Esquizofrenia

Referências

Principais artigos

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.Texto completo

American Psychiatric Association. ​The American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2021.Texto completo

American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5-TR™ update supplement to diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders​. 5th ed. text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2023.Texto completo

Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;13(5):318-78.Texto completo  Resumo

Artigos de referência

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.Texto completo

2. McGrath J, Saha S, Chant D, et al. Schizophrenia: a concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Epidemiol Rev. 2008 Nov 1;30(1):67-76.Texto completo  Resumo

3. McGrath JJ. Myths and plain truths about schizophrenia epidemiology - the NAPE lecture 2004. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2005 Jan;111(1):4-11. Resumo

4. Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg G, et al. Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten-country study. Psychol Med Monogr Suppl. 1992;20:1-97. Resumo

5. GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Psychiatry. 2022 Feb;9(2):137-50.Texto completo  Resumo

6. Gupta S, Murray RM. The relationship of environmental temperature to the incidence and outcome of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 1992 Jun;160:788-92. Resumo

7. Piotrowski P, Gondek TM, Królicka-Deręgowska A, et al. Causes of mortality in schizophrenia: an updated review of European studies. Psychiatr Danub. 2017 Jun;29(2):108-20.Texto completo  Resumo

8. Mitchell AJ, Malone D. Physical health and schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;19(4):432-7. Resumo

9. Fazel S, Wolf A, Palm C, et al. Violent crime, suicide, and premature mortality in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders: a 38-year total population study in Sweden. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014 Jun;1(1):44-54.Texto completo  Resumo

10. Torrey EF, Miller J, Rawlings R, et al. Seasonal birth patterns of neurological disorders. Neuroepidemiology. 2000 Jul-Aug;19(4):177-85. Resumo

11. McGrath JJ, Welham JL. Season of birth and schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from the Southern Hemisphere. Schizophr Res. 1999 Feb 15;35(3):237-42. Resumo

12. Bota RG, Munro JS, Sagduyu K. Identification of the schizophrenia prodrome in a hospital-based patient population. Mo Med. 2005 Mar-Apr;102(2):142-6. Resumo

13. Werbeloff N, Levine SZ, Rabinowitz J. Elaboration on the association between immigration and schizophrenia: a population-based national study disaggregating annual trends, country of origin and sex over 15 years. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012 Feb;47(2):303-11. Resumo

14. Bourque F, van der Ven E, Malla A. A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants. Psychol Med. 2011 May;41(5):897-910. Resumo

15. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Psychosis and schizophrenia in children and young people: recognition and management. Oct 2016 [internet publication].Texto completo

16. Kirkbride JB, Errazuriz A, Croudace TJ, et al. Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in England, 1950-2009: a systematic review and meta-analyses. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e31660.Texto completo  Resumo

17. Walker EF, Diforio D. Schizophrenia: a neural diathesis-stress model. Psychol Rev. 1997 Oct;104(4):667-85. Resumo

18. Tsuang M. Schizophrenia: genes and environment. Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Feb 1;47(3):210-20. Resumo

19. McCutcheon RA, Reis Marques T, Howes OD. Schizophrenia - an overview. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Feb 1;77(2):201-10. Resumo

20. Sullivan PF, Kendler KS, Neale MC. Schizophrenia as a complex trait: evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Dec;60(12):1187-92.Texto completo  Resumo

21. Marder SR, Cannon TD. Schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2019 Oct 31;381(18):1753-61. Resumo

22. Bennett MR. Schizophrenia: susceptibility genes, dendritic-spine pathology and gray matter loss. Prog Neurobiol. 2011 Nov;95(3):275-300.Texto completo  Resumo

23. Kuswanto CN, Teh I, Lee T-S, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging findings of white matter changes in first episode schizophrenia: a systematic review. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2012 Apr;10(1):13-24.Texto completo  Resumo

24. Huber G. Prodromal symptoms in schizophrenia [in German]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 1995 Apr;63(4):131-8. Resumo

25. McCarley RW, Wible CG, Frumin M, et al. MRI anatomy of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 May 1;45(9):1099-119.Texto completo  Resumo

26. Parellada E, Gassó P. Glutamate and microglia activation as a driver of dendritic apoptosis: a core pathophysiological mechanism to understand schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry. 2021 May 6;11(1):271.Texto completo  Resumo

27. Kambeitz J, Kambeitz-Ilankovic L, Cabral C, et al. Aberrant functional whole-brain network architecture in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2016 Jul;42(suppl 1):S13-21.Texto completo  Resumo

28. Cannon TD, Chung Y, He G, et al. Progressive reduction in cortical thickness as psychosis develops: a multisite longitudinal neuroimaging study of youth at elevated clinical risk. Biol Psychiatry. 2015 Jan 15;77(2):147-57. Resumo

29. Sawa A, Snyder SH. Schizophrenia: diverse approaches to a complex disease. Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):692-5. Resumo

30. Laruelle M. Imaging dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis. Q J Nucl Med. 1998 Sep;42(3):211-21. Resumo

31. Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A. Dopamine as the wind of the psychotic fire: new evidence from brain imaging studies. J Psychopharmacol. 1999 Dec;13(4):358-71. Resumo

32. Schobel SA, Chaudhury NH, Khan UA, et al. Imaging patients with psychosis and a mouse model establishes a spreading pattern of hippocampal dysfunction and implicates glutamate as a driver. Neuron. 2013 Apr 10;78(1):81-93.Texto completo  Resumo

33. Smith TE, Hull JW, Huppert JD, et al. Insight and recovery from psychosis in chronic schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder patients. J Psychiatr Res. 2004 Mar-Apr;38(2):169-76. Resumo

34. Miller B, Messias E, Miettunen J, et al. Meta-analysis of paternal age and schizophrenia risk in male versus female offspring. Schizophr Bull. 2011 Sep;37(5):1039-47.Texto completo  Resumo

35. Clarke MC, Harley M, Cannon M. The role of obstetric events in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2006 Jan;32(1):3-8.Texto completo  Resumo

36. Macleod J, Davey Smith G, Hickman M. Does cannabis use cause schizophrenia? Lancet. 2006 Apr 1;367(9516):1055. Resumo

37. Arseneault L, Cannon M, Witton J, et al. Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence. Br J Psychiatry. 2004 Feb;184:110-7. Resumo

38. Arendt M, Rosenberg R, Foldager L, et al. Cannabis-induced psychosis and subsequent schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: follow-up study of 535 incident cases. Br J Psychiatry. 2005 Dec;187:510-5. Resumo

39. Kuepper R, van Os J, Lieb R, et al. Continued cannabis use and risk of incidence and persistence of psychotic symptoms: 10 year follow-up cohort study. BMJ. 2011 Mar 1;342:d738.Texto completo  Resumo

40. McGrath J, Welham J, Scott J, et al. Association between cannabis use and psychosis-related outcomes using sibling pair analysis in a cohort of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010 May;67(5):440-7.Texto completo  Resumo

41. Hjorthøj C, Albert N, Nordentoft M. Association of substance use disorders with conversion from schizotypal disorder to schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 Jul 1;75(7):733-9.Texto completo  Resumo

42. Hindley G, Beck K, Borgan F, et al. Psychiatric symptoms caused by cannabis constituents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 Apr;7(4):344-53.Texto completo  Resumo

43. Belbasis L, Köhler CA, Stefanis N, et al. Risk factors and peripheral biomarkers for schizophrenia spectrum disorders: an umbrella review of meta-analyses. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2018 Feb;137(2):88-97. Resumo

44. Firth J, Siddiqi N, Koyanagi A, et al. The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019 Aug;6(8):675-712. Resumo

45. Schoeler T, Petros N, Di Forti M, et al. Poor medication adherence and risk of relapse associated with continued cannabis use in patients with first-episode psychosis: a prospective analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017 Aug;4(8):627-33.Texto completo  Resumo

46. Ziermans T, de Wit S, Schothorst P, et al. Neurocognitive and clinical predictors of long-term outcome in adolescents at ultra-high risk for psychosis: a 6-year follow-up. PLoS One. 2014 Apr 4;9(4):e93994.Texto completo  Resumo

47. Mittal VA, Dean DJ, Bernard JA, et al. Neurological soft signs predict abnormal cerebellar-thalamic tract development and negative symptoms in adolescents at high risk for psychosis: a longitudinal perspective. Schizophr Bull. 2014 Nov;40(6):1204-15.Texto completo  Resumo

48. Dean DJ, Bernard JA, Orr JM, et al. Cerebellar morphology and procedural learning impairment in neuroleptic-naive youth at ultrahigh risk of psychosis. Clin Psychol Sci. 2014 Mar;2(2):152-64.Texto completo  Resumo

49. Bernard JA, Dean DJ, Kent JS, et al. Cerebellar networks in individuals at ultra high-risk of psychosis: impact on postural sway and symptom severity. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014 Aug;35(8):4064-78.Texto completo  Resumo

50. Corcoran C, Walker E, Huot R, et al. The stress cascade and schizophrenia: etiology and onset. Schizophr Bull. 2003;29(4):671-92. Resumo

51. Morgan C, Fisher H. Environment and schizophrenia: environmental factors in schizophrenia: childhood trauma - a critical review. Schizophr Bull. 2007 Jan;33(1):3-10.Texto completo  Resumo

52. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: prevention and management. Mar 2014 [internet publication].Texto completo

53. Norman RM, Malla AK. Duration of untreated psychosis: a critical examination of the concept and its importance. Psychol Med. 2001 Apr;31(3):381-400. Resumo

54. McGlashan TH. Duration of untreated psychosis in first-episode schizophrenia: marker or determinant of course? Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Oct 1;46(7):899-907. Resumo

55. Harrigan SM, McGorry PD, Krstev H. Does treatment delay in first-episode psychosis really matter? Psychol Med. 2003 Jan;33(1):97-110. Resumo

56. Craig TJ, Bromet EJ, Fennig S, et al. Is there an association between duration of untreated psychosis and 24-month clinical outcome in a first-admission series? Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:60-66. Resumo

57. Robinson D, Woerner MG, Alvir JM, et al. Predictors of relapse following response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Mar;56(3):241-7. Resumo

58. Marshall M, Rathbone J. Early intervention for psychosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jun 15;(6):CD004718.Texto completo  Resumo

59. Correll CU, Galling B, Pawar A, et al. Comparison of early intervention services vs treatment as usual for early-phase psychosis: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 Jun 1;75(6):555-65.Texto completo  Resumo

60. Fusar-Poli P, Salazar de Pablo G, Correll CU, et al. Prevention of psychosis: advances in detection, prognosis, and intervention. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Jul 1;77(7):755-65. Resumo

61. Tsuang MT, Stone WS, Faraone SV. Understanding predisposition to schizophrenia: toward intervention and prevention. Can J Psychiatry. 2002 Aug;47(6):518-26. Resumo

62. Yung AR, McGorry PD. The prodromal phase of first-episode psychosis: past and current conceptualizations. Schizophr Bull. 1996;22(2):353-70. Resumo

63. Chan RC, Xu T, Heinrichs RW, et al. Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2010 Nov;36(6):1089-104.Texto completo  Resumo

64. Herold CJ, Essig M, Schröder J. Neurological soft signs (NSS) and brain morphology in patients with chronic schizophrenia and healthy controls. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0231669.Texto completo  Resumo

65. American Psychiatric Association. ​The American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2021.Texto completo

66. Barnes TR, Drake R, Paton C, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia: Updated recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2020 Jan;34(1):3-78.Texto completo  Resumo

67. Picchioni MM, Murray RM. Schizophrenia. BMJ. 2007 Jul 14;335(7610):91-5.Texto completo  Resumo

68. Rector NA, Beck AT, Stolar N. The negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a cognitive perspective. Can J Psychiatry. 2005 Apr;50(5):247-57. Resumo

69. Chapman CL, Mullin K, Ryan CJ. Meta-analysis of the association between suicidal ideation and later suicide among patients with either a schizophrenia spectrum psychosis or a mood disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 Mar;131(3):162-73. Resumo

70. Palmer BA, Pankratz VS, Bostwick JM. The lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia: a reexamination. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;62(3):247-53.Texto completo  Resumo

71. Hawton K, Sutton L, Haw C, et al. Schizophrenia and suicide: systematic review of risk factors. Br J Psychiatry. 2005 Jul;187:9-20. Resumo

72. Hor K, Taylor M. Suicide and schizophrenia: a systematic review of rates and risk factors. J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Nov;24(4 suppl):81-90.Texto completo  Resumo

73. Dazzan P, Murray RM. Neurological soft signs in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 2002 Sep;43:s50-7. Resumo

74. Tosato S, Dazzan P. The psychopathology of schizophrenia and the presence of neurological soft signs: a review. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2005 May;18(3):285-8. Resumo

75. Rossi A, De Cataldo S, Di Michele V, et al. Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 1990 Nov;157:735-9. Resumo

76. Venkatasubramanian G, Latha V, Gangadhar BN, et al. Neurological soft signs in never-treated schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003 Aug;108(2):144-6. Resumo

77. Ferruccio NP, Tosato S, Lappin JM, et al. Neurological signs at the first psychotic episode as correlates of long-term outcome: results from the AESOP-10 study. Schizophr Bull. 2021 Jan 23;47(1):118-27.Texto completo  Resumo

78. World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 11th revision (ICD-11). Chapter 6: mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders. 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

79. Hobkirk AL, Towe SL, Lion R, et al. Primary and secondary HIV prevention among persons with severe mental illness: recent findings. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2015 Dec;12(4):406-12. Resumo

80. Hughes E, Bassi S, Gilbody S, et al. Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C in people with severe mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016 Jan;3(1):40-8.Texto completo  Resumo

81. Bradizza CM, Stasiewicz PR. Integrating substance abuse treatment for the seriously mentally ill into inpatient psychiatric treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1997 Mar-Apr;14(2):103-11. Resumo

82. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5-TR™ update supplement to diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders​. 5th ed. text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2023.Texto completo

83. Ebel H, Schlegel U, Klosterkötter J. Chronic schizophreniform psychosis in primary hyperparathyroidism [in German]. Nervenarzt. 1992 Mar;63(3):180-3. Resumo

84. Engelhardt. Psychosis in primary hyperparathyroidism [in German]. Internist (Berl). 1991 Dec;32(12):738. Resumo

85. Joborn C, Hetta J, Palmér M, et al. Psychiatric symptomatology in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Ups J Med Sci. 1986;91(1):77-87. Resumo

86. Irani SR, Bera K, Waters P, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartate antibody encephalitis: temporal progression of clinical and paraclinical observations in a predominantly non-paraneoplastic disorder of both sexes. Brain. 2010 Jun;133(pt 6):1655-67.Texto completo  Resumo

87. Wang M, Cao X, Liu Q, et al. Clinical features of limbic encephalitis with LGI1 antibody. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:1589-96.Texto completo  Resumo

88. Thompson J, Bi M, Murchison AG, et al. The importance of early immunotherapy in patients with faciobrachial dystonic seizures. Brain. 2018 Feb 1;141(2):348-56.Texto completo  Resumo

89. Taylor DM, Gaughran F, Pillinger​ P. The Maudsley practice guidelines for physical health conditions in psychiatry. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell; 2020.

90. Amador XF, Flaum M, Andreasen NC, et al. Awareness of illness in schizophrenia and schizoaffective and mood disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 Oct;51(10):826-36. Resumo

91. Hjorthøj C, Stürup AE, McGrath JJ, et al. Years of potential life lost and life expectancy in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;4(4):295-301. Resumo

92. Vermeulen J, van Rooijen G, Doedens P, et al. Antipsychotic medication and long-term mortality risk in patients with schizophrenia; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2017 Oct;47(13):2217-28. Resumo

93. Bola JR, Kao DT, Soydan H. Antipsychotic medication for early-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2012 Jan;38(1):23-5.Texto completo  Resumo

94. Tharyan P, Adams CE. Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18;(2):CD000076. Resumo

95. Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;13(5):318-78.Texto completo  Resumo

96. Drake RJ, Husain N, Marshall M, et al. Effect of delaying treatment of first-episode psychosis on symptoms and social outcomes: a longitudinal analysis and modelling study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 Jul;7(7):602-610.Texto completo  Resumo

97. Puntis S, Minichino A, De Crescenzo F, et al. Specialised early intervention teams for recent-onset psychosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 2;11(11):CD013288.Texto completo  Resumo

98. Bola J, Kao D, Soydan H. Antipsychotic medication for early episode schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jun 15;(6):CD006374.Texto completo  Resumo

99. Kreyenbuhl J, Buchanan RW, Dickerson FB, et al. The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): updated treatment recommendations 2009. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36:94-103.Texto completo  Resumo

100. Samara MT, Leucht C, Leeflang MM, et al. Early improvement as a predictor of later response to antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a diagnostic test review. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Jul;172(7):617-29. Resumo

101. Samara MT, Klupp E, Helfer B, et al. Increasing antipsychotic dose versus switching antipsychotic for non response in schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 11;(5):CD011884.Texto completo  Resumo

102. Leucht S, Tardy M, Komossa K, et al. Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 May 16;(5):CD008016.Texto completo  Resumo

103. Leucht S, Tardy M, Komossa K, et al. Antipsychotic drugs versus placebo for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012 Jun 2;379(9831):2063-71. Resumo

104. Pollack CV Jr. Inhaled loxapine for the urgent treatment of acute agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Curr Med Res Opin. 2016 Jul;32(7):1253-60.Texto completo  Resumo

105. Correll CU, Yu X, Xiang Y, et al. Biological treatment of acute agitation or aggression with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in the inpatient setting. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2017 May;29(2):92-107. Resumo

106. Chan EW, Lao KSJ, Lam L, et al. Intramuscular midazolam, olanzapine, or haloperidol for the management of acute agitation: A multi-centre, double-blind, randomised clinical trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2021 Feb;32:100751.Texto completo  Resumo

107. Victoroff J, Coburn K, Reeve A, et al. Pharmacological management of persistent hostility and aggression in persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014 Fall;26(4):283-312.Texto completo  Resumo

108. Keers R, Ullrich S, Destavola BL, et al. Association of violence with emergence of persecutory delusions in untreated schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Mar;171(3):332-9.Texto completo  Resumo

109. Stroup TS, Gerhard T, Crystal S, et al. Comparative effectiveness of adjunctive psychotropic medications in patients with schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019 May 1;76(5):508-15. Resumo

110. Correll CU, Rubio JM, Inczedy-Farkas G, et al. Efficacy of 42 pharmacologic cotreatment strategies added to antipsychotic monotherapy in schizophrenia: systematic overview and quality appraisal of the meta-analytic evidence. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Jul 1;74(7):675-84.Texto completo  Resumo

111. Masuda T, Misawa F, Takase M, et al. Association with hospitalization and all-cause discontinuation among patients with schizophrenia on clozapine vs other oral second-generation antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019 Oct 1;76(10):1052-62.Texto completo  Resumo

112. Potkin SG, Kane JM, Correll CU, et al. The neurobiology of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: paths to antipsychotic resistance and a roadmap for future research. NPJ Schizophr. 2020 Jan 7;6(1):1.Texto completo  Resumo

113. Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Agid O, et al. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) working group consensus guidelines on diagnosis and terminology. Am J Psychiatry. 2017 Mar 1;174(3):216-29.Texto completo  Resumo

114. Wagner E, Kane JM, Correll CU, et al. Clozapine combination and augmentation strategies in patients with schizophrenia - recommendations from an international expert survey among the Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group. Schizophr Bull. 2020 Dec 1;46(6):1459-70. Resumo

115. Petrides G, Malur C, Braga RJ, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy augmentation in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: a prospective, randomized study. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2019 Jan;17(1):76-82.Texto completo  Resumo

116. Wang G, Zheng W, Li XB, et al. ECT augmentation of clozapine for clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Psychiatr Res. 2018 Oct;105:23-32. Resumo

117. Grover S, Hazari N, Kate N. Combined use of clozapine and ECT: a review. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2015 Jun;27(3):131-42. Resumo

118. Lally J, Tully J, Robertson D, et al. Augmentation of clozapine with electroconvulsive therapy in treatment resistant schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2016 Mar;171(1-3):215-24.Texto completo  Resumo

119. Melzer-Ribeiro DL, Rigonatti SP, Kayo M. Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy augmentation for partial response to clozapine: a pilot randomized ECT – sham controlled trial. Arc Clin Psychiatr. 2017 Mar-Apr;44(2).Texto completo

120. Ahmed S, Khan AM, Mekala HM, et al. Combined use of electroconvulsive therapy and antipsychotics (both clozapine and non-clozapine) in treatment resistant schizophrenia: A comparative meta-analysis. Heliyon. 2017 Nov;3(11):e00429.Texto completo  Resumo

121. Pompili M, Lester D, Dominici G, et al. Indications for electroconvulsive treatment in schizophrenia: a systematic review. Schizophr Res. 2013 May;146(1-3):1-9.Texto completo  Resumo

122. Leucht C, Heres S, Kane JM, et al. Oral versus depot antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia - a critical systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised long-term trials. Schizophr Res. 2011 Apr;127(1-3):83-92. Resumo

123. Koola MM, Wehring HJ, Kelly DL. The potential role of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in people with schizophrenia and comorbid substance use. J Dual Diagn. 2012;8(1):50-61.Texto completo  Resumo

124. Kishimoto T, Nitta M, Borenstein M, et al. Long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of mirror-image studies. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Oct;74(10):957-65. Resumo

125. Tiihonen J, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Majak M, et al. Real-world effectiveness of antipsychotic treatments in a nationwide cohort of 29 823 patients with schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Jul 1;74(7):686-93. Resumo

126. Nielsen J, Damkier P, Lublin H, et al. Optimizing clozapine treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011 Jun;123(6):411-22. Resumo

127. Belgamwar RB, El-Sayeh HG. Aripiprazole vs placebo for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2012 May;38(3):382-3.Texto completo  Resumo

128. Belgamwar RB, El-Sayeh HG. Aripiprazole versus placebo for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Aug 10;(8):CD006622.Texto completo  Resumo

129. Khanna P, Suo T, Komossa K, et al. Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jan 2;(1):CD006569.Texto completo  Resumo

130. Bellantuono C, Santone G. Efficacy, tolerability and safety of paliperidone extended-release in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder [in Italian]. Riv Psichiatr. 2012 Jan-Feb;47(1):5-20. Resumo

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