Estado de mal epiléptico

Gastaut H. Classification of status epilepticus. In: Delgado-Escueta A, Wasterlain C, Treiman D, et al. Status epilepticus: Mechanisms of brain damage and treatment. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1983:15-35.

Hauser WA. Status epilepticus: epidemiologic considerations. Neurology. 1990 May;40(5 suppl 2):S9-13. Resumo

Pellock JM. Overview: definitions and classifications of seizure emergencies. J Child Neurol. 2007 May;22(5 suppl):S9-13. Resumo

Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children and adults: report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Curr. 2016 Jan-Feb;16(1):48-61.Texto completo  Resumo

Cascino GD. Generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996 Aug;71(8):787-92. Resumo

Towne AR, Garnett LK, Waterhouse EJ, et al. The use of topiramate in refractory status epilepticus. Neurology. 2003 Jan 28;60(2):332-4. Resumo

Koubeissi M, Alshekhlee A. In-hospital mortality of generalized convulsive status epilepticus: a large US sample. Neurology. 2007 Aug 28;69(9):886-93. Resumo

1. Lowenstein DH, Bleck T, Macdonald RL. It's time to revise the definition of status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 1999 Jan;40(1):120-2. Resumo

2. Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, et al; Neurocritical Care Society Status Epilepticus Guideline Writing Committee. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2012 Aug;17(1):3-23. Resumo

3. Lowenstein DH, Alldredge BK. Status epilepticus. N Engl J Med. 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6. Resumo

4. Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, et al. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017 Apr;58(4):522-30.Texto completo  Resumo

5. International League Against Epilepsy. Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. From the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1981 Aug;22(4):489-501. Resumo

6. Gastaut H. Classification of status epilepticus. In: Delgado-Escueta A, Wasterlain C, Treiman D, et al. Status epilepticus: Mechanisms of brain damage and treatment. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1983:15-35.

7. International League Against Epilepsy. Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. Epilepsia. 1981 Aug;22(4):489-501. Resumo

8. Trinka E, Cock H, Hesdorffer D, et al. A definition and classification of status epilepticus - report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2015 Oct;56(10):1515-23.Texto completo  Resumo

9. Meierkord H, Holtkamp M. Non-convulsive status epilepticus in adults: clinical forms and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2007 Apr;6(4):329-39. Resumo

10. Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MG, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia. 2010 Apr;51(4):676-85.Texto completo  Resumo

11. Walker M. Status epilepticus: an evidence based guide. BMJ. 2005 Sep 24;331(7518):673-7. Resumo

12. Dham BS, Hunter K, Rincon F. The epidemiology of status epilepticus in the United States. Neurocrit Care. 2014 Jun;20(3):476-83. Resumo

13. Hauser WA. Status epilepticus: epidemiologic considerations. Neurology. 1990 May;40(5 suppl 2):S9-13. Resumo

14. DeLorenzo RJ, Hauser WA, Towne AR, et al. A prospective, population-based epidemiologic study of status epilepticus in Richmond, Virginia. Neurology. 1996 Apr;46(4):1029-35. Resumo

15. Pellock JM. Overview: definitions and classifications of seizure emergencies. J Child Neurol. 2007 May;22(5 suppl):S9-13. Resumo

16. Bien CG, Granata T, Antozzi C, et al. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Rasmussen encephalitis: a European consensus statement. Brain. 2005 Mar;128(pt 3):454-71. Resumo

17. Meldrum BS, Vigouroux RA, Rage P, et al. Hippocampal lesions produced by prolonged seizures in paralyzed artificially ventilated baboons. Experientia. 1973 May 15;29(5):561-3. Resumo

18. Alldredge BK, Lowenstein DH. Status epilepticus related to alcohol abuse. Epilepsia. 1993 Nov-Dec;34(6):1033-7. Resumo

19. Shinnar S. Who is at risk for prolonged seizures? J Child Neurol. 2007 May;22(5 suppl):S14-20. Resumo

20. Krumholz A. Epidemiology and evidence for morbidity of nonconvulsive status epilepticus. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1999 Jul;16(4):314-22. Resumo

21. Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children and adults: report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Curr. 2016 Jan-Feb;16(1):48-61.Texto completo  Resumo

22. Cascino GD. Generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996 Aug;71(8):787-92. Resumo

23. Treiman DM. Treatment of convulsive status epilepticus. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2007 Sep 17;339(12):792-8. Resumo

24. Kalviainen R, Eriksson K, Parviainen I. Refractory generalised convulsive status epilepticus: a guide to treatment. CNS Drugs. 2005;19(9):759-68. Resumo

25. Treiman DM, Meyers PD, Walton NY, et al; Veterans Affairs Status Epilepticus Cooperative Study Group. A comparison of four treatments for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. N Engl J Med. 1998 Sep 17;339(12):792-8.Texto completo  Resumo

26. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Epilepsies: diagnosis and management. Feb 2020 [internet publication].Texto completo

27. Wheless JW, Clarke DF, Arzimanoglou A, et al. Treatment of pediatric epilepsy: European expert opinion, 2007. Epileptic Disord. 2007 Dec;9(4):353-412. Resumo

28. Gaínza-Lein M, Sánchez Fernández I, Jackson M, et al. Association of time to treatment with short-term outcomes for pediatric patients with refractory convulsive status epilepticus. JAMA Neurol. 2018 Apr 1;75(4):410-8.Texto completo  Resumo

29. Osorio I, Reed RC. Treatment of refractory generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus with pentobarbital anesthesia after high-dose phenytoin. Epilepsia. 1989 Jul-Aug;30(4):464-71. Resumo

30. Lyttle MD, Rainford NEA, Gamble C, et al. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus (EcLiPSE): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet. 2019 May 25;393(10186):2125-34.Texto completo  Resumo

31. Dalziel SR, Borland ML, Furyk J, et al. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children (ConSEPT): an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2019 May 25;393(10186):2135-45. Resumo

32. Trinka E, Höfler J, Leitinger M, et al. Pharmacotherapy for status epilepticus. Drugs. 2015 Sep;75(13):1499-521.Texto completo  Resumo

33. Vasile B, Rasulo F, Candiani A, et al. The pathophysiology of propofol infusion syndrome: a simple name for a complex syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2003 Sep;29(9):1417-25. Resumo

34. Parviainen I, Uusaro A, Kalviainen R, et al. High-dose thiopental in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus in intensive care unit. Neurology. 2002 Oct 22;59(8):1249-51. Resumo

35. Mehta V, Singhi P, Singhi S. Intravenous sodium valproate versus diazepam infusion for the control of refractory status epilepticus in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Child Neurol. 2007 Oct;22(10):1191-7. Resumo

36. Olsen KB, Tauboll E, Gjerstad L. Valproate is an effective, well-tolerated drug for treatment of status epilepticus/serial attacks in adults. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2007;187:51-4. Resumo

37. Korff CM, Nordli DR Jr. Diagnosis and management of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in children. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2007 Sep;3(9):505-16. Resumo

38. Altenmüller DM, Kühn A, Surges R, et al. Termination of absence status epilepticus by low-dose intravenous levetiracetam. Epilepsia. 2008 Jul;49(7):1289-90.Texto completo  Resumo

39. d'Orsi G, Pacillo F, Trivisano M2, et al. Lacosamide in absence status epilepticus. Seizure. 2014 May;23(5):397-8.Texto completo  Resumo

40. Towne AR, Garnett LK, Waterhouse EJ, et al. The use of topiramate in refractory status epilepticus. Neurology. 2003 Jan 28;60(2):332-4. Resumo

41. Inokuchi R, Ohashi-Fukuda N, Nakamura K, et al. Comparison of intranasal and intravenous diazepam on status epilepticus in stroke patients: a retrospective cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Feb;94(7):e555.Texto completo  Resumo

42. Pieribone VA, Tsai J, Soufflet C, et al. Clinical evaluation of ganaxolone in pediatric and adolescent patients with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2007 Oct;48(10):1870-4.Texto completo  Resumo

43. Neville BG, Chin RF, Scott RC. Childhood convulsive status epilepticus: epidemiology, management and outcome. Acta Neurol Scand. 2007 Apr;115(4 suppl):S21-4. Resumo

44. Koubeissi M, Alshekhlee A. In-hospital mortality of generalized convulsive status epilepticus: a large US sample. Neurology. 2007 Aug 28;69(9):886-93. Resumo

45. Neligan A, Noyce AJ, Gosavi TD, et al. Change in mortality of generalized convulsive status epilepticus in high-income countries over time: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2019 May 28;76(8):897-905.Texto completo  Resumo

46. Neligan A, Shorvon SD. Frequency and prognosis of convulsive status epilepticus of different causes: a systematic review. Arch Neurol. 2010 Aug;67(8):931-40. Resumo

47. Yaffe K, Lowenstein DH. Prognostic factors of pentobarbital therapy for refractory generalized status epilepticus. Neurology. 1993 May;43(5):895-900. Resumo

48. Jambaque I, Hertz-Pannier L, Mikaeloff Y, et al. Severe memory impairment in a child with bihippocampal injury after status epilepticus. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006 Mar;48(3):223-6.Texto completo  Resumo