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National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage: diagnosis and initial management. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin: early pregnancy loss. Nov 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

Kim C, Barnard S, Neilson JP, et al. Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 31;(1):CD007223.Texto completo  Resumo

Tunçalp O, Gülmezoglu AM, Souza JP. Surgical procedures for evacuating incomplete miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Sep 8;(9):CD001993.Texto completo  Resumo

European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. Guideline on the management of recurrent pregnancy loss. Nov 2017 [internet publication].Texto completo

Duckitt K, Qureshi A. Recurrent miscarriage. BMJ Clin Evid. 2015 [internet publication].

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3. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The investigation and treatment of couples with recurrent miscarriage Green-top guideline no. 17. Apr 2011 [internet publication].Texto completo

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13. Wyatt PR, Owolabi T, Meier C, et al. Age-specific risk of fetal loss observed in a second trimester serum screening population. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Jan;192(1):240-6.Texto completo  Resumo

14. Ventura SJ, Abma JC, Mosher WD, et al. Estimated pregnancy rates for the United States, 1990-2000: an update. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2004 Jun 15;52(23):1-9. Resumo

15. Blohm F, Friden B, Milsom I. A prospective longitudinal population-based study of clinical miscarriage in an urban Swedish population. BJOG. 2008 Jan;115(2):176-82;discussion 183.Texto completo  Resumo

16. Stirrat GM. Recurrent miscarriage. Lancet. 1990 Sep 15;336(8716):673-5.Texto completo  Resumo

17. Vitzthum VJ, Spielvogel H, Thornburg J. A prospective study of early pregnancy loss in humans. Fertil Steril. 2006 Aug;86(2):373-9.Texto completo  Resumo

18. Morales C, Sanchez A, Bruquera J, et al. Cytogenetic studies of spontaneous abortions using semi-direct analysis of chorionic villi samples detects the broadest spectrum of chromosome abnormalities. Am J Med Genet A. 2008 Jan 1;146A(1):66-70. Resumo

19. Vidal F, Rubio C, Simon C, et al. Is there a place for preimplantation genetic diagnosis screening in recurrent miscarriage patients? J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 2000;55:143-6. Resumo

20. Sullivan AE, Lewis T, Stephenson M, et al. Pregnancy outcome in recurrent miscarriage patients with skewed X chromosome inactivation. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jun;101(6):1236-42. Resumo

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22. Miskovic S, Culic V, Konjevoda P, et al. Positive reproductive family history for spontaneous abortion: predictor for recurrent miscarriage in young couples. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2012 Apr;161(2):182-6. Resumo

23. Ugwumadu A . Chorioamnionitis and mid-trimester pregnancy loss. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2010;70(4):281-5. Resumo

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26. Empson M, Lassere M, Craig J, et al. Prevention of recurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD002859.Texto completo  Resumo

27. Ernst E. Herbal medicinal products during pregnancy: are they safe? BJOG. 2002 Mar;109(3):227-35.Texto completo  Resumo

28. Akolekar R, Bower S, Flack N, et al. Prediction of miscarriage and stillbirth at 11-13 weeks and the contribution of chorionic villus sampling. Prenat Diagn. 2011 Jan;31(1):38-45.Texto completo  Resumo

29. Vailhe B, Dietl J, Kapp M, et al. Increased blood vessel density in decidua parietalis is associated with spontaneous human first trimester abortion. Hum Reprod. 1999 Jun;14(6):1628-34. Resumo

30. Sherer DM, Abulafia O. Angiogenesis during implantation and placental and early embryonic development. Placenta. 2001 Jan;22(1):1-13. Resumo

31. Kwak-Kim JY, Chung-Bang HS, Ng SC, et al. Increased T helper 1 cytokine responses by circulating T cells are present in women with recurrent pregnancy losses, and infertile women with multiple implantation failure after IVF. Hum Reprod. 2003 Apr;18(4):767-73. Resumo

32. King K, Smith S, Chapman M, et al. Detailed analysis of peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cells in women with recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod. 2010 Jan;25(1):52-8.Texto completo  Resumo

33. Teklenburg G, Salker M, Heijnen C, et al. The molecular basis of recurrent pregnancy loss: impaired natural embryo selection. Mol Hum Reprod. 2010 Dec;16(12):886-95.Texto completo  Resumo

34. Nybo Andersen AM, Wohlfahrt J, Christens P, et al. Maternal age and fetal loss: population based register linkage study. BMJ. 2000 Jun 24;320(7251):1708-12.Texto completo  Resumo

35. de la Rochebrochard E, Thonneau P. Paternal age and maternal age are risk factors for miscarriage: results of a multicentre European study. Hum Reprod. 2002 Jun;17(6):1649-56. Resumo

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37. Garcia-Enguidanos A, Calle ME, Valero J, et al. Risk factors in miscarriage: a review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2002 May 10;102(2):111-9. Resumo

38. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Removal of myomas in asymptomatic patients to improve fertility and/or reduce miscarriage rate: a guideline. Fertil Steril. 2017 Sep;108(3):416-25.Texto completo  Resumo

39. Nelen WL, Blom HJ, Steegers EA, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia and recurrent early pregnancy loss: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2000 Dec;74(6):1196-9.Texto completo  Resumo

40. Zhang H, Huang Z, Xiao L, et al. Meta-analysis of the effect of the maternal vitamin D level on the risk of spontaneous pregnancy loss. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2017 Sep;138(3):242-9. Resumo

41. Sun Y, Che Y, Gao E, et al. Induced abortion and risk of subsequent miscarriage. Int J Epidemiol. 2003 Jun;32(3):449-54. Resumo

42. Virk J, Zhang J, Olsen J. Medical abortion and the risk of subsequent adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2007 Aug 16;357(7):648-53.Texto completo  Resumo

43. Gray RH, Wu LY. Subfertility and risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Public Health. 2000 Sep;90(9):1452-4.Texto completo  Resumo

44. Axmon A, Hagmar L. Time to pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Fertil Steril. 2005 Oct;84(4):966-74.Texto completo  Resumo

45. Shi Q, Martin RH. Aneuploidy in human spermatozoa: FISH analysis in men with constitutional chromosomal abnormalities in infertile men. Reproduction. 2001 May;121(5):655-66.Texto completo  Resumo

46. Li DK, Ferber JR, Odouli R, et al. Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Sep;219(3):275.e1-275.e8. Resumo

47. Nielsen GL, Skriver MV, Pedersen L, et al. Danish group reanalyses miscarriage in NSAID users. BMJ. 2004 Jan 10;328(7431):109.Texto completo  Resumo

48. Li DK, Liu L, Odouli R. Exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2003 Aug 16;327(7411):368.Texto completo  Resumo

49. Anderson BL, Juliano LM, Schulkin J. Caffeine's implications for women’s health and survey of obstetrician-gynecologists’ caffeine knowledge and assessment practices. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2009 Sep;18(9):1457-66. Resumo

50. Chen LW, Wu Y, Neelakantan N, et al. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of pregnancy loss: a categorical and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2016 May;19(7):1233-44.Texto completo  Resumo

51. Henderson J, Gray R, Brocklehurst P. Systematic review of effects of low moderate alcohol exposure in pregnancy outcome. BJOG. 2007 Mar;114(3):243-52.Texto completo  Resumo

52. Tolstrup JS, Kjaer SK, Munk C, et al. Does caffeine and alcohol intake before pregnancy predict the occurrence of spontaneous abortion? Hum Reprod. 2003 Dec;18(12):2704-10. Resumo

53. Nielsen A, Hannibal CG, Lindekilde BE, et al. Maternal smoking predicts the risk of spontaneous abortion. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006;85(9):1057-65. Resumo

54. Venners SA, Wang X, Chen C, et al. Paternal smoking and pregnancy loss: a prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 May 15;159(10):993-1001. Resumo

55. Lashen H, Fear K, Sturdee DW. Obesity is associated with increased risk of first trimester and recurrent miscarriage: matched case-control study. Hum Reprod. 2004 Jul;19(7):1644-6. Resumo

56. De Groot L, Abalovich M, Alexander EK, et al. Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Aug;97(8):2543-65.Texto completo  Resumo

57. Lepoutre T, Debiève F, Gruson D, et al. Reduction of miscarriages through universal screening and treatment of thyroid autoimmune diseases. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2012;74(4):265-73.Texto completo  Resumo

58. Agnesi R, Valentini F, Fedeli U, et al. Maternal exposures and risk of spontaneous abortion before and after a community oriented health education campaign. Eur J Public Health. 2011;21:282-285.Texto completo  Resumo

59. Balogun OO, da Silva Lopes K, Ota E, et al. Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(5):CD004073.Texto completo  Resumo

60. Aleman A, Althabe F, Belizán JM, et al. Bed rest during pregnancy for preventing miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD003576. Resumo

61. Mattox KL, Goetzl L. Trauma in pregnancy. Crit Care Med. 2005 Oct;33(suppl 10):S385-9. Resumo

62. Hoey R, Allan K. Does speculum examination have a role in assessing bleeding in early pregnancy? Emerg Med J. 2004 Jul;21(4):461-3.Texto completo  Resumo

63. Condous G, Okaro E, Bourne T. The conservative management of early pregnancy complications: a review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Oct;22(4):420-30.Texto completo  Resumo

64. Barnhart KT, Simhan H, Kamelle SA. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound above and below the beta-hCG discriminatory zone. Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Oct;94(4):583-7. Resumo

65. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage: diagnosis and initial management. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

66. Bourne T, Bottomley C. When is a pregnancy nonviable and what criteria should be used to define miscarriage? Fertil Steril. 2012 Nov;98(5):1091-6.Texto completo  Resumo

67. Preisler J, Kopeika J, Ismail L, et al. Defining safe criteria to diagnose miscarriage: prospective observational multicentre study. BMJ. 2015 Sep 23;351:h4579.Texto completo  Resumo

68. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 175: ultrasound in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Dec;128(6):e241-56. Resumo

69. Duan L, Yan D, Zeng W, et al. Predictive power progesterone combined with beta human chorionic gonadotropin measurements in the outcome of threatened miscarriage. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011 Mar;283(3):431-5. Resumo

70. Verhaegen J, Gallos ID, van Mello NM, et al. Accuracy of single progesterone test to predict early pregnancy outcome in women with pain or bleeding: meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ. 2012 Sep 27;345:e6077.Texto completo  Resumo

71. Bottomley C, Van Belle V, Kirk E, et al. Accurate prediction of pregnancy viability by means of a simple scoring system. Hum Reprod. 2013 Jan;28(1):68-76. Resumo

72. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Evaluation and treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2012 Nov;98(5):1103-11.Texto completo  Resumo

73. Dhillon RK, Hillman SC, Morris RK, et al. Additional information from chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) over conventional karyotyping when diagnosing chromosomal abnormalities in miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2014 Jan;121(1):11-21.Texto completo  Resumo

74. Yang J, Savitz DA, Dole N, et al. Predictors of vaginal bleeding during the first two trimesters of pregnancy. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2005 Jul;19(4):276-83. Resumo

75. Gracia CR, Sammel MD, Chittams J, et al. Risk factors for spontaneous abortion in early symptomatic first-trimester pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Nov;106(5 Pt 1):993-9. Resumo

76. Maconochie N, Doyle P, Prior S, et al. Risk factors for first trimester miscarriage-results from a UK-population-based case-control study. BCOJ. 2007 Feb;114(2):170-86. Resumo

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80. Chittacharoen A, Herabutya Y. Slow fetal heart rate may predict pregnancy outcome in first trimester threatened abortion. Fertil Steril. 2004 Jul;82(1):227-9.Texto completo  Resumo

81. Noble G, Harvey C, Napier C, et al. Preimplantation genetic screening in advanced maternal age: a systematic review. Expert Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2010;5:707-716.

82. Papaioannou GI, Syngelaki A, Maiz N, et al. Ultrasonographic prediction of early miscarriage. Hum Reprod. 2011;26:1685-1692.Texto completo  Resumo

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84. Saraswat L, Bhattacharya S, Maheshwari A, et al. Maternal and perinatal outcome in women with threatened miscarriage in the first trimester: a systematic review. BJOG. 2010 Feb;117(3):245-57.Texto completo  Resumo

85. Coomarasamy A, Devall AJ, Cheed V, et al. A randomized trial of progesterone in women with bleeding in early pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2019 May 9;380(19):1815-24.Texto completo  Resumo

86. Devall AJ, Papadopoulou A, Podesek M, et al. Progestogens for preventing miscarriage: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Apr 19;4:CD013792.Texto completo  Resumo

87. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin: early pregnancy loss. Nov 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

88. Kim C, Barnard S, Neilson JP, et al. Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 31;(1):CD007223.Texto completo  Resumo

89. Luise C, Jermy K, May C, et al. Outcome of expectant management of spontaneous first trimester miscarriage: observational study. BMJ. 2002 Apr 13;324(7342):873-5.Texto completo  Resumo

90. Shelley JM, Healy D, Grover S. A randomized trial of surgical, medical and expectant management of first trimester miscarriage. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2005 Apr;45(2):122-7. Resumo

91. Rulin MC, Bornstein SG, Campbell JD. The reliability of ultrasonography in the management of spontaneous abortion, clinically thought to be complete: a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Jan;168(1 Pt 1):12-5. Resumo

92. Ballagh SA, Harris HA, Demasio K. Is curettage needed for uncomplicated incomplete spontaneous abortion? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998 Nov;179(5):1279-82. Resumo

93. Sawyer E, Ofuasia E, Ofili-Yebovi D, et al. The value of measuring endometrial thickness and volume on transvaginal ultrasound scan for the diagnosis of incomplete miscarriage. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Feb;29(2):205-9.Texto completo  Resumo

94. Harwood B, Nansel T, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Management of Early Pregnancy Failure Trial. Quality of life and acceptability of medical versus surgical management of early pregnancy failure. BJOG. 2008 Mar;115(4):501-8.Texto completo  Resumo

95. Nanda K, Lopez LM, Grimes DA, et al. Expectant care versus surgical treatment for miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Mar 14;(3):CD003518.Texto completo  Resumo

96. Smith LF, Ewings PD, Quinlan C. Incidence of pregnancy after expectant, medical or surgical management of spontaneous first trimester miscarriage: long-term follow-up of miscarriage treatment (MIST) randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2009 Oct 8;339:b3827.Texto completo  Resumo

97. Davis AR, Hendlish SK, Westhoff C, et al. Bleeding patterns after misoprostol vs surgical treatment of early pregnancy failure: results from a randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Jan;196(1):31;e1-7. Resumo

98. Casikar I, Bignardi T, Riemke J, et al. Expectant management of spontaneous first-trimester miscarriage: prospective validation of the '2-week rule'. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Feb;35(2):223-7.Texto completo  Resumo

99. Verkuyl DA, Crowther CA. Suction v. conventional curettage in incomplete abortion. A randomized controlled trial. S Afr Med J. 1993 Jan;83(1):13-5. Resumo

100. Tunçalp O, Gülmezoglu AM, Souza JP. Surgical procedures for evacuating incomplete miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Sep 8;(9):CD001993.Texto completo  Resumo

101. Sagili H, Divers M. Modern management of miscarriage. Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;9:102-8.Texto completo

102. Creinin MD, Harwood B, Guido RS, et al. Endometrial thickness after misoprostol use for early pregnancy failure. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2004 Jul;86(1):22-6.Texto completo  Resumo

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105. Schreiber CA, Creinin MD, Atrio J, et al. Mifepristone pretreatment for the medical management of early pregnancy loss. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jun 7;378(23):2161-70.Texto completo  Resumo

106. May W, Gülmezoglu AM, Ba-Thike K. Antibiotics for incomplete abortion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;(4):CD001779.Texto completo  Resumo

107. Achilles SL, Reeves MF; Society of Family Planning. Prevention of infection after induced abortion: release date October 2010: SFP guideline 20102. Contraception. 2011 Apr;83(4):295-309.Texto completo  Resumo

108. Savaris RF, de Moraes GS, Cristovam RA, et al. Are antibiotics necessary after 48 hours of improvement in infected/septic abortions? A randomized controlled trial followed by a cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Apr;204(4):301.e1-5.Texto completo  Resumo

109. Brigham SA, Conlon C, Farquharson RG. A longitudinal study of pregnancy outcome following idiopathic recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod. 1999 Nov;14(11):2868-71. Resumo

110. Saravelos SH, Li TC. Unexplained recurrent miscarriage: how can we explain it? Hum Reprod. 2012 Jul;27(7):1882-6. Resumo

111. European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. Guideline on the management of recurrent pregnancy loss. Nov 2017 [internet publication].Texto completo

112. Tong L, Wei X. Meta-analysis of aspirin-heparin therapy for un-explained recurrent miscarriage. Chin Med Sci J. 2016 Nov 20;31(4):239-46. Resumo

113. Kaandorp SP, Goddijn M, van der Post JA, et al. Aspirin plus heparin or aspirin alone in women with recurrent miscarriage. N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 29;362(17):1586-96.Texto completo  Resumo

114. Greer IA. Antithrombotic therapy for recurrent miscarriage? N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 29;362(17):1630-1. Resumo

115. Skeith L, Carrier M, Kaaja R, et al. A meta-analysis of low-molecular-weight heparin to prevent pregnancy loss in women with inherited thrombophilia. Blood. 2016 Mar 31;127(13):1650-5.Texto completo  Resumo

116. Wong LF, Porter TF, Scott JR. Immunotherapy for recurrent miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 21;(10):CD000112.Texto completo  Resumo

117. Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. Practice bulletin no. 181: Prevention of Rh D alloimmunization. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Aug;130(2):e57-70.Texto completo  Resumo

118. Swanson KM, Chen HT, Graham JC, et al. Resolution of depression and grief during the first year after miscarriage: a randomized controlled clinical trial of couples-focused interventions. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2009 Aug;18(8):1245-57.Texto completo  Resumo

119. Peel E. Pregnancy loss in lesbian and bisexual women: an online survey of experiences. Hum Reprod. 2010 Mar;25(3):721-7.Texto completo  Resumo

120. Bique C, Ustá M, Debora B, et al. Comparison of misoprostol and manual vacuum aspiration for the treatment of incomplete abortion. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2007 Sep;98(3):222-6. Resumo

121. Duckitt K, Qureshi A. Recurrent miscarriage. BMJ Clin Evid. 2015 [internet publication].

122. Tanha FD, Feizi M, Shariat M. Sublingual versus vaginal misoprostol for the management of missed abortion. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2010 Jun;36(3):525-32. Resumo

123. Diop A, Raghavan S, Rakotovao JP, et al. Two routes of administration for misoprostol in the treatment of incomplete abortion: a randomized clinical trial. Contraception. 2009 Jun;79(6):456-62. Resumo

124. Chen H, Fu J, Huang W. Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jul 25;(7):CD008883.Texto completo  Resumo

125. Lykke JA, Dideriksen KL, Lidegaard O, et al. First-trimester vaginal bleeding and complications later in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2010 May;115(5):935-44. Resumo

126. Yael K, Lorenza P, Evelina S, et al. Incidental endometrial adenocarcinoma in early pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2009 Dec;19(9):1580-4. Resumo

127. Lee C, Slade P, Lygo V. The influence of psychological debriefing on emotional adaptation in women following early miscarriage: a preliminary study. Br J Med Psychol. 1996 Mar;69(Pt 1):47-58. Resumo

128. Nikcevic AV, Kuczmierczyk AR, Nicolaides KH. The influence of medical and psychological interventions on women's distress after miscarriage. J Psychosom Res. 2007 Sep;63(3):283-90. Resumo

129. Murphy FA. The experiences of early miscarriage from a male perspective. J Clin Nurs. 1998 Jul;7(4):325-32. Resumo

130. Cumming GP, Klein S, Bolsover D, et al. The emotional burden of miscarriage for women and their partners: trajectories of anxiety and depression over 13 months. BJOG. 2007 Sep;114(9):1138-45.Texto completo  Resumo

131. Neugebauer R, Kline J, Shrout P, et al. Major depressive disorder in the 6 months after miscarriage. JAMA. 1997 Feb 5;277(5):383-8. Resumo

132. Lok IH, Yip AS, Lee DT, et al. A 1-year longitudinal study of psychological morbidity after miscarriage. Fertil Steril. 2010 Apr;93(6):1966-75.Texto completo  Resumo

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