新发心房颤动

Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2020 Aug 29 [Epub ahead of print].全文  摘要

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and management. April 2021 [internet publication].全文

1. Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2020 Aug 29 [Epub ahead of print].全文  摘要

2. Lafuente-Lafuente C, Mahé I, Extramiana F. Management of atrial fibrillation. BMJ. 2009 Dec 23;339:b5216. 摘要

3. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and management. April 2021 [internet publication].全文

4. Staerk L, Wang B, Preis SR, et al. Lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation according to optimal, borderline, or elevated levels of risk factors: cohort study based on longitudinal data from the Framingham Heart Study. BMJ. 2018 Apr 26;361:k1453.全文  摘要

5. Magnussen C, Niiranen TJ, Ojeda FM, et al. Sex differences and similarities in atrial fibrillation epidemiology, risk factors, and mortality in community cohorts: results from the BiomarCaRE consortium (biomarker for cardiovascular risk assessment in Europe). Circulation. 2017 Oct 24;136(17):1588-97.全文  摘要

6. January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 2;64(21):e1-76.全文  摘要

7. Falk RH. Atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2001 Apr 5;344(14):1067-78. 摘要

8. Mukamal KJ, Tolstrup JS, Friberg J, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation in men and women. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20;112(12):1736-42.全文  摘要

9. Agarwal A, York M, Kantharia BK, et al. Atrial fibrillation: modern concepts and management. Annu Rev Med. 2005;56:475-94. 摘要

10. Haissaguerre M, Jais P, Shah DC, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med. 1998 Sep 3;339(10):659-66.全文  摘要

11. Peters NS, Schilling RJ, Kanagaratnam P, et al. Atrial fibrillation: strategies to control, combat, and cure. Lancet. 2002 Feb 16;359(9306):593-603. 摘要

12. Kochiadakis GE, Skalidis EI, Kalebubas MD, et al. Effect of acute atrial fibrillation on phasic coronary blood flow pattern and flow reserve in humans. Eur Heart J. 2002 May;23(9):734-41. 摘要

13. Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vaziri SM, et al. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort: the Framingham heart study. JAMA. 1994 Mar 16;271(11):840-4. 摘要

14. Brandes A, Smit MD, Nguyen BO, et al. Risk factor management in atrial fibrillation. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2018 Jun;7(2):118-27.全文  摘要

15. Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke. 1991 Aug;22(8):983-8.全文  摘要

16. National Institute of Cardiovascular Outcomes Research. National heart failure audit 2019 summary report (2017/18 data). 2019 [internet publication].全文

17. Stevenson IH, Teichtahl H, Cunnington D, et al. Prevalence of sleep disordered breathing in paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation patients with normal left ventricular function. Eur Heart J. 2008 Jul;29(13):1662-9.全文  摘要

18. Gami AS, Pressman G, Caples SM, et al. Association of atrial fibrillation and obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation. 2004 Jul 27;110(4):364-7.全文  摘要

19. Wang TJ, Parise H, Levy D, et al. Obesity and the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA. 2004 Nov 24;292(20):2471-7.全文  摘要

20. Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Europace. 2016 Nov;18(11):1609-78.全文  摘要

21. Nucifora G, Schuijf JD, Tops LF, et al. Prevalence of coronary artery disease assessed by multislice computed tomography coronary angiography in patients with paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009 Mar;2(2):100-6.全文  摘要

22. Jung H, Yang PS, Sung JH, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in patients with atrial fibrillation: prevalence and associated stroke risks in a nationwide cohort study. Thromb Haemost. 2019 Feb;119(2):285-93. 摘要

23. Gémes K, Malmo V, Laugsand LE, et al. Does moderate drinking increase the risk of atrial fibrillation? The Norwegian HUNT (Nord-Trøndelag health) study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Oct 20;6(10):e007094.全文  摘要

24. Voskoboinik A, Prabhu S, Ling LH, et al. Alcohol and atrial fibrillation: a sobering review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Dec 13;68(23):2567-76.全文  摘要

25. Mandyam MC, Vedantham V, Scheinman MM, et al. Alcohol and vagal tone as triggers for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2012 Aug 1;110(3):364-8.全文  摘要

26. Lip GY, Beevers DG, Singh SP, et al. ABC of atrial fibrillation: etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical features. BMJ. 1995 Nov 25;311(7017):1425-8.全文  摘要

27. Aizer A, Gaziano JM, Cook NR, et al. Relation of vigorous exercise to risk of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2009 Jun 1;103(11):1572-7.全文  摘要

28. Wang Q, Guo Y, Wu C, et al. Smoking as a risk factor for the occurrence of atrial fibrillation in men versus women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Heart Lung Circ. 2018 Jan;27(1):58-65. 摘要

29. Gorenek B, Pelliccia A, Benjamin EJ, et al. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)/European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (EACPR) position paper on how to prevent atrial fibrillation endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) and Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS). Europace. 2017 Feb 1;19(2):190-225.全文  摘要

30. Lavie CJ, Pandey A, Lau DH, et al. Obesity and atrial fibrillation prevalence, pathogenesis, and prognosis: effects of weight loss and exercise. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Oct 17;70(16):2022-35.全文  摘要

31. Middeldorp ME, Pathak RK, Meredith M, et al. PREVEntion and regReSsive Effect of weight-loss and risk factor modification on atrial fibrillation: the REVERSE-AF study. Europace. 2018 Dec 1;20(12):1929-35.全文  摘要

32. Bradley A, Sheridan P. Atrial fibrillation. BMJ. 2013 Jun 17;346:f3719.全文  摘要

33. Wakai A, O'Neill JO. Emergency management of atrial fibrillation. Postgrad Med J. 2003 Jun;79(932):313-9.全文  摘要

34. Borre ED, Goode A, Raitz G, et al. Predicting thromboembolic and bleeding event risk in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Thromb Haemost. 2018 Dec;118(12):2171-87.全文  摘要

35. O'Brien EC, Simon DN, Thomas LE, et al. The ORBIT bleeding score: a simple bedside score to assess bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2015 Dec 7;36(46):3258-64.全文  摘要

36. Pisters R, Lane DA, Nieuwlaat R, et al. A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey. Chest. 2010 Nov;138(5):1093-100. 摘要

37. Rienstra M, Lubitz SA, Mahida S, et al. Symptoms and functional status of patients with atrial fibrillation: state of the art and future research opportunities. Circulation. 2012 Jun 12;125(23):2933-43.全文  摘要

38. Jaakkola J, Mustonen P, Kiviniemi T, et al. Stroke as the first manifestation of atrial fibrillation. PLoS One. 2016 Dec 9;11(12):e0168010.全文  摘要

39. Savelieva I, Camm AJ. Clinical relevance of silent atrial fibrillation: prevalence, prognosis, quality of life, and management. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2000 Jun;4(2):369-82. 摘要

40. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute heart failure: diagnosis and management. October 2014 [internet publication].全文

41. Huizar JF, Ellenbogen KA, Tan AY, et al. Arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 May 14;73(18):2328-44.全文  摘要

42. Dhawan R, Gopinathannair R. Arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy: prevalent, under-recognized, reversible. 2017 Oct 31;10(3):1776.全文  摘要

43. Gopinathannair R, Etheridge SP, Marchlinski FE, et al. Arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathies: mechanisms, recognition, and management. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015 Oct 13;66(15):1714-28.全文  摘要

44. Wynn GJ, Todd DM, Webber M, et al. The European Heart Rhythm Association symptom classification for atrial fibrillation: validation and improvement through a simple modification. Europace. 2014 Jul;16(7):965-72.全文  摘要

45. Walkey AJ, McManus D. When rhythm changes cause the blues: new-onset atrial fibrillation during sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 Jan 15;195(2):152-4.全文  摘要

46. Klein Klouwenberg PM, Frencken JF, Kuipers S, et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcomes of new-onset atrial fibrillation in critically ill patients with sepsis. a cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 Jan 15;195(2):205-11.全文  摘要

47. Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW. Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Butterworths; 1990.

48. Gutierrez C, Blanchard DG. Diagnosis and treatment of atrial fibrillation. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Sep 15;94(6):442-52.全文  摘要

49. Morgan S, Mant D. Randomised trial of two approaches to screening for atrial fibrillation in UK general practice. Br J Gen Pract. 2002 May;52(478):373-4, 377-80.全文  摘要

50. Sudlow M, Rodgers H, Kenny RA, et al. Identification of patients with atrial fibrillation in general practice: a study of screening methods. BMJ. 1998 Aug 1;317(7154):327-8.全文  摘要

51. Swancutt D, Hobbs R, Fitzmaurice D, et al. A randomised controlled trial and cost effectiveness study of systematic screening (targeted and total population screening) versus routine practice for the detection of atrial fibrillation in the over 65s: (SAFE) [ISRCTN19633732]. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004 Jul 29;4:12.全文  摘要

52. Hobbs FD, Fitzmaurice DA, Mant J, et al. A randomised controlled trial and cost-effectiveness study of systematic screening (targeted and total population screening) versus routine practice for the detection of atrial fibrillation in people aged 65 and over: the SAFE study. Health Technol Assess. 2005 Oct;9(40):iii-iv, ix-x, 1-74. 摘要

53. Blomström-Lundqvist C, Scheinman MM, Aliot EM, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias: executive summary. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Oct 15;42(8):1493-531.全文  摘要

54. Smulyan H. The computerized ECG: friend and foe. Am J Med. 2019 Feb;132(2):153-60.全文  摘要

55. Schläpfer J, Wellens HJ. Computer-interpreted electrocardiograms: benefits and limitations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Aug 29;70(9):1183-92.全文  摘要

56. Davies RH, Thomas DE. Heart rhythm conundrum. BMJ. 2017 Jun 1;357:j2215. 摘要

57. Baber U, Howard VJ, Halperin JL, et al. Association of chronic kidney disease with atrial fibrillation among adults in the United States: REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2011 Feb;4(1):26-32.全文  摘要

58. Beigel R, Wunderlich NC, Ho SY, et al. The left atrial appendage: anatomy, function, and noninvasive evaluation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014 Dec;7(12):1251-65.全文  摘要

59. Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 21;41(4):543-603.全文  摘要

60. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Venous thromboembolic diseases: diagnosis, management and thrombophilia testing. March 2020 [internet publication].全文

61. Manolis AJ, Rosei EA, Coca A, et al. Hypertension and atrial fibrillation: diagnostic approach, prevention and treatment: position paper of the working group 'Hypertension Arrhythmias and Thrombosis' of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2012 Feb;30(2):239-52. 摘要

62. Lip GYH. The ABC pathway: an integrated approach to improve AF management. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017 Nov;14(11):627-8. 摘要

63. Rohla M, Weiss TW, Pecen L, et al. Risk factors for thromboembolic and bleeding events in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation: the prospective, multicentre observational PREvention oF thromboembolic events – European Registry in Atrial Fibrillation (PREFER in AF). BMJ Open. 2019 Mar 30;9(3):e022478.全文  摘要

64. Chao TF, Lip GYH, Lin YJ, et al. Incident risk factors and major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with oral anticoagulants: a comparison of baseline, follow-up and delta HAS-BLED scores with an approach focused on modifiable bleeding risk factors. Thromb Haemost. 2018 Apr;118(4):768-77. 摘要

65. Crijns HJ, Weijs B, Fairley AM, et al. Contemporary real life cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: results from the multinational RHYTHM-AF study. Int J Cardiol. 2014 Apr 1;172(3):588-94.全文  摘要

66. Furniss SS, Sneyd JR. Safe sedation in modern cardiological practice. Heart. 2015 Oct;101(19):1526-30. 摘要

67. Bruins Slot KM, Berge E. Factor Xa inhibitors versus vitamin K antagonists for preventing cerebral or systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 6;3:CD008980.全文  摘要

68. Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2014 Mar 15;383(9921):955-62. 摘要

69. Lip G, Freedman B, De Caterina R, et al. Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: past, present and future – comparing the guidelines and practical decision-making. Thromb Haemost. 2017 Jun 28;117(7):1230-9. 摘要

70. López-López JA, Sterne JAC, Thom HHZ, et al. Oral anticoagulants for prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation: systematic review, network meta-analysis, and cost effectiveness analysis. BMJ. 2017 Nov 28;359:j5058.全文  摘要

71. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Atrial fibrillation: anticoagulant therapy for stroke prevention in people with atrial fibrillation. NICE guideline NG196 intervention evidence review. September 2020 [internet publication].全文

72. Segal JB, McNamara RL, Miller MR, et al. The evidence regarding the drugs used for ventricular rate control. J Fam Pract. 2000 Jan;49(1):47-59. 摘要

73. Schreck DM, Rivera AR, Tricarico VJ. Emergency management of atrial fibrillation and flutter: intravenous diltiazem versus intravenous digoxin. Ann Emerg Med. 1997 Jan;29(1):135-40. 摘要

74. Siu CW, Lau CP, Lee WL, et al. Intravenous diltiazem is superior to intravenous amiodarone or digoxin for achieving ventricular rate control in patients with acute uncomplicated atrial fibrillation. Crit Care Med. 2009 Jul;37(7):2174-80. 摘要

75. Tisdale JE, Padhi ID, Goldberg AD, et al. A randomized, double-blind comparison of intravenous diltiazem and digoxin for atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery. Am Heart J. 1998 May;135(5 Pt 1):739-47. 摘要

76. Scheuermeyer FX, Grafstein E, Stenstrom R, et al. Safety and efficiency of calcium channel blockers versus beta-blockers for rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation and no acute underlying medical illness. Acad Emerg Med. 2013 Mar;20(3):222-30. 摘要

77. Camm AJ, Lüscher TF, Maurer G, et al, eds. The ESC textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press/European Society of Cardiology; 2018.

78. Jabre P, Roger VL, Murad MH, et al. Mortality associated with atrial fibrillation in patients with myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2011 Apr 19;123(15):1587-93.全文  摘要

79. Ruddox V, Sandven I, Munkhaugen J, et al. Atrial fibrillation and the risk for myocardial infarction, all-cause mortality and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017 Sep;24(14):1555-66.全文  摘要

80. Abed HS, Wittert GA, Leong DP, et al. Effect of weight reduction and cardiometabolic risk factor management on symptom burden and severity in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013 Nov 20;310(19):2050-60.全文  摘要

81. Law JP, Pickup L, Townend JN, et al. Anticoagulant strategies for the patient with chronic kidney disease. Clin Med (Lond). 2020 Mar;20(2):151-5全文  摘要

82. Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2020 Aug 29 [Epub ahead of print]全文  摘要

83. Jaakkola J, Mustonen P, Kiviniemi T, et al. Stroke as the first manifestation of atrial fibrillation. PLoS One. 2016 Dec 9;11(12):e0168010全文  摘要

84. Lip GYH, Coca A, Kahan T, et al. Hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias: a consensus document from the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) and ESC Council on Hypertension, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS) and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulación Cardíaca y Electrofisiología (SOLEACE). Europace. 2017 Jun 1;19(6):891-911全文  摘要

85. Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 7;41(2):255-323全文  摘要

86. Patel D, Mc Conkey ND, Sohaney R, et al. A systematic review of depression and anxiety in patients with atrial fibrillation: the mind-heart link. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol. 2013;2013:159850全文  摘要

87. Feng T, Malmo V, Laugsand LE, et al. Symptoms of anxiety and depression and risk of atrial fibrillation: the HUNT study. Int J Cardiol. 2020 May 1;306:95-100全文  摘要

88. Thrall G, Lip GY, Carroll D, et al. Depression, anxiety, and quality of life in patients with atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2007 Oct;132(4):1259-64 摘要

89. Lange HW, Herrmann-Lingen C. Depressive symptoms predict recurrence of atrial fibrillation after cardioversion. J Psychosom Res. 2007 Nov;63(5):509-13 摘要

90. Tattersall MC, Dasiewicz AS, McClelland RL, et al. Persistent asthma is associated with increased risk for incident atrial fibrillation in the MESA. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2020 Feb;13(2):e007685全文  摘要

91. Cepelis A, Brumpton BM, Malmo V, et al. Associations of asthma and asthma control with atrial fibrillation risk: results from the Nord-Trøndelag health study (HUNT). JAMA Cardiol. 2018 Aug 1;3(8):721-8全文  摘要

92. Carter P, Lagan J, Fortune C, et al. Association of cardiovascular disease with respiratory disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 May 7;73(17):2166-77全文  摘要

93. Chan WL, Yang KP, Chao TF, et al. The association of asthma and atrial fibrillation: a nationwide population-based nested case-control study. Int J Cardiol. 2014 Sep 20;176(2):464-9 摘要

94. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. December 2019 [internet publication]全文

95. Hsu CY, Ordoñez JD, Chertow GM, et al. The risk of acute renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2008 Apr 2;74(1):101-7全文  摘要

96. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-72 摘要

97. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].全文

98. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults. Feb 2022 [internet publication].全文

99. Chowdhury TA, Cheston H, Claydon A. Managing adults with diabetes in hospital during an acute illness. BMJ. 2017 Jun 22;357:j2551 摘要

100. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Self-management of diabetes in hospital. Feb 2023 [internet publication].全文

101. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Glycaemic management during the inpatient enteral feeding of stroke patients with diabetes. Nov 2019 [internet publication].全文

102. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. Oct 2014 [internet publication].全文

103. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].全文

104. Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for perioperative care for people with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective and emergency surgery. Dec 2022 [internet publication].全文

105. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88全文  摘要

106. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness. March 2020 [internet publication]全文

107. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jun 15;38(9):1687-93 摘要

108. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and management. June 2021 [internet publication].全文

109. Grau AJ, Urbanek C, Palm F. Common infections and the risk of stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Nov 9;6(12):681-94 摘要

110. Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1996. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2307-13 摘要

111. Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016 May 4;47(6):e98-e169全文  摘要

112. Pendlebury ST, Klaus SP, Mather M, et al. Routine cognitive screening in older patients admitted to acute medicine: abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) and subjective memory complaint versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment and IQCODE. Age Ageing. 2015 Oct 13;44(6):1000-5全文  摘要

113. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972 Nov;1(4):233-8 摘要

114. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].全文

115. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].全文

116. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk reduction and management of delirium. Mar 2019 [internet publication].全文

117. Nova Scotia Health Authority. This is not my Mom. 2012 [internet publication]全文

118. Inouye SK, Schlesinger MJ, Lydon TJ. Delirium: a symptom of how hospital care is failing older persons and a window to improve quality of hospital care. Am J Med. 1999 May;106(5):565-73 摘要

119. Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, et al. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Mar 2;43(4):496-502.全文  摘要

120. MacLullich AM, Shenkin SD, Goodacre S, et al. The 4 'A's test for detecting delirium in acute medical patients: a diagnostic accuracy study. Health Technol Assess. 2019 Aug;23(40):1-194全文  摘要

121. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jan 11;74(3):357-72全文  摘要

122. Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, et al. Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 11;3:CD005563全文  摘要

123. Martinez F, Tobar C, Hill N. Preventing delirium: should non-pharmacological, multicomponent interventions be used? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Age Ageing. 2014 Nov 25;44(2):196-204全文  摘要

124. Public Health England. Urinary tract infection: diagnostic tools for primary care. October 2020 [internet publication]全文

125. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Haloperidol (haldol): reminder of risks when used in elderly patients for the acute treatment of delirium. 2021 [internet publication]全文

126. Ma H, Huang Y, Cong Z, et al. The efficacy and safety of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of dementia: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;42(3):915-37 摘要

127. Huybrechts KF, Gerhard T, Crystal S, et al. Differential risk of death in older residents in nursing homes prescribed specific antipsychotic drugs: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2012 Feb 23;344:e977全文  摘要

128. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 30;3:CD007726.全文  摘要

129. Hogervorst VM, Buurman BM, De Jonghe A, et al. Emergency department management of older people living with frailty: a guide for emergency practitioners. Emerg Med J. 2021 Sep;38(9):724-9 摘要

130. NHS England. Toolkit for general practice in supporting older people living with frailty. March 2017 [internet publication]全文

131. Rockwood K; British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: frailty. February 2021 [internet publication]全文

132. Royal College of Physicians. Acute care toolkit 3. Acute care for older people living with frailty. December 2020 [internet publication]全文

133. Wallis SJ, Wall J, Biram RW, et al. Association of the clinical frailty scale with hospital outcomes. QJM. 2015 Dec;108(12):943-9全文  摘要

134. Conroy SP, Bardsley M, Smith P, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for frail older people in acute hospitals: the HoW-CGA mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research. 2019 April:7(15)全文

135. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13 摘要

136. Fritz Z, Slowther AM, Perkins GD. Resuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision. BMJ. 2017 Feb 28;356:j813全文  摘要

137. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Decision making and mental capacity. October 2018 [internet publication]全文

138. Office of the Public Guardian. Mental Capacity Act: making decisions. Jun 2023 [internet publication]全文

139. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Independent mental capacity advocate (IMCA). January 2010 [internet publication]全文

140. ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al, on behalf of the American Diabetes Association. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023 Jan 1;46(suppl 1):S267-78.全文  摘要

141. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].全文

142. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Aug 2022 [internet publication].全文

143. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Inpatient care of the frail older adult with diabetes. Feb 2023 [internet publication].全文

144. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1359-67全文  摘要

145. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Chittock DR, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1283-97.全文  摘要

146. Marik PE, Preiser JC. Toward understanding tight glycemic control in the ICU: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2010 Mar;137(3):544-51全文  摘要

147. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8全文

148. NHS Digital. National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) - 2019. Nov 2020 [internet publication]全文

149. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].全文

150. TREND Diabetes. End of life guidance for diabetes care. November 2021 [internet publication]全文

151. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. July 2019 [internet publication].全文

152. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2022 [internet publication]全文

153. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2022 [internet publication]全文

154. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2309-21全文  摘要

155. Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest. 2002 Mar;121(3):846-51全文  摘要

156. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 19;3:CD006897全文  摘要

157. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. July 2019 [internet publication]全文

158. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13 摘要

159. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 May;106(5):906-14. 摘要

160. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 May 12;29(5):459-525全文  摘要

161. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: recognition and management. October 2009 [internet publication]全文

162. Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 14th edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021

163. Shirayama T, Sakamoto T, Sakatani T, et al. Usefulness of paroxetine in depressed men with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2006 Jun 15;97(12):1749-51 摘要

164. Laporte S, Chapelle C, Caillet P, et al. Bleeding risk under selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Pharmacol Res. 2017 Apr;118:19-32 摘要

165. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20 摘要

166. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626 摘要

167. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Liaison psychiatry. In: Emergency acute medical care in over 16s: service delivery and organisation. March 2018 [internet publication]全文

168. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD). Treat as one. Bridging the gap between mental and physical healthcare in general hospitals. 2017 [internet publication]全文

169. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7 摘要

170. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(S7):S54-60 摘要

171. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Jan;78(1):25-33全文  摘要

172. Archer G, Kuh D, Hotopf M, et al. Association between lifetime affective symptoms and premature mortality. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 1;77(8):806-13全文  摘要

173. Machado MO, Veronese N, Sanches M, et al. The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. BMC Med. 2018 Jul 20;16(1):112全文  摘要

174. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication]全文

175. Rayman G, Vas PR, Baker N, et al. The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2011 May 18;34(7):1517-8全文  摘要

176. Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): the task force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021 Feb 1;42(5):373-498全文  摘要

177. Dan GA, Martinez-Rubio A, Agewall S, et al. Antiarrhythmic drugs-clinical use and clinical decision making: a consensus document from the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacology, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS) and International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy (ISCP). Europace. 2018 May 1;20(5):731-2.全文  摘要

178. Salpeter S, Ormiston T, Salpeter E. Cardioselective beta-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Oct 19;(4):CD003566.全文  摘要

179. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. Jan 2023 [internet publication].全文

180. Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 19;6(6):CD013308全文  摘要

181. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77.全文  摘要

182. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.全文  摘要

183. Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 June 28;6(6):CD006103全文