一级预防
生活方式因素(例如肥胖和压力)似乎是目前 2 型糖尿病流行的主要驱动因素。特定疾病可能会增加 2 型糖尿病的风险,包括:心血管疾病、高血压、肥胖、卒中、多囊卵巢综合征、妊娠期糖尿病病史和心理健康问题。[11]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 2 diabetes: prevention in people at high risk. September 2017 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph38 所有年龄人群积极预防肥胖,可能有助于预防 2 型糖尿病。[24]Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, et al. Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report. Diabetes Care. 2019 May;42(5):731-54. https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/42/5/731.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31000505?tool=bestpractice.com [25]LeBlanc EL, Patnode CD, Webber EM, et al; Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). Behavioral and pharmacotherapy weight loss interventions to prevent obesity-related morbidity and mortality in adults: an updated systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. September 2018 [internet publication]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532379 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30354042?tool=bestpractice.com
在英国,NHS 糖尿病预防计划(Diabetes Prevention Programme, DPP)确定了具有可改变危险因素和非糖尿病性高血糖(non-diabetic hyperglycaemia, NDH)的人群,定义为 HbA1c 42-47 mmol/mol(6.0%-6.4%)或空腹血糖 5.5-6.9 mmol/L(99.0-124.2 mg/dL)。参与者可以自我转介,也可以通过其他方式(例如病历)得到识别。DPP 提供量身定制的个体化帮助,包括生活方式选择教育、如何通过更健康的饮食减少体重的建议以及定制的体力活动计划。[26]NHS England. NHS diabetes prevention programme (NHS DPP) [internet publication]. https://www.england.nhs.uk/ltphimenu/diabetes-prevention/nhs-diabetes-prevention-programme-nhs-dpp
英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所(National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, NICE)推荐了一个两阶段策略来识别 2 型糖尿病高危人群(和未确诊的 2 型糖尿病患者):风险评估和必要时的确证性血液检验。[11]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 2 diabetes: prevention in people at high risk. September 2017 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph38 NICE 建议全科医生(初级卫生保健医生)使用一种经验证的计算机风险评估工具,以在其诊所患者登记系统上识别可能存在 2 型糖尿病高风险的患者。[11]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 2 diabetes: prevention in people at high risk. September 2017 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph38 应对以下人群进行风险评估:[11]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 2 diabetes: prevention in people at high risk. September 2017 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph38
所有 40 岁及以上的成人(孕妇除外)
25-39 岁的南亚裔、华裔、非洲裔加勒比人和非洲裔黑人(孕妇除外)
患有其他任何增加 2 型糖尿病风险的疾病的成人。
风险评分较高的人群应当接受空腹血糖或 HbA1c 检查。[11]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 2 diabetes: prevention in people at high risk. September 2017 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph38 确定为面临进展为 2 型糖尿病高风险的人群(空腹血糖 5.5-6.9 mmol/L [99.0-124.2 mg/dL] 或 HbA1c 42-47 mmol/mol [6.0%-6.4%])应当转诊接受循证且有质量保证的强化生活方式改变计划。[11]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 2 diabetes: prevention in people at high risk. September 2017 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph38
一些临床试验显示,在高风险的成年人中,体重减轻与延缓和减少 2 型糖尿病的发病有关。[13]Hemmingsen B, Gimenez-Perez G, Mauricio D, et al. Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 4;(12):CD003054.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003054.pub4/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29205264?tool=bestpractice.com
[27]Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 7;346(6):393-403.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa012512
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11832527?tool=bestpractice.com
[28]Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH, et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care. 1997 Apr;20(4):537-44.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9096977?tool=bestpractice.com
[29]Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001 May 3;344(18):1343-50.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200105033441801
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11333990?tool=bestpractice.com
[30]Knowler WC, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet. 2009 Nov 14;374(9702):1677-86.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19878986?tool=bestpractice.com
[31]Balk EM, Earley A, Raman G, et al. Combined diet and physical activity promotion programs to prevent type 2 diabetes among persons at increased risk: a systematic review for the Community Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Sep 15;163(6):437-51.
https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2395729/combined-diet-physical-activity-promotion-programs-prevent-type-2-diabetes
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26167912?tool=bestpractice.com
通过饮食管理和定期进行体力活动的方式适度减轻体重(7% 的体重),能够在 3-4 年中使从 NDH 进展至糖尿病的患者数量降低 50%。[27]Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 7;346(6):393-403.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa012512
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11832527?tool=bestpractice.com
[ ]
What are the effects of diet, physical activity, or both in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus?/cca.html?targetUrl=https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1974/full展示答案 此外,已经证明多种药物均可减少 NDH 向 2 型糖尿病的进展,包括二甲双胍、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂、奥利司他、胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide 1, GLP-1)受体激动剂和噻唑烷二酮类药物。[15]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022 Jan 1;45(Suppl 1):S1-259.
https://diabetesjournals.org/care/issue/45/Supplement_1
[32]Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Bosch J, et al; DREAM (Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication) Trial Investigators. Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006 Sep 23;368(9541):1096-105.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(06)69420-8/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16997664?tool=bestpractice.com
[33]Apolzan JW, Venditti EM, Edelstein SL, et al. Long-term weight loss with metformin or lifestyle intervention in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Ann Intern Med. 2019 May 21;170(10):682-90.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31009939?tool=bestpractice.com
[34]Moelands SV, Lucassen PL, Akkermans RP, et al. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Dec 28;(12):CD005061.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005061.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30592787?tool=bestpractice.com
[35]Hemmingsen B, Sonne DP, Metzendorf MI, et al. Dipeptidyl-peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 analogues for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(5):CD012204.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012204.pub2/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28489279?tool=bestpractice.com
[
]
In people with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, what are the preventative effects of alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors compared with exercise/diet or placebo or metformin?/cca.html?targetUrl=https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2511/full展示答案
[
]
Can glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐1 analogs prevent or delay the development of type 2 diabetes?/cca.html?targetUrl=https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2574/full展示答案
[
]
For people at risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, how does metformin compare with diet and exercise?/cca.html?targetUrl=https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2991/full展示答案 生活方式改变和/或服用二甲双胍推荐用于大多数患者。[36]Roberts S, Barry E, Craig D, et al. Preventing type 2 diabetes: systematic review of studies of cost-effectiveness of lifestyle programmes and metformin, with and without screening, for pre-diabetes. BMJ Open. 2017 Nov 15;7(11):e017184.
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/11/e017184.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146638?tool=bestpractice.com
[37]Haw JS, Galaviz KI, Straus AN, et al. Long-term sustainability of diabetes prevention approaches: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2017 Dec 1;177(12):1808-17.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29114778?tool=bestpractice.com
[38]Herman WH, Pan Q, Edelstein SL, et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Impact of lifestyle and metformin interventions on the risk of progression to diabetes and regression to normal glucose regulation in overweight or obese people with impaired glucose regulation. Diabetes Care. 2017 Dec;40(12):1668-77.
https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/12/1668.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29021207?tool=bestpractice.com
[39]Galaviz KI, Weber MB, Straus A, et al. Global diabetes prevention interventions: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of the real-world impact on incidence, weight, and glucose. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jul;41(7):1526-34.
https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/7/1526.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29934481?tool=bestpractice.com
更激进的多药联合用药法尚存争议。[40]Armato JP, DeFronzo RA, Abdul-Ghani M, et al. Successful treatment of prediabetes in clinical practice using physiological assessment (STOP DIABETES). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 Oct;6(10):781-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30224284?tool=bestpractice.com
根据个体需求进行 NDH 筛查以及降低心血管风险也十分重要。[41]Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2019 Sep 10;140(11):e596-e646.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30879355?tool=bestpractice.com
[42]Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 7;41(2):255-323.
https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/advance-article/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486/5556890
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31497854?tool=bestpractice.com
[43]Rosenzweig JL, Bakris GL, Berglund LF, et al. Primary prevention of ASCVD and T2DM in patients at metabolic risk: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Sep;104(9):3939-85.
https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/104/9/3939/5540926
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31365087?tool=bestpractice.com
二级预防
通过有效的多因素干预措施可使大血管并发症的风险降低 50% 以上。[226]Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, et al. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 30;348(5):383-93. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa021778 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12556541?tool=bestpractice.com
目前英国针对 2 型糖尿病患者推荐的其他预防性措施包括:
需要使用胰岛素或口服降血糖药物的患者应每年接种流感疫苗[227]Public Health England. Influenza: the green book, chapter 19. October 2020 [internet publication]. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/influenza-the-green-book-chapter-19
需要使用胰岛素或抗糖尿病药物的糖尿病患者应每年接种肺炎球菌疾病疫苗[228]Public Health England. Pneumococcal: the green book, chapter 25. January 2020 [internet publication]. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pneumococcal-the-green-book-chapter-25
常规牙齿护理
应当为患者提供结构化针对性的糖尿病教育,并进行每年一次的强化和回顾。[55]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 2 diabetes in adults: management. November 2021 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28
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