016 Apr 6;20:89.全文  摘要

142. Health and Social Care Committee. Antimicrobial resistance. October 2018 [internet publication].全文

143. Goossens H, Ferech M, Vander Stichele R, et al. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet. 2005 Feb 12-18;365(9459):579-87. 摘要

144. Costelloe C, Metcalfe C, Lovering A, et al. Effect of antibiotic prescribing in primary care on antimicrobial resistance in individual patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010 May 18;340:c2096.全文  摘要

145. Ferrer R, Martin-Loeches I, Phillips G, et al. Empiric antibiotic treatment reduces mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock from the first hour: results from a guideline-based performance improvement program. Crit Care Med. 2014 Aug;42(8):1749-55. 摘要

146. Kumar A, Ellis P, Arabi Y, et al. Initiation of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy results in a fivefold reduction of survival in human septic shock. Chest. 2009 Nov;136(5):1237-48. 摘要

147. Lee A, Mirrett S, Reller LB, et al. Detection of bloodstream infections in adults: how many blood cultures are needed? J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Sep 19;45(11):3546-8.全文  摘要

148. Sterling SA, Miller WR, Pryor J, et al. The impact of timing of antibiotics on outcomes in severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2015 Sep;43(9):1907-15.全文  摘要

149. Rothrock SG, Cassidy DD, Barneck M, et al. Outcome of immediate versus early antibiotics in severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2020 Oct;76(4):427-41.全文  摘要

150. Asner SA, Desgranges F, Schrijver IT, et al. Impact of the timeliness of antibiotic therapy on the outcome of patients with sepsis and septic shock. J Infect. 2021 May;82(5):125-34.全文  摘要

151. Vardakas KZ, Voulgaris GL, Maliaros A, et al. Prolonged versus short-term intravenous infusion of antipseudomonal β-lactams for patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Jan;18(1):108-20. 摘要

152. Schuller D, Mitchell JP, Calandrino FS, et al. Fluid balance during pulmonary edema: is fluid gain a marker or a cause of poor outcome? Chest. 1991 Oct;100(4):1068-75. 摘要

153. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Neutropenic sepsis: prevention and management in people with cancer. September 2012 [internet publication].全文

154. Zampieri FG, Machado FR, Biondi RS, et al. Effect of intravenous fluid treatment with a balanced solution vs 0.9% saline solution on mortality in critically ill patients: the BaSICS randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;326(9):1-12. 摘要

155. Finfer S, Micallef S, Hammond N, et al. Balanced multielectrolyte solution versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 3;386(9):815-26. 摘要

156. Hammond NE, Zampieri FG, Di Tanna GL, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. NEJM Evid. 2022 Jan 18;1(2).全文

157. Zampieri FG, Cavalcanti AB, Di Tanna GL, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline for critically ill patients (BEST-Living): a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2024 Mar;12(3):237-46. 摘要

158. Young P, Bailey M, Beasley R, et al. Effect of a Buffered Crystalloid Solution vs Saline on Acute Kidney Injury Among Patients in the Intensive Care Unit: The SPLIT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2015 Oct 27;314(16):1701-10.全文  摘要

159. Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018 Mar 1;378(9):829-39. 摘要

160. Antequera Martín AM, Barea Mendoza JA, Muriel A, et al. Buffered solutions versus 0.9% saline for resuscitation in critically ill adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jul 19;(7):CD012247.全文  摘要

161. Feissel M, Michard F, Faller JP, et al. The respiratory variation in inferior vena cava diameter as a guide to fluid therapy. Intensive Care Med. 2004 Sep;30(9):1834-7. 摘要

162. Barbier C, Loubières Y, Schmit C, et al. Respiratory changes in inferior vena cava diameter are helpful in predicting fluid responsiveness in ventilated septic patients. Intensive Care Med. 2004 Sep;30(9):1740-6. 摘要

163. Monnet X, Teboul JL. Passive leg raising: five rules, not a drop of fluid! Crit Care. 2015 Jan 14;19:18.全文  摘要

164. Barnett A, Beasley R, Buchan C, et al. Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand position statement on acute oxygen use in adults: 'Swimming between the flags'. Respirology. 2022 Apr;27(4):262-76.全文  摘要

165. Global Initiative for Asthma. 2022 GINA report, global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2022 [internet publication].全文

166. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169. 摘要

167. British Thoracic Society. Guideline for oxygen use in healthcare and emergency settings. Dec 2019 [internet publication].全文

168. Voshaar T, Stais P, Köhler D, et al. Conservative management of COVID-19 associated hypoxaemia. ERJ Open Res. 2021 Jan;7(1):00026-2021.全文  摘要

169. Barbateskovic M, Schjørring OL, Russo Krauss S, et al. Higher versus lower fraction of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to the intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Nov 27;2019(11):CD012631.全文  摘要

170. ICU-ROX Investigators and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group., Mackle D, Bellomo R, et al. Conservative Oxygen Therapy during Mechanical Ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 12;382(11):989-98.全文  摘要

171. Cumpstey AF, Oldman AH, Smith AF, et al. Oxygen targets in the intensive care unit during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a rapid review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Sep 1;9:CD013708.全文  摘要

172. Kellum JA. Metabolic acidosis in patients with sepsis: epiphenomenon or part of the pathophysiology? Crit Care Resusc. 2004 Sep;6(3):197-203. 摘要

173. NHS England. Improving outcomes for patients with sepsis: a cross-system action plan. December 2015 [internet publication].全文

174. McPherson D, Griffiths C, Williams M, et al. Sepsis-associated mortality in England: an analysis of multiple cause of death data from 2001 to 2010. BMJ Open. 2013 Aug 2;3(8).全文  摘要

175. Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, et al. Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2010 Feb;11(1):79-109. 摘要

176. Laganà D, Carrafiello G, Mangini M, et al. Image-guided percutaneous treatment of abdominal-pelvic abscesses: a 5-year experience [in Italian]. Radiol Med. 2008 Oct;113(7):999-1007. 摘要

177. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1368-77.全文  摘要

178. Hollenberg SM, Ahrens TS, Annane D, et al. Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients; 2004 update. Crit Care Med. 2004 Sep;32(9):1928-48. 摘要

179. Rivers PE, McIntyre L, Morro DC, et al. Early and innovative interventions for severe sepsis and septic shock: taking advantage of a window of opportunity. CMAJ. 2005 Oct 25;173(9):1054-65.全文  摘要

180. Trzeciak S, Dellinger RP. Other supportive therapies in sepsis: an evidence-based review. Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov;32(suppl 11):S571-7. 摘要

181. Nguyen HB, Rivers EP, Abrahamian FM, et al. Severe sepsis and septic shock: review of the literature and emergency department management guidelines. Ann Emerg Med. 2006 Jul;48(1):28-54. 摘要

182. Holst LB, Haase N, Wetterslev J, et al; TRISS Trial Group; Scandinavian Critical Care Trials Group. Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 9;371(15):1381-91.全文  摘要

183. Hébert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. N Engl J Med. 1999 Feb 11;340(6):409-17.全文  摘要

184. Bergamin FS, Almeida JP, Landoni G, et al. Liberal versus restrictive transfusion strategy in critically ill oncologic patients: the transfusion requirements in critically ill oncologic patients randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2017 May;45(5):766-73. 摘要

185. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 4;342(18):1301-8.全文  摘要

186. Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, et al; German Competence Network Sepsis (SepNet). Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jan 10;358(2):125-39.全文  摘要

187. Wiener RS, Wiener DC, Larson RJ. Benefits and risks of tight glucose control in critically ill adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008 Aug 27;300(8):933-44.全文  摘要

188. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Chittock DR, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(13):1283-97.全文  摘要

189. Marik PE, Preiser JC. Toward understanding tight glycemic control in the ICU: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2010 Mar;137(3):544-51. 摘要

190. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1359-67.全文  摘要

191. Gamper G, Havel C, Arrich J, et al. Vasopressors for hypotensive shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Feb 15;(2):CD003709.全文  摘要

192. De Backer D, Aldecoa C, Njimi H, et al. Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2012 Mar;40(3):725-30. 摘要

193. Rygård SL, Butler E, Granholm A, et al. Low-dose corticosteroids for adult patients with septic shock: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2018 Jul;44(7):1003-16. 摘要

194. Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE, et al. Corticosteroids for treating sepsis in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Dec 6;(12):CD002243.全文  摘要

195. Lamontagne F, Rochwerg B, Lytvyn L, et al. Corticosteroid therapy for sepsis: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Aug 10;362:k3284.全文  摘要

196. Rochwerg B, Oczkowski SJ, Siemieniuk RAC, et al. Corticosteroids in sepsis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2018 Sep;46(9):1411-20. 摘要

197. Weiss CH, Persell SD, Wunderink RG, et al. Empiric antibiotic, mechanical ventilation, and central venous catheter duration as potential factors mediating the effect of a checklist prompting intervention on mortality: an exploratory analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012 Jul 13;12:198.全文  摘要

198. Weiss CH, Moazed F, McEvoy CA, et al. Prompting physicians to address a daily checklist and process of care and clinical outcomes: a single-site study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Sep 15;184(6):680-6.全文  摘要

199. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antimicrobial stewardship: systems and processes for effective antimicrobial medicine use. August 2015 [internet publication].全文

200. Public Health England. Summary of antimicrobial prescribing guidance: managing common infections. May 2021 [internet publication].全文

201. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antimicrobial stewardship. 2022 [internet publication].全文

202. The UK Sepsis Trust. Toolkits for general practice. 2016 [internet publication].全文

203. Russell JA. Management of sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2006 Oct 19;355(16):1699-713. 摘要

204. American College of Chest Physicians; Society of Critical Care Medicine. Consensus conference: definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit Care Med. 1992 Jun;20(6):864-74. 摘要

205. Shankar-Hari M, Harrison DA, Ferrando-Vivas P, et al. Risk factors at index hospitalization associated with longer-term mortality in adult sepsis survivors. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 May 3;2(5):e194900.全文  摘要

206. Hotckiss RS, Karl IE. The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 9;348(2):138-50. 摘要

207. Hadjihambi A, Arias N, Sheikh M, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy: a critical current review. Hepatol Int. 2018 Feb;12(suppl 1):135-47.全文  摘要

208. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; European Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 practice guideline by the European Association for the Study of the Liver and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. J Hepatol. 2014 Sep;61(3):642-59.全文  摘要

209. Ware LB, Matthay MA. The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 4;342(18):1334-49. 摘要

210. Wheeler AP, Bernard GR. Treating patients with severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 21;340(3):207-14. 摘要

211. Messmore HL Jr, Wehrmacher WH. Disseminated intravascular coagulation: a primer for primary care physicians. Postgrad Med. 2002;111(3).

212. Hermans G, De Jonghe B, Bruyninckx F, et al. Clinical review: critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. Crit Care. 2008;12(6):238.全文  摘要

213. Bolton CF. Neuromuscular complications of sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 1993;19(suppl 2):S58-63. 摘要

Comorbidities Manager reference articles

214. NHS England. Toolkit for general practice in supporting older people living with frailty. March 2017 [internet publication]全文

215. Wallis SJ, Wall J, Biram RW, et al. Association of the clinical frailty scale with hospital outcomes. QJM. 2015 Dec;108(12):943-9全文  摘要

216. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13 摘要

217. The Academy of Royal Medical Colleges. Statement on the initial antimicrobial treatment of sepsis V2.0. Oct 2022 [internet publication]全文

218. Rhee C, Jones TM, Hamad Y, et al. Prevalence, underlying causes, and preventability of sepsis-associated mortality in US acute care hospitals. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Feb 1;2(2):e187571全文  摘要

219. Kopczynska M, Sharif B, Cleaver S, et al. Sepsis-related deaths in the at-risk population on the wards: attributable fraction of mortality in a large point-prevalence study. BMC Res Notes. 2018 Oct 11;11(1):720全文  摘要

220. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. Sep 2023 [internet publication].全文

221. Hsu CY, Ordoñez JD, Chertow GM, et al. The risk of acute renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2008 Apr 2;74(1):101-7全文  摘要

222. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication]全文

223. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. Clinical guideline CG174. May 2017 [internet publication]全文

224. Verbrugge FH, Grieten L, Mullens W. Management of the cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure. Cardiorenal Med. 2014 Dec;4(3-4):176-88全文  摘要

225. Royal College of Physicians. National early warning score (NEWS2). Standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. December 2017 [internet publication]全文

226. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2023 [internet publication]全文

227. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. July 2019 [internet publication].全文

228. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90全文  摘要

229. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 26;391(10131):1693-705 摘要

230. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169. 摘要

231. Fritz Z, Slowther AM, Perkins GD. Resuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision. BMJ. 2017 Feb 28;356:j813全文  摘要

232. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Decision making and mental capacity. October 2018 [internet publication]全文

233. Office of the Public Guardian. Mental Capacity Act: making decisions. Jun 2023 [internet publication]全文

234. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Independent mental capacity advocate (IMCA). January 2010 [internet publication]全文

235. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].全文

236. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults. Feb 2022 [internet publication].全文

237. Chowdhury TA, Cheston H, Claydon A. Managing adults with diabetes in hospital during an acute illness. BMJ. 2017 Jun 22;357:j2551 摘要

238. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Self-management of diabetes in hospital. Feb 2023 [internet publication].全文

239. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Glycaemic management during enteral feeding for people with diabetes in hospital. Apr 2024 [internet publication].全文

240. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. Oct 2014 [internet publication].全文

241. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].全文

242. Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for perioperative care for people with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective and emergency surgery. Dec 2022 [internet publication].全文

243. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88全文  摘要

244. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness. March 2020 [internet publication]全文

245. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jun 15;38(9):1687-93全文  摘要

246. Umapathysivam MM, Gunton J, Stranks SN, et al. Euglycemic ketoacidosis in two patients without diabetes after introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(1):140-3.全文  摘要

247. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Management of hyperglycaemia and steroid (glucocorticosteroid) therapy. Jan 2023 [internet publication].全文

248. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-72 摘要

249. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in adults. Nov 2023 [internet publication].全文

250. Griffin M, Rao VS, Ivey-Miranda J, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure: diuretic and cardiorenal effects. Circulation. 2020 Sep 15;142(11):1028-39.全文  摘要

251. Pendlebury ST, Klaus SP, Mather M, et al. Routine cognitive screening in older patients admitted to acute medicine: abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) and subjective memory complaint versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment and IQCODE. Age Ageing. 2015 Oct 13;44(6):1000-5全文  摘要

252. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972 Nov;1(4):233-8 摘要

253. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].全文

254. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].全文

255. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk reduction and management of delirium. Mar 2019 [internet publication].全文

256. Nova Scotia Health Authority. This is not my Mom. 2012 [internet publication]全文

257. Inouye SK, Schlesinger MJ, Lydon TJ. Delirium: a symptom of how hospital care is failing older persons and a window to improve quality of hospital care. Am J Med. 1999 May;106(5):565-73 摘要

258. Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, et al. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Mar 2;43(4):496-502.全文  摘要

259. MacLullich AM, Shenkin SD, Goodacre S, et al. The 4 'A's test for detecting delirium in acute medical patients: a diagnostic accuracy study. Health Technol Assess. 2019 Aug;23(40):1-194全文  摘要

260. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jan 11;74(3):357-72全文  摘要

261. Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, et al. Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 11;3:CD005563全文  摘要

262. Martinez F, Tobar C, Hill N. Preventing delirium: should non-pharmacological, multicomponent interventions be used? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Age Ageing. 2014 Nov 25;44(2):196-204全文  摘要

263. Public Health England. Urinary tract infection: diagnostic tools for primary care. October 2020 [internet publication]全文

264. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Haloperidol (haldol): reminder of risks when used in elderly patients for the acute treatment of delirium. Dec 2021 [internet publication]全文

265. Ma H, Huang Y, Cong Z, et al. The efficacy and safety of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of dementia: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;42(3):915-37 摘要

266. Huybrechts KF, Gerhard T, Crystal S, et al. Differential risk of death in older residents in nursing homes prescribed specific antipsychotic drugs: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2012 Feb 23;344:e977全文  摘要

267. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 30;3:CD007726.全文  摘要

268. Grau AJ, Urbanek C, Palm F. Common infections and the risk of stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Nov 9;6(12):681-94 摘要

269. Elkind MSV, Boehme AK, Smith CJ, et al. Infection as a stroke risk factor and determinant of outcome after stroke. Stroke. 2020 Oct;51(10):3156-68.全文  摘要

270. Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1996. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2307-13 摘要

271. Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016 May 4;47(6):e98-e169全文  摘要

272. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13 摘要

273. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 May;106(5):906-14. 摘要

274. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S295-306.全文  摘要

275. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].全文

276. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Aug 2022 [internet publication].全文

277. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Inpatient care of the frail older adult with diabetes. Feb 2023 [internet publication].全文

278. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1359-67全文  摘要

279. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Chittock DR, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1283-97.全文  摘要

280. Marik PE, Preiser JC. Toward understanding tight glycemic control in the ICU: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2010 Mar;137(3):544-51全文  摘要

281. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8全文

282. NHS Digital. National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) - 2019. Nov 2020 [internet publication]全文

283. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].全文

284. TREND Diabetes. End of life guidance for diabetes care. November 2021 [internet publication]全文

内容使用需遵循免责声明