Transtornos de tique

Murphy TK, Lewin AB, Storch EA, et al. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013 Dec;52(12):1341-59.Texto completo  Resumo

Pringsheim T, Okun MS, Müller-Vahl K, et al. Practice guideline recommendations summary: treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology. 2019 May 7;92(19):896-906.Texto completo  Resumo

Pringsheim T, Holler-Managan Y, Okun MS, et al. Comprehensive systematic review summary: treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology. 2019 May 7;92(19):907-15.Texto completo  Resumo

Kuo SH, Jimenez-Shahed J. Topiramate in treatment of Tourette syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2010 Jan-Feb;33(1):32-4. Resumo

Bloch MH, Panza KE, Landeros-Weisenberger A, et al. Meta-analysis: treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009 Sep;48(9):884-93.Texto completo  Resumo

1. Jankovic J, Lang AE. Movement disorders: diagnosis and assessment. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, et al. Neurology in clinical practice. Principles of diagnosis and management. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2004:313-5.

2. Singer HS. Tourette syndrome and its associated neurobehavioral problems. In: Swaiman KF, Ashwal S, Ferriero DM. Pediatric neurology: principles and practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2006:887-98.

3. Fahn S, Jankovic J. Principles and practice of movement disorders. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2007:409-33.

4. Knight T, Steeves T, Day L, et al. Prevalence of tic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Neurol. 2012 Aug;47(2):77-90. Resumo

5. Leivonen S, Voutilainen A, Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S, et al. A nationwide register study of the characteristics, incidence and validity of diagnosed Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Acta Paediatr. 2014 Sep;103(9):984-90. Resumo

6. Scahill L, Specht M, Page C. The prevalence of tic disorders and clinical characteristics in children. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord. 2014 Oct 1;3(4):394-400.Texto completo  Resumo

7. Black KJ, Black ER, Greene DJ, et al. Provisional tic disorder: what to tell parents when their child first starts ticcing. F1000Res. 2016 Apr 18;5:696.Texto completo  Resumo

8. Alves HL, Quagliato EM. The prevalence of tic disorders in children and adolescents in Brazil. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2014 Dec;72(12):942-8.Texto completo  Resumo

9. Scharf JM, Miller LL, Gauvin CA, et al. Population prevalence of Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2015 Feb;30(2):221-8. Resumo

10. Bitsko RH, Holbrook JR, Visser SN, et al. A national profile of Tourette syndrome, 2011-2012. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2014 Jun;35(5):317-22.Texto completo  Resumo

11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of diagnosed Tourette syndrome in persons aged 6-17 years – United States, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 Jun 5;58(21):581-5.Texto completo  Resumo

12. Singer HS. Treatment of tics and Tourette syndrome. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2010 Nov;12(6):539-61. Resumo

13. Murphy TK, Lewin AB, Storch EA, et al. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013 Dec;52(12):1341-59.Texto completo  Resumo

14. Leckman J, Block M, King R, et al. Phenomenology of tics and natural history of tic disorders. Adv Neurol. 2006;99:1-16. Resumo

15. Murphy TK, Kurlan R, Leckman J. The immunobiology of Tourette's disorder, pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus, and related disorders: a way forward. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2010 Aug;20(4):317-31.Texto completo  Resumo

16. Centorino MB, Catalano G, Catalano MC. Lamotrigine induced whole body tics: a case report and literature review. Curr Drug Saf. 2016;11(2):189-91. Resumo

17. Shavitt RG, Hounie AG, Rosario Campos MC, et al. Tourette's syndrome. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2006 Jun;29(2):471-86. Resumo

18. Nespoli E, Rizzo F, Boeckers TM, et al. Addressing the complexity of Tourette's syndrome through the use of animal models. Front Neurosci. 2016 Apr 8;10:133.Texto completo  Resumo

19. Frick L, Pittenger C. Microglial dysregulation in OCD, Tourette syndrome, and PANDAS. J Immunol Res. 2016;2016:8606057.Texto completo  Resumo

20. Israelashvili M, Bar-Gad I. Corticostriatal divergent function in determining the temporal and spatial properties of motor tics. J Neurosci. 2015 Dec 16;35(50):16340-51.Texto completo  Resumo

21. Worbe Y, Marrakchi-Kacem L, Lecomte S, et al. Altered structural connectivity of cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic networks in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Brain. 2015 Feb;138(Pt 2):472-82.Texto completo  Resumo

22. Zapparoli L, Porta M, Gandola M, et al. A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of motor control in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome during imagined and executed movements. Eur J Neurosci. 2016 Feb;43(4):494-508. Resumo

23. Plessen KJ, Bansal R, Peterson BS. Imaging evidence for anatomical disturbances and neuroplastic compensation in persons with Tourette syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2009 Dec;67(6):559-73.Texto completo  Resumo

24. Greene DJ, Williams Iii AC, Koller JM, et al. Brain structure in pediatric Tourette syndrome. Mol Psychiatry. 2017 Jul;22(7):972-80.Texto completo  Resumo

25. Zapparoli L, Tettamanti M, Porta M, et al. A tug of war: antagonistic effective connectivity patterns over the motor cortex and the severity of motor symptoms in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Eur J Neurosci. 2017 Sep;46(6):2203-13. Resumo

26. Fernandez TV, Sanders SJ, Yurkiewicz IR, et al. Rare copy number variants in Tourette syndrome disrupt genes in histaminergic pathways and overlap with autism. Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Mar 1;71(5):392-402.Texto completo  Resumo

27. Rapanelli M, Pittenger C. Histamine and histamine receptors in Tourette syndrome and other neuropsychiatric conditions. Neuropharmacology. 2016 Jul;106:85-90. Resumo

28. Yang X, Liu W, Yi M, et al. Choline acetyltransferase may contribute to the risk of Tourette syndrome: combination of family-based analysis and case-control study. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2017 Feb 14:1-6. Resumo

29. Abdulkadir M, Londono D, Gordon D, et al. Investigation of previously implicated genetic variants in chronic tic disorders: a transmission disequilibrium test approach. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2018 Apr;268(3):301-16.Texto completo  Resumo

30. Hirschtritt ME, Darrow SM, Illmann C, et al. Genetic and phenotypic overlap of specific obsessive-compulsive and attention-deficit/hyperactive subtypes with Tourette syndrome. Psychol Med. 2018 Jan;48(2):279-93. Resumo

31. Müller-Vahl KR, Loeber G, Kotsiari A, et al. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is associated with hypermethylation of the dopamine D2 receptor gene. J Psychiatr Res. 2017 Mar;86:1-8.Texto completo  Resumo

32. Dalsgaard S, Waltoft BL, Leckman JF, et al. Maternal history of autoimmune disease and later development of Tourette syndrome in offspring. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015 Jun;54(6):495-501. Resumo

33. Murphy TK, Storch EA, Turner A, et al. Maternal history of autoimmune disease in children presenting with tics and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Neuroimmunol. 2010 Dec 15;229(1-2):243-7.Texto completo  Resumo

34. Cardona F, Orefici G. Group A streptococcal infections and tic disorders in an Italian pediatric population. J Pediatr. 2001 Jan;138(1):71-5. Resumo

35. Wang HC, Lau CI, Lin CC, et al. Group A streptococcal infections are associated with increased risk of pediatric neuropsychiatric disorders: a Taiwanese population-based cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Jul;77(7):e848-54. Resumo

36. Swedo SE, Leckman JF, Rose NR. From research subgroup to clinical syndrome: modifying the PANDAS criteria to describe PANS (pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome). Pediatr Therapeut. 2012;2:113.Texto completo

37. Singer HS, Gilbert DL, Wolf DS, et al. Moving from PANDAS to CANS. J Pediatr. 2012 May;160(5):725-31. Resumo

38. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.

39. Janik P, Kalbarczyk A, Sitek M. Clinical analysis of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome based on 126 cases. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2007 Sep-Oct;41(5):381-7. Resumo

40. Mataix-Cols D, Isomura K, Pérez-Vigil A, et al. Familial risks of Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders: a population-based cohort study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015 Aug;72(8):787-93.Texto completo  Resumo

41. Freeman RD, Fast DK, Burd L, et al. An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: selected findings from 3,500 individuals in 22 countries. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000 Jul;42(7):436-47.Texto completo  Resumo

42. Khalifa N, von Knorring AL. Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders in a total population of children: clinical assessment and background. Acta Paediatr. 2005 Nov;94(11):1608-14. Resumo

43. Leivonen S, Scharf JM, Mathews CA, et al. Parental psychopathology and Tourette syndrome/chronic tic disorder in offspring: a nationwide case-control study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;56(4):297-303. Resumo

44. Browne HA, Modabbernia A, Buxbaum JD, et al. Prenatal maternal smoking and increased risk for Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016 Sep;55(9):784-91.Texto completo  Resumo

45. Mathews CA, Bimson B, Lowe TL, et al. Association between maternal smoking and increased symptom severity in Tourette's syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jun;163(6):1066-73. Resumo

46. Hirschtritt ME, Lee PC, Pauls DL, et al; Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for Genetics. Lifetime prevalence, age of risk, and genetic relationships of comorbid psychiatric disorders in Tourette syndrome. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015 Apr;72(4):325-33.Texto completo  Resumo

47. Brainstorm Consortium, Anttila V, Bulik-Sullivan B, et al. Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain. Science. 2018 Jun 22;360(6395):eaap8757. Resumo

48. Darrow SM, Grados M, Sandor P, et al. Autism spectrum symptoms in a Tourette's disorder sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017 Jul;56(7):610-7.Texto completo  Resumo

49. Stephens RJ, Chung SA, Jovanovic D, et al. Relationship between polysomnographic sleep architecture and behavior in medication-free children with TS, ADHD, TS and ADHD, and controls. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2013 Nov-Dec;34(9):688-96. Resumo

50. Lee WT, Huang HL, Wong LC, et al. Tourette syndrome as an independent risk factor for subsequent sleep disorders in children: a nationwide population-based case-control study. Sleep. 2017 Mar 1;40(3).Texto completo  Resumo

51. Greenberg E, Tung ES, Gauvin C, et al. Prevalence and predictors of hair pulling disorder and excoriation disorder in Tourette syndrome. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018 May;27(5):569-79. Resumo

52. Pringsheim T, Okun MS, Müller-Vahl K, et al. Practice guideline recommendations summary: treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology. 2019 May 7;92(19):896-906.Texto completo  Resumo

53. Rizzo R, Pellico A, Silvestri PR, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing behavioral, educational, and pharmacological treatments in youths with chronic tic disorder or tourette syndrome. Front Psychiatry. 2018 Mar 27;9:100.Texto completo  Resumo

54. Sukhodolsky DG, Woods DW, Piacentini J, et al. Moderators and predictors of response to behavior therapy for tics in Tourette syndrome. Neurology. 2017 Mar 14;88(11):1029-36.Texto completo  Resumo

55. Whittington C, Pennant M, Kendall T, et al. Practitioner review: treatments for Tourette syndrome in children and young people - a systematic review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016 Sep;57(9):988-1004. Resumo

56. Bennett SM, Capriotti M, Bauer C, et al. Development and open trial of a psychosocial intervention for young children with chronic tics: the CBIT-JR study. Behav Ther. 2020 Jul;51(4):659-69. Resumo

57. Dutta N, Cavanna AE. The effectiveness of habit reversal therapy in the treatment of Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders: a systematic review. Funct Neurol. 2013 Jan-Mar;28(1):7-12.Texto completo  Resumo

58. Rizwan M, Shahid NUA, Naguit N, et al. Efficacy of behavioural intervention, antipsychotics, and alpha agonists in the treatment of tics disorder in Tourette's syndrome. Cureus. 2022 Feb;14(2):e22449.Texto completo  Resumo

59. Fründt O, Woods D, Ganos C. Behavioral therapy for Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurol Clin Pract. 2017 Apr;7(2):148-56. Resumo

60. Hollis C, Hall CL, Jones R, et al. Therapist-supported online remote behavioural intervention for tics in children and adolescents in England (ORBIT): a multicentre, parallel group, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021 Oct;8(10):871-82.Texto completo  Resumo

61. Ricketts EJ, Gilbert DL, Zinner SH, et al. Pilot testing behavior therapy for chronic tic disorders in neurology and developmental pediatrics clinics. J Child Neurol. 2016 Mar;31(4):444-50. Resumo

62. Frank M, Cavanna AE. Behavioural treatments for Tourette syndrome: an evidence-based review. Behav Neurol. 2013;27(1):105-17.Texto completo  Resumo

63. McGuire JF, Piacentini J, Brennan EA, et al. A meta-analysis of behavior therapy for Tourette syndrome. J Psychiatr Res. 2014 Mar;50:106-12. Resumo

64. Weisman H, Qureshi IA, Leckman JF. Systematic review: pharmacological treatment of tic disorders - efficacy of antipsychotic and alpha-2 adrenergic agonist agents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013 Jul;37(6):1162-71.Texto completo  Resumo

65. Waldon K, Hill J, Termine C, et al. Trials of pharmacological interventions for Tourette syndrome: a systematic review. Behav Neurol. 2013;26(4):265-73.Texto completo  Resumo

66. Pringsheim T, Holler-Managan Y, Okun MS, et al. Comprehensive systematic review summary: treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology. 2019 May 7;92(19):907-15.Texto completo  Resumo

67. Marras C, Andrews D, Sime E, et al. Botulinum toxin for simple motor tics: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Neurology. 2001 Mar 13;56(5):605-10. Resumo

68. Pandey S, Srivanitchapoom P, Kirubakaran R, et al. Botulinum toxin for motor and phonic tics in Tourette's syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jan 5;1:CD012285.Texto completo  Resumo

69. Budman CL. The role of atypical antipsychotics for treatment of Tourette's syndrome: an overview. Drugs. 2014 Jul;74(11):1177-93. Resumo

70. Yang C, Hao Z, Zhang LL, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of antipsychotic drugs for tic disorders: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2019 Jan;52(1):7-15.Texto completo  Resumo

71. Mogwitz S, Buse J, Ehrlich S, et al. Clinical pharmacology of dopamine-modulating agents in Tourette's syndrome. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2013;112:281-349. Resumo

72. Wijemanne S, Wu LJ, Jankovic J. Long-term efficacy and safety of fluphenazine in patients with Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord. 2014 Jan;29(1):126-30. Resumo

73. Kenney C, Kuo SH, Jimenez-Shahed J. Tourette's syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2008 Mar 1;77(5):651-8.Texto completo  Resumo

74. Preskorn SH. Changes in the product label for pimozide illustrate both the promises and the challenges of personalized medicine. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Sep;73(9):1191-3.Texto completo  Resumo

75. Kuo SH, Jimenez-Shahed J. Topiramate in treatment of Tourette syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2010 Jan-Feb;33(1):32-4. Resumo

76. Yang CS, Zhang LL, Zeng LN, et al. Topiramate for Tourette's syndrome in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Neurol. 2013 Nov;49(5):344-50. Resumo

77. Pringsheim T, Doja A, Gorman D, et al. Canadian guidelines for the evidence-based treatment of tic disorders: pharmacotherapy. Can J Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;57(3):133-43. Resumo

78. Singer HS, Wendlandt J, Krieger M, et al. Baclofen treatment in Tourette syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Neurology. 2001 Mar 13;56(5):599-604. Resumo

79. Gonce M, Barbeau A. Seven cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: partial relief with clonazepam: a pilot study. Can J Neurol Sci. 1977 Nov;4(4):279-83. Resumo

80. Fasano A, Bentivoglio AR. Tetrabenazine. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009 Dec;10(17):2883-96. Resumo

81. Porta M, Sassi M, Cavallazzi M, et al. Tourette's syndrome and role of tetrabenazine: review and personal experience. Clin Drug Investig. 2008;28(7):443-59. Resumo

82. Guay DR. Tetrabenazine, a monoamine-depleting drug used in the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010 Aug;8(4):331-73. Resumo

83. Farber RH, Angelov A, Kim K, et al. Clinical development of valbenazine for tics associated with Tourette syndrome. Expert Rev Neurother. 2021 Apr;21(4):393-404.Texto completo  Resumo

84. Rizzo R, Gulisano M, Cali PV, et al. Tourette syndrome and comorbid ADHD: current pharmacological treatment options. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2013 Sep;17(5):421-8. Resumo

85. Osland ST, Steeves TD, Pringsheim T. Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 26;(6):CD007990.Texto completo  Resumo

86. Bloch MH, Panza KE, Landeros-Weisenberger A, et al. Meta-analysis: treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009 Sep;48(9):884-93.Texto completo  Resumo

87. Veale D, Miles S, Smallcombe N, et al. Atypical antipsychotic augmentation in SSRI treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 29;14:317.Texto completo  Resumo

88. Scahill L, Riddle MA, King RA, et al. Fluoxetine has no marked effect on tic symptoms in patients with Tourette's syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1997 Summer;7(2):75-85. Resumo

89. Rua A, Damásio J. Tics induced by sertraline: case report and literature review. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2014 Sep;1(3):243-4.

90. Fernández-Alvarez E. Comorbid disorders associated with tics [in Spanish]. Rev Neurol. 2002 Feb;34 (Suppl 1):S122-9. Resumo

91. Kuhn J, Gründler TO, Lenartz D, et al. Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010 Feb;107(7):105-13.Texto completo  Resumo

92. Nangunoori R, Tomycz ND, Quigley M, et al. Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric diseases: a pooled analysis of published studies employing disease-specific standardized outcome scales. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2013;91(6):345-54.Texto completo  Resumo

93. Almeida L, Martinez-Ramirez D, Rossi PJ, et al. Chasing tics in the human brain: development of open, scheduled and closed loop responsive approaches to deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome. J Clin Neurol. 2015 Apr;11(2):122-31.Texto completo  Resumo

94. Schrock LE, Mink JW, Woods DW, et al; Tourette Syndrome Association International Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Database and Registry Study Group. Tourette syndrome deep brain stimulation: a review and updated recommendations. Mov Disord. 2015 Apr;30(4):448-71. Resumo

95. Gilbert DL, Budman CL, Singer HS, et al. A D1 receptor antagonist, ecopipam, for treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2014 Jan-Feb;37(1):26-30. Resumo

96. Gabbay V, Babb JS, Klein RG, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ω-3 fatty acids in Tourette's disorder. Pediatrics. 2012 Jun;129(6):e1493-500.Texto completo  Resumo

97. Mantovani A, Lisanby SH, Pieraccini F, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette’s syndrome (TS). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006 Feb;9(1):95-100.Texto completo  Resumo

98. Mantovani A, Leckman JF, Grantz H,et al. Repetitive transcranial stimulation of the supplementary motor area in the treatment of Tourette syndrome: report of two cases. Clin Neurophysiol. 2007 Oct;118(10):2314-5. Resumo

99. Münchau A, Bloem BR, Thilo KV, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for Tourette syndrome. Neurology. 2002 Dec 10;59(11):1789-91. Resumo

100. Landeros-Weisenberger A, Mantovani A, Motlagh MG, et al. Randomized sham controlled double-blind trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for adults with severe Tourette Syndrome. Brain Stimul. 2015 May-Jun;8(3):574-81.Texto completo  Resumo

101. Kluger B, Triolo P, Jones W, et al. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for movement disorders. Mov Disord. 2015 Mar;30(3):313-27.Texto completo  Resumo

102. Müller-Vahl KR, Schneider U, Prevedel H, et al. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is effective in the treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome: a 6-week randomized trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 Apr;64(4):459-65. Resumo

103. Müller-Vahl KR, Schneider U, Koblenz A, et al. Treatment of Tourette's syndrome with Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): a randomized crossover trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2002 Mar;35(2):57-61. Resumo

104. Curtis A, Clarke CE, Rickards HE. Cannabinoids for Tourette's syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7;(4):CD006565.Texto completo  Resumo

105. Bloch MH, Leckman JF. Clinical course of Tourette syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2009 Dec;67(6):497-501.Texto completo  Resumo

106. Leckman JF, Zhang H, Vitale A, et al. Course of tic severity in Tourette syndrome: the first two decades. Pediatrics. 1998 Jul;102(1 Pt 1):14-9. Resumo

107. Groth C, Mol Debes N, Rask CU, et al. Course of Tourette syndrome and comorbidities in a large prospective clinical study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;56(4):304-12. Resumo

108. Debes NM, Lange T, Jessen TL, et al. Performance on Wechsler intelligence scales in children with Tourette syndrome. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2011 Mar;15(2):146-54. Resumo

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111. Azher SN, Jankovic J. Camptocormia: pathogenesis, classification, and response to therapy. Neurology. 2005 Aug 9;65(3):355-9. Resumo

112. Krauss JK, Jankovic J. Severe motor tics causing cervical myelopathy in Tourette's syndrome. Mov Disord. 1996 Sep;11(5):563-6. Resumo