Paralisia cerebral

Referências

Principais artigos

Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, et al. A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl. 2007 Feb;109:8-14. Resumo

Noritz G, Davidson L, Steingass K, et al. Providing a primary care medical home for children and youth with cerebral palsy. Pediatrics. 2022 Nov 21;e2022060055.Texto completo  Resumo

Shepherd E, Salam RA, Middleton P, et al. Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 8;(8):CD012077.Texto completo  Resumo

Novak I, Morgan C, Fahey M, et al. State of the Evidence Traffic Lights 2019: systematic review of interventions for preventing and treating children with cerebral palsy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2020 Feb 21;20(2):3.Texto completo  Resumo

Shepherd E, Salam RA, Middleton P, et al. Neonatal interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 20;(6):CD012409.Texto completo  Resumo

Novak I, Morgan C, Adde L, et al. Early, accurate diagnosis and early intervention in cerebral palsy: advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Sep 1;171(9):897-907. Resumo

Delgado MR, Hirtz D, Aisen M, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Practice parameter: pharmacologic treatment of spasticity in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2010 Jan 26;74(4):336-43.Texto completo  Resumo

Fehlings D, Brown L, Harvey A, et al. Pharmacological and neurosurgical interventions for managing dystonia in cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2018 Apr;60(4):356-66.Texto completo  Resumo

Artigos de referência

1. Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, et al. A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl. 2007 Feb;109:8-14. Resumo

2. Christine C, Dolk H, Platt MJ, et al; SCPE Collaborative Group. Recommendations from the SCPE collaborative group for defining and classifying cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl. 2007 Feb;109:35-8. Resumo

3. Sanger TD, Delgado MR, Gaebler-Spira D, et al; Task Force on Childhood Motor Disorders. Classification and definition of disorders causing hypertonia in childhood. Pediatrics. 2003 Jan;111(1):e89-97.Texto completo  Resumo

4. Blair E, Stanley F. Interobserver agreement in the classification of cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1985 Oct;27(5):615-22. Resumo

5. Shevell MI, Dagenais L, Hall N, et al. The relationship of cerebral palsy subtype and functional motor impairment: a population-based study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009 Nov;51(11):872-7.Texto completo  Resumo

6. Compagnone E, Maniglio J, Camposeo S, et al. Functional classifications for cerebral palsy: correlations between the gross motor function classification system (GMFCS), the manual ability classification system (MACS) and the communication function classification system (CFCS). Res Dev Disabil. 2014 Nov;35(11):2651-7. Resumo

7. Palisano R, Rosenbaum P, Walter S, et al. Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997 Apr;39(4):214-23. Resumo

8. Palisano RJ, Rosenbaum P, Bartlett D, et al. Content validity of the expanded and revised Gross Motor Function Classification System. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008 Oct;50(10):744-50.Texto completo  Resumo

9. Eliasson AC, Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Rösblad B, et al. The Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) for children with cerebral palsy: scale development and evidence of validity and reliability. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006 Jul;48(7):549-54. Resumo

10. Hidecker MJ, Paneth N, Rosenbaum PL, et al. Developing and validating the Communication Function Classification System for individuals with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011 Aug;53(8):704-10.Texto completo  Resumo

11. Hirtz D, Thurman DJ, Gwinn-Hardy K, et al. How common are the "common" neurologic disorders? Neurology. 2007 Jan 30;68(5):326-37. Resumo

12. Prevalence and characteristics of children with cerebral palsy in Europe. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002 Sep;44(9):633-40.Texto completo  Resumo

13. Sellier E, Platt MJ, Andersen GL, et al; Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy Network. Decreasing prevalence in cerebral palsy: a multi-site European population-based study, 1980 to 2003. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016 Jan;58(1):85-92. Resumo

14. Galea C, Mcintyre S, Smithers-Sheedy H, et al; Australian Cerebral Palsy Register Group. Cerebral palsy trends in Australia (1995-2009): a population-based observational study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2019 Feb;61(2):186-93.Texto completo  Resumo

15. Arnaud C, Ehlinger V, Delobel-Ayoub M, et al. Trends in prevalence and severity of pre/perinatal cerebral palsy among children born preterm from 2004 to 2010: a SCPE collaboration study. Front Neurol. 2021;12:624884.Texto completo  Resumo

16. Pharoah PO, Cooke T. Cerebral palsy and multiple births. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1996 Nov;75(3):F174-7.Texto completo  Resumo

17. Odding E, Roebroeck ME, Stam HJ. The epidemiology of cerebral palsy: incidence, impairments and risk factors. Disabil Rehabil. 2006 Feb 28;28(4):183-91. Resumo

18. Jahan I, Muhit M, Hardianto D, et al. Epidemiology of cerebral palsy in low- and middle-income countries: preliminary findings from an international multi-centre cerebral palsy register. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2021 May 24 [Epub ahead of print]. Resumo

19. Maenner MJ, Benedict RE, Arneson CL, et al. Children with cerebral palsy: racial disparities in functional limitations. Epidemiology. 2012 Jan;23(1):35-43.Texto completo  Resumo

20. Noritz G, Davidson L, Steingass K, et al. Providing a primary care medical home for children and youth with cerebral palsy. Pediatrics. 2022 Nov 21;e2022060055.Texto completo  Resumo

21. Colver AF, Gibson M, Hey EN, et al; the North of England Collaborative Cerebral Palsy Survey. Increasing rates of cerebral palsy across the severity spectrum in north-east England 1964-1993. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2000 Jul;83(1):F7-12.Texto completo  Resumo

22. Jacobsson B, Hagberg G. Antenatal risk factors for cerebral palsy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2004 Jun;18(3):425-36. Resumo

23. Kuban KC, Leviton A. Cerebral palsy. N Engl J Med. 1994 Jan 20;330(3):188-95. Resumo

24. Nelson K. Can we prevent cerebral palsy? N Engl J Med. 2003 Oct 30;349(18):1765-9. Resumo

25. Reid S, Halliday J, Ditchfield M, et al. Factor V Leiden mutation: a contributory factor for cerebral palsy? Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006 Jan;48(1):14-9. Resumo

26. Thorarensen O, Ryan S, Hunter J, et al. Factor V Leiden mutation: an unrecognized cause of hemiplegic cerebral palsy, neonatal stroke, and placental thrombosis. Ann Neurol. 1997 Sep;42(3):372-5. Resumo

27. Ostrander B, Bale JF. Congenital and perinatal infections. Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;162:133-53. Resumo

28. De Groote I, Vanhaesebrouck P, Bruneel E, et al; Extremely Preterm Infants in Belgium (EPIBEL) Study Group. Outcome at 3 years of age in a population-based cohort of extremely preterm infants. Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Oct;110(4):855-64. Resumo

29. Ishii N, Kono Y, Yonemoto N, et al; Neonatal Research Network, Japan. Outcomes of infants born at 22 and 23 weeks' gestation. Pediatrics. 2013 Jul;132(1):62-71. Resumo

30. McIntyre S, Blair E, Badawi N, et al. Antecedents of cerebral palsy and perinatal death in term and late preterm singletons. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Oct;122(4):869-77.Texto completo  Resumo

31. Blair EM, Nelson KB. Fetal growth restriction and risk of cerebral palsy in singletons born after at least 35 weeks' gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Apr;212(4):520;e1-7. Resumo

32. Croen LA, Grether JK, Curry CJ, et al. Congenital abnormalities among children with cerebral palsy: more evidence for prenatal antecedents. J Pediatr. 2001 Jun;138(6):804-10. Resumo

33. Nelson KB, Blair E. Prenatal factors in singletons with cerebral palsy born at or near term. N Engl J Med. 2015 Sep 3;373(10):946-53. Resumo

34. Nelson KB, Dambrosia JM, Ting T, et al. Uncertain value of electronic fetal monitoring in predicting cerebral palsy. N Engl J Med. 1996 Mar 7;334(10):613-8.Texto completo  Resumo

35. Ronen GM, Buckley D, Penney S, et al. Long-term prognosis in children with neonatal seizures: a population-based study. Neurology. 2007 Nov 6;69(19):1816-22. Resumo

36. Bax M, Tydeman C, Flodmark O. Clinical and MRI correlates of cerebral palsy: the European Cerebral Palsy Study. JAMA. 2006 Oct 4;296(13):1602-8.Texto completo  Resumo

37. Krägeloh-Mann I, Horber V. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in elucidating the athogenesis of cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007 Feb;49(2):144-51. Resumo

38. Nelson KB. Causative factors in cerebral palsy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Dec;51(4):749-62. Resumo

39. Nelson KB. Is it HIE? And why that matters. Acta Paediatr. 2007 Aug;96(8):1113-4. Resumo

40. Peacock WJ. The pathophysiology of spasticity. In: The treatment of gait problems. Gage J, ed. London: MacKeith Press; 2004:38-9.

41. Koman LA, Smith BP, Shilt JS. Cerebral palsy. Lancet. 2004 May 15;363(9421):1619-31. Resumo

42. Sadowska M, Sarecka-Hujar B, Kopyta I. Cerebral palsy: current opinions on definition, epidemiology, risk factors, classification and treatment options. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020 Jun 12;16:1505-18.Texto completo  Resumo

43. Himpens E, Van den Broeck C, Oostra A, et al. Prevalence, type, distribution, and severity of cerebral palsy in relation to gestational age: a meta-analytic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008 May;50(5):334-40.Texto completo  Resumo

44. Stoknes M, Andersen GL, Dahlseng MO, et al. Cerebral palsy and neonatal death in term singletons born small for gestational age. Pediatrics. 2012 Dec;130(6):e1629-35. Resumo

45. Chalak L, Kaiser J. Neonatal guideline hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). J Ark Med Soc. 2007 Oct;104(4):87-9. Resumo

46. Spitzmiller RE, Phillips T, Meinzen-Derr J, et al. Amplitude-integrated EEG is useful in predicting neurodevelopmental outcome in full-term infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. J Child Neurol. 2007 Sep;22(9):1069-78. Resumo

47. Del Río R, Ochoa C, Alarcon A, et al. Amplitude integrated electroencephalogram as a prognostic tool in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0165744.Texto completo  Resumo

48. Rajatileka S, Odd D, Robinson MT, et al. Variants of the EAAT2 glutamate transporter gene promoter are associated with cerebral palsy in preterm infants. Mol Neurobiol. 2017 Mar 7;55(3):2013-24.Texto completo  Resumo

49. Jin SC, Lewis SA, Bakhtiari S, et al. Mutations disrupting neuritogenesis genes confer risk for cerebral palsy. Nat Genet. 2020 Oct;52(10):1046-56. [Erratum in: Nat Genet. 2021 Mar;53(3):412.] Resumo

50. Sherlock RL, Anderson PJ, Doyle LW; Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group. Neurodevelopmental sequelae of intraventricular haemorrhage at 8 years of age in a regional cohort of ELBW/very preterm infants. Early Hum Dev. 2005 Nov;81(11):909-16. Resumo

51. Alshaikh B, Yusuf K, Sauve R. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of very low birth weight infants with neonatal sepsis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Perinatol. 2013 Jul;33(7):558-64.Texto completo  Resumo

52. Cans C, McManus V, Crowley M, et al. Cerebral palsy of post-neonatal origin: characteristics and risk factors. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2004 May;18(3):214-20. Resumo

53. Collier SA, Hogue CJ. Modifiable risk factors for low birth weight and their effect on cerebral palsy and mental retardation. Matern Child Health J. 2007 Jan;11(1):65-71. Resumo

54. Burd L, Cotsonas-Hassler TM, Martsolf JT, et al. Recognition and management of fetal alcohol syndrome. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2003 Nov-Dec;25(6):681-8. Resumo

55. Nelson KB, Chang T. Is cerebral palsy preventable? Curr Op Neurol. 2008 Apr;21(2):129-35. Resumo

56. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cerebral palsy in under 25s: assessment and management. January 2017 [internet publication].Texto completo

57. Magee LA, De Silva DA, Sawchuck D, et al. No. 376 - Magnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2019 Apr;41(4):505-22. Resumo

58. South Australia Maternal, Neonatal & Gynaecology Community of Practice. Magnesium sulphate for neuroprotection of the fetus in women at risk of preterm birth. 2020 [internet publication].Texto completo

59. US Food and Drug Administration. Drug safety communications: FDA recommends against prolonged use of magnesium sulfate to stop pre-term labor due to bone changes in exposed babies. May 2013 [internet publication].Texto completo

60. Committee Opinion No. 455: Magnesium sulfate before anticipated preterm birth for neuroprotection. Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Mar;115(3):669-71.Texto completo  Resumo

61. Shepherd E, Salam RA, Middleton P, et al. Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 8;(8):CD012077.Texto completo  Resumo

62. Doyle LW, Crowther CA, Middleton P, et al. Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD004661.Texto completo  Resumo

63. Novak I, Morgan C, Fahey M, et al. State of the Evidence Traffic Lights 2019: systematic review of interventions for preventing and treating children with cerebral palsy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2020 Feb 21;20(2):3.Texto completo  Resumo

64. Doyle LW, Anderson PJ, Haslam R, et al; Australasian Collaborative Trial of Magnesium Sulphate (ACTOMgSO4) Study Group. School-age outcomes of very preterm infants after antenatal treatment with magnesium sulfate vs placebo. JAMA. 2014 Sep 17;312(11):1105-13.Texto completo  Resumo

65. Nguyen TM, Crowther CA, Wilkinson D, et al. Magnesium sulphate for women at term for neuroprotection of the fetus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28;(2):CD009395.Texto completo  Resumo

66. Shepherd E, Salam RA, Middleton P, et al. Neonatal interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 20;(6):CD012409.Texto completo  Resumo

67. Jacobs SE, Berg M, Hunt R, et al. Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;(1):CD003311.Texto completo  Resumo

68. Song J, Sun H, Xu F, et al. Recombinant human erythropoietin improves neurological outcomes in very preterm infants. Ann Neurol. 2016 Jul;80(1):24-34.Texto completo  Resumo

69. Novak I, Morgan C, Adde L, et al. Early, accurate diagnosis and early intervention in cerebral palsy: advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Sep 1;171(9):897-907. Resumo

70. McNamara L, Scott KM, Boyd RN, et al. Consensus of physician behaviours to target for early diagnosis of cerebral palsy: a Delphi study. J Paediatr Child Health. 2021 Jul;57(7):1009-15. Resumo

71. Ashwal S, Russman BS, Blasco PA, et al. Practice parameter: diagnostic assessment of the child with cerebral palsy. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2004 Mar 23;62(6):851-63.Texto completo  Resumo

72. Spittle AJ, Doyle LW, Boyd RN. A systematic review of the clinimetric properties of neuromotor assessments for preterm infants during the first year of life. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008 Apr;50(4):254-66.Texto completo  Resumo

73. Harel-Gadassi A, Friedlander E, Yaari M, et al. Developmental assessment of preterm infants: chronological or corrected age? Res Dev Disabil. 2018 Sep;80:35-43. Resumo

74. Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH. Children who "outgrew" cerebral palsy. Pediatrics. 1982 May;69(5):529-36. Resumo

75. Rosenbaum PL, Walter SD, Hanna SE, et al. Prognosis for gross motor function in cerebral palsy: creation of motor development curves. JAMA. 2002 Sep 18;288(11):1357-63.Texto completo  Resumo

76. Wu YW, Day SM, Strauss DJ, et al. Prognosis for ambulation in cerebral palsy: a population based study. Pediatrics. 2004 Nov;114(5):1264-71. Resumo

77. Einspieler C, Prechtl HF. Prechtl's assessment of general movements: a diagnostic tool for the functional assessment of the young nervous system. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2005;11(1):61-7. Resumo

78. Romeo DM, Ricci D, Brogna C, et al. Use of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in infants with cerebral palsy: a critical review of the literature. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016 Mar;58(3):240-5.Texto completo  Resumo

79. Haataja L, Mercuri E, Regev R, et al. Optimality score for the neurologic examination of the infant at 12 and 18 months of age. J Pediatr. 1999 Aug;135(2 pt 1):153-61. Resumo

80. Byrne R, Noritz G, Maitre NL, et al. Implementation of early diagnosis and intervention guidelines for cerebral palsy in a high-risk infant follow-up clinic. Pediatr Neurol. 2017 Nov;76:66-71.Texto completo  Resumo

81. Voress JK, Maddox T, Hammill DD. Developmental assessment of young children. 2nd ed. London: Pearson Clinical Assessments; 2012.

82. Bleck EE. Locomotor prognosis in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1975 Feb;17(1):18-25. Resumo

83. Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther. 1987 Feb;67(2):206-7. Resumo

84. Fowler EG, Staudt LA, Greenberg M, et al. Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremity (SCALE): development, validation, and interrater reliability of a clinical tool for patients with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009 Aug;51(8):607-14. Resumo

85. Hägglund G, Lauge-Pedersen H, Wagner P. Characteristics of children with hip displacement in cerebral palsy. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Oct 26;8:101.Texto completo  Resumo

86. Korzeniewski SJ, Birbeck G, DeLano MC, et al. A systematic review of neuroimaging for cerebral palsy. J Child Neurol. 2008 Feb;23(2):216-27. Resumo

87. Hope TA, Gregson PH, Linney NC, et al. Selecting and assessing quantitative early ultrasound texture measures for their association with cerebral palsy. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2008 Feb;27(2):228-36. Resumo

88. Elias ER. Genetic evaluation in the newborn. Neoreviews. 2003 Oct;4(10):277-82.

89. Starkowski LA. The unusual suspects: genetic metabolic disorders in the newborn. Highlights of the National Association of Neonatal Nurses 23rd Annual Conference. San Diego, CA, 26-29 Sep 2007.

90. Australasian Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine. Australian hip surveillance guidelines for children with cerebral palsy. 2020 [internet publication].Texto completo

91. Simon AL Jr, Presedo A, Ilharreborde B, et al. Can turned inward patella predict an excess of femoral anteversion during gait in spastic diplegic children? J Pediatr Orthop. 2014 Jun;34(4):405-10. Resumo

92. NINDS Common Data Elements. Cerebral palsy. 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

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94. Thomas SS, Buckon CE, Phillips DS, et al. Interobserver reliability of the gross motor performance measure: preliminary results. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2001 Feb;43(2):97-102. Resumo

95. Koman LA, Mooney JF, Smith BP, et al. Management of spasticity in cerebral palsy with botulinum-A toxin: report of a preliminary, randomized, double-blind trial. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994 May-Jun;14(3):299-303. Resumo

96. Barry MJ, Van Swearingen JM, Albright AL. Reliability and responsiveness of the Barry-Albright Dystonia Scale. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1999 Jun;41(6):404-11. Resumo

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99. Jethwa A, Mink J, Macarthur C, et al. Development of the hypertonia assessment tool (HAT): a discriminative tool for hypertonia in children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010 May;52(5):e83-7.Texto completo  Resumo

100. Mulcahey MJ, Slavin MD, Ni P, et al. Computerized adaptive tests detect change following orthopaedic surgery in youth with cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 Sep 16;97(18):1482-94. Resumo

101. Lemmens RJ, Timmermans AA, Janssen-Potten YJ, et al. Valid and reliable instruments for arm-hand assessment at ICF activity level in persons with hemiplegia: a systematic review. BMC Neurol. 2012 Apr 12;12:21.Texto completo  Resumo

102. Wagner LV, Davids JR. Assessment tools and classification systems used for the upper extremity in children with cerebral palsy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012 May;470(5):1257-71.Texto completo  Resumo

103. McConnell K, Johnston L, Kerr C. Upper limb function and deformity in cerebral palsy: a review of classification systems. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011 Sep;53(9):799-805. Resumo

104. Lipkin PH, Macias MM, Council on Children with Disabilities, Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. Promoting optimal development: identifying infants and young children with developmental disorders through developmental surveillance and screening. Pediatrics. 2020 Jan;145(1):e20193449.Texto completo  Resumo

105. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Screening and diagnosis of cerebral palsy. 31 December 2020 [internet publication].Texto completo

106. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cerebral palsy in adults. January 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

107. Alonso-Coello P, Schünemann HJ, Moberg J, et al. GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks: a systematic and transparent approach to making well informed healthcare choices. 1: Introduction. BMJ. 2016 Jun 28;353:i2016.Texto completo  Resumo

108. Law MC, Darrah J, Pollock N, et al. Focus on function: a cluster, randomized controlled trial comparing child- versus context-focused intervention for young children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011 Jul;53(7):621-9.Texto completo  Resumo

109. Delgado MR, Hirtz D, Aisen M, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Practice parameter: pharmacologic treatment of spasticity in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2010 Jan 26;74(4):336-43.Texto completo  Resumo

110. Heinen F, Desloovere K, Schroeder AF, et al. The updated European Consensus 2009 on the use of botulinum toxin for children with cerebral palsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2010 Jan;14(1):45-66. Resumo

111. Love SC, Novak I, Kentish M, et al. Botulinum toxin assessment, intervention and after-care for lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy: international consensus statement. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Aug;17 suppl 2:9-37. Resumo

112. Hoare BJ, Wallen MA, Imms C, et al. Botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to treatment in the management of the upper limb in children with spastic cerebral palsy (UPDATE). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD003469.Texto completo  Resumo

113. Blumetti FC, Belloti JC, Tamaoki MJ, et al. Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 8;(10):CD001408.Texto completo  Resumo

114. Zafonte RD, Munin MC. Phenol and alcohol blocks for the treatment of spasticity. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2001 Nov;12(4):817-32. Resumo

115. McLaughlin M, Bjornson K, Temkin N, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: meta-analysis of three randomized controlled trials. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002 Jan;44(1):17-25. Resumo

116. Daunter AK, Kratz AL, Hurvitz EA. Long-term impact of childhood selective dorsal rhizotomy on pain, fatigue, and function: a case-control study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017 Jun 15;59(10):1089-95.Texto completo  Resumo

117. Buizer AI, Martens BHM, Grandbois van Ravenhorst C, et al. Effect of continuous intrathecal baclofen therapy in children: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2019 Feb;61(2):128-34.Texto completo  Resumo

118. Hasnat MJ, Rice JE. Intrathecal baclofen for treating spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 13;(11):CD004552.Texto completo  Resumo

119. Blackmore AM, Boettcher-Hunt E, Jordan M, et al. A systematic review of the effects of casting on equinus in children with cerebral palsy: an evidence report of the AACPDM. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007 Oct;49(10):781-90. Resumo

120. Halanski M, Noonan KJ. Cast and splint immobilization: complications. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008 Jan;16(1):30-40. Resumo

121. Fehlings D, Brown L, Harvey A, et al. Pharmacological and neurosurgical interventions for managing dystonia in cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2018 Apr;60(4):356-66.Texto completo  Resumo

122. Harvey AR, Baker LB, Reddihough DS, et al. Trihexyphenidyl for dystonia in cerebral palsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 15;(5):CD012430.Texto completo  Resumo

123. Sanger TD, Kukke SN, Sherman-Levine S. Botulinum toxin type B improves the speed of reaching in children with cerebral palsy and arm dystonia: an open-label, dose-escalation pilot study. J Child Neurol. 2007 Jan;22(1):116-22. Resumo

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