Crupe

Johnson D, Klassen T, Kellner J. Diagnosis and management of croup: Alberta Medical Association clinical practice guidelines. Alberta: Alberta Medical Association; 2015 [internet publication].Texto completo

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19. Johnson D, Klassen T, Kellner J. Diagnosis and management of croup: Alberta Medical Association clinical practice guidelines. Alberta: Alberta Medical Association; 2015 [internet publication].Texto completo

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34. Westley CR, Cotton EK, Brooks JG. Nebulized racemic epinephrine by IPPB for the treatment of croup: a double-blind study. Am J Dis Child. 1978 May;132(5):484-7. Resumo

35. Yang WC, Lee J, Chen CY, et al. Westley score and clinical factors in predicting the outcome of croup in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017 Oct;52(10):1329-34. Resumo

36. Chan AKJ, Langley JM, LeBlanc JC. Interobserver variability of croup scoring in clinical practice. Paediatr Child Health. 2001 Jul;6(6):347-51.

37. Rizos JD, DiGravio BE, Sehl MJ, et al. The disposition of children with croup treated with racemic epinephrine and dexamethasone in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 1998 Jul-Aug;16(4):535-9. Resumo

38. Johnson DW, Jacobson S, Edney PC, et al. A comparison of nebulized budesonide, intramuscular dexamethasone, and placebo for moderately severe croup. N Engl J Med. 1998 Aug 20;339(8):498-503. Resumo

39. Ledwith C, Shea L, Mauro R. Safety and efficacy of nebulized racemic epinephrine in conjunction with oral dexamethasone and mist in the outpatient treatment of croup. Ann Emerg Med. 1995 Mar;25(3):331-7. Resumo

40. Kunkel NC, Baker MD. Use of racemic epinephrine, dexamethasone, and mist in the outpatient management of croup. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1996 Jun;12(3):156-9. Resumo

41. Prendergast M, Jones JS, Hartman D. Racemic epinephrine in the treatment of laryngotracheitis: can we identify children for outpatient therapy? Am J Emerg Med. 1994 Nov;12(6):613-6. Resumo

42. Kelley PB, Simon JE. Racemic epinephrine use in croup and disposition. Am J Emerg Med. 1992 May;10(3):181-3. Resumo

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45. Klassen TP. Croup. A current perspective. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1999 Dec;46(6):1167-78. Resumo

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50. Tan AK, Manoukian JJ. Hospitalized croup (bacterial and viral): the role of rigid endoscopy. J Otolaryngol. 1992 Feb;21(1):48-53. Resumo

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52. Tibballs J, Shann FA, Landau LI. Placebo-controlled trial of prednisolone in children intubated for croup. Lancet. 1992 Sep 26;340(8822):745-8. Resumo

53. Klassen TP, Feldman ME, Watters LK, et al. Nebulized budesonide for children with mild-to-moderate croup. N Engl J Med. 1994 Aug 4;331(5):285-9. Resumo

54. Geelhoed GC, Macdonald WB. Oral and inhaled steroids in croup: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995 Dec;20(6):355-61. Resumo

55. Geelhoed GC. Sixteen years of croup in a Western Australian teaching hospital: effects of routine steroid treatment. Ann Emerg Med. 1996 Dec;28(6):621-6. Resumo

56. Bjornson CL, Klassen TP, Williamson J, et al. A randomized trial of a single dose of oral dexamethasone for mild croup. N Engl J Med. 2004 Sep 23;351(13):1306-13. Resumo

57. Kairys SW, Marsh-Olmstead EM, O'Connor GT. Steroid treatment of laryngotracheitis: a meta-analysis of the evidence from randomized trials. Pediatrics. 1989 May;83(5):683-93. Resumo

58. Ortiz-Alvarez O. Acute management of croup in the emergency department. Paediatr Child Health. 2017 May 24;22(3):166-73.Texto completo  Resumo

59. Aregbesola A, Tam CM, Kothari A, et al. Glucocorticoids for croup in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jan 10;1(1):CD001955.Texto completo  Resumo

60. Geelhoed GC. Budesonide offers no advantage when added to oral dexamethasone in the treatment of croup. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2005 Jun;21(6):359-62. Resumo

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62. Klassen TP, Craig WR, Moher D, et al. Nebulized budesonide and oral dexamethasone for treatment of croup: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998 May 27;279(20):1629-32.Texto completo  Resumo

63. Pedersen LV, Dahl M, Falk-Petersen HE, et al. Inhaled budesonide versus intramuscular dexamethasone in the treatment of pseudo-croup [in Danish]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1998 Apr 6;160(15):2253-6. Resumo

64. Cetinkaya F, Tufekci BS, Kutluk G. A comparison of nebulized budesonide, and intramuscular, and oral dexamethasone for treatment of croup. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 22004 Apr;68(4):453-6. Resumo

65. Dowell SF, Bresee JS. Severe varicella associated with steroid use. Pediatrics. 1993;92:223-228. Resumo

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67. Adair JC, Ring WH, Jordan WS, et al. Ten-year experience with IPPB in the treatment of acute laryngotracheobronchitis. Anesth Analg. 1971 Jul-Aug;50(4):649-55. Resumo

68. Bjornson C, Russell K, Vandermeer B, et al. Nebulized epinephrine for croup in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Oct 10;(10):CD006619.Texto completo  Resumo

69. Taussig LM, Castro O, Beaudry PH, et al. Treatment of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup). Use of intermittent positive-pressure breathing and racemic epinephrine. Am J Dis Child. 1975 Jul;129(7):790-3. Resumo

70. Steele DW, Santucci KA, Wright RO, et al. Pulsus paradoxus: an objective measure of severity in croup. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Jan;157(1):331-4.Texto completo  Resumo

71. Fanconi S, Burger R, Maurer H, et al. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide pressure for monitoring patients with severe croup. J Pediatr. 1990 Nov;117(5):701-5. Resumo

72. Corkey CW, Barker GA, Edmonds JF, et al. Radiographic tracheal diameter measurements in acute infectious croup: an objective scoring system. Crit Care Med. 1981 Aug;9(8):587-90. Resumo

73. Gardner HG, Powell KR, Roden VJ, et al. The evaluation of racemic epinephrine in the treatment of infectious croup. Pediatrics. 1973 Jul;52(1):52-5. Resumo

74. Waisman Y, Klein BL, Boenning DA, et al. Prospective randomized double-blind study comparing L-epinephrine and racemic epinephrine aerosols in the treatment of laryngotracheitis (croup). Pediatrics. 1992 Feb;89(2):302-6. Resumo

75. Janssens HM, Krijgsman A, Verbraak TF, et al. Determining factors of aerosol deposition for four pMDI-spacer combinations in an infant upper airway model. J Aerosol Med. 2004 Spring;17(1):51-61. Resumo

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79. Kristjansson S, Berg-Kelly K, Winso E. Inhalation of racemic adrenaline in the treatment of mild and moderately severe croup. Clinical symptom score and oxygen saturation measurements for evaluation of treatment effects. Acta Paediatr. 1994 Nov;83(11):1156-60. Resumo

80. Fogel JM, Berg IJ, Gerber MA, et al. Racemic epinephrine in the treatment of croup: nebulization alone versus nebulization with intermittent positive pressure breathing. J Pediatr. 1982 Dec;101(6):1028-31 Resumo

81. Chub-Uppakarn S, Sangsupawanich P. A randomized comparison of dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg versus 0.6 mg/kg for the treatment of moderate to severe croup. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007 Mar;71(3):473-7. Resumo

82. Weber JE, Chudnofsky CR, Younger JG, et al. A randomized comparison of helium-oxygen mixture (Heliox) and racemic epinephrine for the treatment of moderate to severe croup. Pediatrics. 2001 Jun;107(6):E96.Texto completo  Resumo

83. Zhang L, Sanguebsche LS. The safety of nebulization with 3 to 5 ml of adrenaline (1:1000) in children: an evidence based review. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2005 May-Jun;81(3):193-7.Texto completo  Resumo

84. Butte MJ, Nguyen BX, Hutchison TJ, et al. Pediatric myocardial infarction after racemic epinephrine administration. Pediatrics. 1999;104:e9.Texto completo  Resumo

85. Henry R. Moist air in the treatment of laryngotracheitis. Arch Dis Child. 1983 Aug;58(8):577.Texto completo  Resumo

86. Lenney W, Milner AD. Treatment of acute viral croup. Arch Dis Child. 1978 Sep;53(9):704-6.Texto completo  Resumo

87. Bourchier D, Dawson KP, Fergusson DM. Humidification in viral croup: a controlled trial. Aust Paediatr J. 1984 Nov;20(4):289-91. Resumo

88. Skolnik N. Treatment of croup. A critical review. Am J Dis Child. 1989 Sep;143(9):1045-9. Resumo

89. Neto GM, Kentab O, Klassen TP, et al. A randomized controlled trial of mist in the acute treatment of moderate croup. Acad Emerg Med. 2002 Sep;9(9):873-9. Resumo

90. Lavine E, Scolnik D. Lack of efficacy of humidification in the treatment of croup. Why do physicians persist in using an unproven modality? CJEM. 2001 Jul;3(3):209-12. Resumo

91. Greally P, Cheng K, Tanner MS, et al. Children with croup presenting with scalds. BMJ. 1990 Jul 14;301(6743):113.Texto completo  Resumo

92. Terregino CA, Nairn SJ, Chansky ME, et al. The effect of Heliox on croup: a pilot study. Acad Emerg Med. 1998 Nov;5(11):1130-3. Resumo

93. Moraa I, Sturman N, McGuire TM, et al. Heliox for croup in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 29;10:CD006822.Texto completo  Resumo

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95. Kemper KJ, Ritz RH, Benson MS, et al. Helium-oxygen mixture in the treatment of postextubation stridor in pediatric trauma patients. Crit Care Med. 1991 Mar;19(3):356-9. Resumo

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98. McGee DL, Wald DA, Hinchliffe S. Helium-oxygen therapy in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 1997 May-Jun;15(3):291-6. Resumo

99. DiCecco RJ, Rega PP. The application of heliox in the management of croup by an air ambulance service. Air Med J. 2004 Mar-Apr;23(2):33-5. Resumo

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101. Johnson DW, Schuh S, Koren G, et al. Outpatient treatment of croup with nebulized dexamethasone. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996 Apr;150(4):349-55. Resumo