小结
定义
病史和体格检查
诊断性检查
治疗流程
撰稿人
作者
Cardiology Specialist Registrar and Clinical Research Fellow
Department of Cardiovascular Sciences
St George's Hospital Medical School
University of London
London
UK
利益声明
TKA declares that she has no competing interests.
Cardiology Specialist Registrar and Clinical Research Fellow
Department of Cardiovascular Sciences
St George's Hospital Medical School
University of London
London
UK
利益声明
AM is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.
Clinical Lecturer in Cardiology
St George's University of London
London
UK
利益声明
MP declares that he has no competing interests.
Dr Tracey Keteepe-Arachi, Dr Aneil Malhotra, and Dr Michael Papadakis would like to gratefully acknowledge Professor Sanjay Sharma, Dr Jason C. Schultz, Dr Nisha K. Lassi, and Dr Nandan S. Anavekar, previous contributors to this topic. JCS, NKL, NSA, and SS declare that they have no competing interests.
同行评议者
Professor of Pediatrics
SMIMER Hospital
Gujarat
India
利益声明
VD declares that she has no competing interests.
Director
Clinical Epidemiology Unit
Marilia Medical School
Sao Paulo
Brazil
利益声明
LOC declares that she has no competing interests.
Associate Professor of Medicine
Director, Cardiovascular Disease Fellowship Program
Duke University Medical Center
Durham
NC
利益声明
AW declares that he has no competing interests.
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