Giardíase

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases - ​giardiasis. May 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics; Kimberlin DW, Barnett ED et al. Giardia duodenalis (formerly Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis) Infections (Giardiasis), Red Book: 2021–2024 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 32nd ed. American Academy of Pediatrics. 2021.

Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):e45-80.Texto completo  Resumo

1. Ankarklev J, Jerlström-Hultqvist J, Ringqvist E, et al. Behind the smile: cell biology and disease mechanisms of Giardia species. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010 Jun;8(6):413-22. Resumo

2. Escobedo AA, Almirall P, Robertson LJ, et al. Giardiasis: the ever-present threat of a neglected disease. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2010 Oct;10(5):329-48. Resumo

3. Giallourou N, Arnold J, McQuade ETR, et al. Giardia hinders growth by disrupting nutrient metabolism independent of inflammatory enteropathy. Nat Commun. 2023 May 18;14(1):2840.Texto completo  Resumo

4. Rosado JL, Caamaño MC, Montoya YA, et al. Interaction of zinc or vitamin A supplementation and specific parasite infections on Mexican infants' growth: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009 Oct;63(10):1176-84. Resumo

5. Al-Mekhlafi MS, Azlin M, Nor Aini U, et al. Giardiasis as a predictor of childhood malnutrition in Orang Asli children in Malaysia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2005 Sep;99(9):686-91.Texto completo  Resumo

6. Leung AKC, Leung AAM, Wong AHC, et al. Giardiasis: an overview. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2019;13(2):134-43.Texto completo  Resumo

7. Halliez MC, Buret AG. Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections. World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Dec 21;19(47):8974-85.Texto completo  Resumo

8. Rogawski ET, Bartelt LA, Platts-Mills JA, et al. Determinants and impact of Giardia infection in the first 2 years of life in the MAL-ED birth cohort. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2017 Jun 1;6(2):153-160.Texto completo  Resumo

9. Donowitz JR, Alam M, Kabir M, et al. A prospective longitudinal cohort to investigate the effects of early life Giardiasis on growth and all cause diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 15;63(6):792-7.Texto completo  Resumo

10. Pires SM, Fischer-Walker CL, Lanata CF, et al. Aetiology-specific estimates of the global and regional incidence and mortality of diarrhoeal diseases commonly transmitted through food. PLoS One. 2015 Dec 3;10(12):e0142927.Texto completo  Resumo

11. Coelho CH, Durigan M, Leal DAG, et al. Giardiasis as a neglected disease in Brazil: systematic review of 20 years of publications. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017 Oct 24;11(10):e0006005.Texto completo  Resumo

12. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Giardiasis (lambliasis) - annual epidemiological report for 2019​. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

13. Public Health England. Giardia data 2008 to 2017. Jul 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Giardiasis NNDSS summary report for 2019. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

15. Coffey CM, Collier SA, Gleason ME, et al. Evolving epidemiology of reported Giardiasis cases in the United States, 1995-2016. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Mar 1;72(5):764-770.Texto completo  Resumo

16. Conners EE, Miller AD, Balachandran N, et al. Giardiasis outbreaks - United States, 2012-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021 Mar 5;70(9):304-7.Texto completo

17. Reses HE, Gargano JW, Liang JL, et al. Risk factors for sporadic Giardia infection in the USA: a case-control study in Colorado and Minnesota. Epidemiol Infect. 2018 Jul;146(9):1071-8.Texto completo  Resumo

18. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases - ​giardiasis. May 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

19. Laupland KB, Church DL. Population-based laboratory surveillance for Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp. infections in a large Canadian health region. BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 16;5:72.Texto completo  Resumo

20. Read C, Walters J, Robertson ID, et al. Correlation between genotype of Giardia duodenalis and diarrhoea. Int J Parasitol. 2002 Feb;32(2):229-31. Resumo

21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. DPDx - laboratory identification of parasites of public health concern​ - giardiasis. Dec 2017 [internet publication].Texto completo

22. Public Health England. Giardia: guidance and data. May 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

23. Stuart JM, Orr HJ, Warburton FG, et al. Risk factors for sporadic giardiasis: a case-control study in southwestern England. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Feb;9(2):229-33.Texto completo  Resumo

24. Escobedo AA, Almirall P, Hanevik K, et al. Giardiasis: a diagnosis that should be considered regardless of the setting. Epidemiol Infect. 2018 Jul;146(10):1216-8.Texto completo  Resumo

25. Desai L, Kurien RT, Simon EG, et al. Hypogammaglobulinemia-associated gastrointestinal disease--a case series. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2014 Nov;33(6):560-3. Resumo

26. Scott KG, Logan MR, Klammer GM, et al. Jejunal brush border microvillous alterations in Giardia muris-infected mice: role of T lymphocytes and interleukin-6. Infect Immun. 2000 Jun;68(6):3412-8.Texto completo  Resumo

27. Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Singer SM. Host immunity and pathogen strain contribute to intestinal disaccharidase impairment following gut infection. J Immunol. 2011 Oct 1;187(7):3769-75.Texto completo  Resumo

28. Singer SM, Angelova VV, DeLeon H, et al. What's eating you? An update on Giardia, the microbiome and the immune response. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2020 Dec;58:87-92.Texto completo  Resumo

29. Berry ASF, Johnson K, Martins R, et al. Natural infection with <i>Giardia</i> is associated with altered community structure of the human and canine gut microbiome. mSphere. 2020 Aug 5;5(4):e00670-20.Texto completo  Resumo

30. Barash NR, Maloney JG, Singer SM, et al. Giardia alters commensal microbial diversity throughout the murine gut. Infect Immun. 2017 Jun;85(6):e00948-16.Texto completo  Resumo

31. Beatty JK, Akierman SV, Motta JP, et al. Giardia duodenalis induces pathogenic dysbiosis of human intestinal microbiota biofilms. Int J Parasitol. 2017 May;47(6):311-326.Texto completo  Resumo

32. Bartelt LA, Bolick DT, Mayneris-Perxachs J, et al. Cross-modulation of pathogen-specific pathways enhances malnutrition during enteric co-infection with Giardia lamblia and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. PLoS Pathog. 2017 Jul;13(7):e1006471.Texto completo  Resumo

33. Dagci H, Ustun S, Taner MS, et al. Protozoon infections and intestinal permeability. Acta Trop. 2002 Jan;81(1):1-5. Resumo

34. Scott KG, Meddings JB, Kirk DR, et al. Intestinal infection with Giardia spp. reduces epithelial barrier function in a myosin light chain kinase-dependent fashion. Gastroenterology. 2002 Oct;123(4):1179-90. Resumo

35. Eckmann L, Laurent F, Langford TD, et al. Nitric oxide production by human intestinal epithelial cells and competition for arginine as potential determinants of host defense against the lumen-dwelling pathogen Giardia lamblia. J Immunol. 2000 Feb 1;164(3):1478-87.Texto completo  Resumo

36. Potoka DA, Upperman JS, Zhang XR, et al. Peroxynitrite inhibits enterocyte proliferation and modulates Src kinase activity in vitro. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2003 Nov;285(5):G861-9.Texto completo  Resumo

37. Müller N, von Allmen N. Recent insights into the mucosal reactions associated with Giardia lamblia infections. Int J Parasitol. 2005 Nov;35(13):1339-47. Resumo

38. Buret AG, Scott KG-E, Chin AC. Giardiasis: pathophysiology and pathogenesis. In: Olson BE, Olson ME, Wallis PM, eds. Giardia: the cosmopolitan parasite. New York, NY: CABI Pub; 2002:109-27.

39. Gascón J. Epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of traveler's diarrhea. Digestion. 2006;73 Suppl 1:102-8. Resumo

40. Troeger H, Epple HJ, Schneider T, et al. Effect of chronic Giardia lamblia infection on epithelial transport and barrier function in human duodenum. Gut. 2007 Mar;56(3):328-35. Resumo

41. Pérez PF, Minnaard J, Rouvet M, et al. Inhibition of Giardia intestinalis by extracellular factors from lactobacilli: an in vitro study. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Nov;67(11):5037-42.Texto completo  Resumo

42. Sackey ME, Weigel MM, Armijos RX. Predictors and nutritional consequences of intestinal parasitic infections in rural Ecuadorian children. J Trop Pediatr. 2003 Feb;49(1):17-23. Resumo

43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Giardia and pets. Feb 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

44. Barbosa AD, Egan S, Feng Y, et al. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in cats and dogs: what is the real zoonotic risk? Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis. 2023 Nov 30:4:100158.Texto completo  Resumo

45. Adam EA, Yoder JS, Gould LH, et al. Giardiasis outbreaks in the United States, 1971-2011. Epidemiol Infect. 2016 Oct;144(13):2790-801.Texto completo  Resumo

46. Langford TD, Housley MP, Boes M, et al. Central importance of immunoglobulin A in host defense against Giardia spp. Infect Immun. 2002 Jan;70(1):11-18.Texto completo  Resumo

47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites: Giardia: transmission. Feb 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

48. Ongerth JE, Johnson RL, Macdonald SC, et al. Backcountry water treatment to prevent giardiasis. Am J Public Health. 1989 Dec;79(12):1633-7.Texto completo  Resumo

49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: traveler's health. Section 2: preparing international travelers​ - water disinfection. May 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

50. Mahmud MA, Chappell CL, Hossain MM, et al. Impact of breast-feeding on Giardia lamblia infections in Bilbeis, Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001 Sep;65(3):257-60. Resumo

51. Klotz C, Aebischer T. The immunological enigma of human giardiasis. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2015 Jul;2(3):119-27​.Texto completo

52. Clasen TF, Bostoen K, Schmidt WP, et al. Interventions to improve disposal of human excreta for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jun 16;(6):CD007180.Texto completo  Resumo

53. Schnadower D, Tarr PI, Casper TC, et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG versus placebo for acute gastroenteritis in children. N Engl J Med. 2018 Nov 22;379(21):2002-2014.Texto completo  Resumo

54. Freedman SB, Williamson-Urquhart S, Farion KJ, et al. Multicenter trial of a combination probiotic for children with gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med. 2018 Nov 22;379(21):2015-2026.Texto completo  Resumo

55. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Children with and Exposed to HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in children with and exposed to HIV: giardiasis. 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

56. Minetti C, Chalmers RM, Beeching NJ, et al. Giardiasis. BMJ. 2016 Oct 27;355:i5369.

57. Díaz-Alberola I, Gutiérrez-Bautista JF, Espuch-Oliver A, et al. Incidence, management experience and characteristics of patients with giardiasis and common variable immunodeficiency. J Clin Med. 2022 Nov 27;11(23):7007.Texto completo  Resumo

58. Beer KD, Collier SA, Du F, et al. Giardiasis diagnosis and treatment practices among commercially insured persons in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 May 1;64(9):1244-1250.Texto completo  Resumo

59. Arasaradnam RP, Brown S, Forbes A, et al. Guidelines for the investigation of chronic diarrhoea in adults: British Society of Gastroenterology, 3rd edition. Gut. 2018 Aug;67(8):1380-99.Texto completo  Resumo

60. Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics; Kimberlin DW, Barnett ED et al. Giardia duodenalis (formerly Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis) Infections (Giardiasis), Red Book: 2021–2024 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 32nd ed. American Academy of Pediatrics. 2021.

61. Garcia LS, Arrowood M, Kokoskin E, et al. Practical guidance for clinical microbiology laboratories: laboratory diagnosis of parasites from the gastrointestinal tract. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017 Nov 15;31(1):e00025-17.Texto completo  Resumo

62. Weitzel T, Dittrich S, Möhl I, et al. Evaluation of seven commercial antigen detection tests for Giardia and Cryptosporidium in stool samples. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006 Jul;12(7):656-9.Texto completo  Resumo

63. Ghosh S, Debnath A, Sil A, et al. PCR detection of Giardia lamblia in stool: targeting intergenic spacer region of multicopy rRNA gene. Mol Cell Probes. 2000 Jun;14(3):181-9. Resumo

64. Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet LE, Wallinga JA, Ruijs GJ, et al. Parasitological diagnosis combining an internally controlled real-time PCR assay for the detection of four protozoa in stool samples with a testing algorithm for microscopy. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009 Sep;15(9):869-74.Texto completo  Resumo

65. British Columbia. Infectious diarrhea - guideline for investigation​. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

66. Garcia LS, Shimizu RY, Novak S, et al. Commercial assay for detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum antigens in human fecal specimens by rapid solid-phase qualitative immunochromatography. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Jan;41(1):209-12.Texto completo  Resumo

67. Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):e45-80.Texto completo  Resumo

68. Toward Optimized Practice (TOP) Working Group for Microbiology. Ordering stool test for investigation of suspected infectious diarrhea: clinical practice guideline. Mar 2014 [internet publication].Texto completo

69. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rotavirus: clinical information. Mar 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

70. Presutti RJ, Cangemi JR, Cassidy HD, et al. Celiac disease. Am Fam Physician. 2007 Dec 15;76(12):1795-802.Texto completo  Resumo

71. World Gastroenterology​ Organisation. WGO practice guideline - acute diarrhea in adults and children: a global perspective. Feb 2012 [internet publication].Texto completo

72. Saffar MJ, Qaffari J, Khalilian AR, et al. Rapid reinfection by Giardia lamblia after treatment in a hyperendemic area: the case against treatment. East Mediterr Health J. 2005 Jan-Mar;11(1-2):73-8.Texto completo  Resumo

73. Ozbilgin A, Ertan P, Yereli K, et al. Giardiasis treatment in Turkish children with a single dose of ornidazole. Scand J Infect Dis. 2002;34(12):918-20. Resumo

74. Rossignol JF, Ayoub A, Ayers MS. Treatment of diarrhea caused by Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica or E. dispar: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of nitazoxanide. J Infect Dis. 2001 Aug 1;184(3):381-4.Texto completo  Resumo

75. Ortiz JJ, Ayoub A, Gargala G, et al. Randomized clinical study of nitazoxanide compared to metronidazole in the treatment of symptomatic giardiasis in children from Northern Peru. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Sep;15(9):1409-15.Texto completo  Resumo

76. Gardner TB, Hill DR. Treatment of giardiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001 Jan;14(1):114-28. Resumo

77. Tian HF, Chen B, Wen JF. Giardiasis, drug resistance, and new target discovery. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2010 Aug;10(4):295-302. Resumo

78. Lalle M. Giardiasis in the post genomic era: treatment, drug resistance and novel therapeutic perspectives. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2010 Aug;10(4):283-94. Resumo

79. Mergenhagen KA, Wattengel BA, Skelly MK, et al. Fact versus fiction: A review of the evidence behind alcohol and antibiotic interactions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Feb 21;64(3):e02167-19.Texto completo  Resumo

80. Chan R, Chen J, York MK, et al. Evaluation of a combination rapid immunoassay for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium antigens. J Clin Microbiol. 2000 Jan;38(1):393-4.Texto completo  Resumo

81. Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Genkinger JM, Loffredo CA, et al. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of albendazole compared with metronidazole as treatments for infections with Giardia duodenalis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010 May 11;4(5):e682.Texto completo  Resumo

82. van den Bijllaardt W, Overdevest IT, Buiting AG, et al. Rapid clearance of Giardia lamblia DNA from the gut after successful treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014 Nov;20(11):O972-4.Texto completo  Resumo

83. Mørch K, Hanevik K. Giardiasis treatment: an update with a focus on refractory disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2020 Oct;33(5):355-64.Texto completo  Resumo

84. Bourque DL, Neumayr A, Libman M, et al. Treatment strategies for nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis: a systematic review. J Travel Med. 2022 Jan 17;29(1):taab120.Texto completo  Resumo

85. Ochoa TJ, Chea-Woo E, Campos M, et al. Impact of lactoferrin supplementation on growth and prevalence of Giardia colonization in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jun 15;46(12):1881-3.Texto completo  Resumo

86. Goto R, Mascie-Taylor CG, Lunn PG. Impact of anti-Giardia and anthelminthic treatment on infant growth and intestinal permeability in rural Bangladesh: a randomised double-blind controlled study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009 May;103(5):520-9. Resumo

87. Farthing MJ, Mata L, Urrutia JJ, et al. Natural history of Giardia infection of infants and children in rural Guatemala and its impact on physical growth. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986 Mar;43(3):395-405. Resumo

88. LaBeaud AD, Nayakwadi Singer M, McKibben M, et al. Parasitism in children aged three years and under: Relationship between infection and growth in rural coastal Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 May;9(5):e0003721.Texto completo  Resumo

89. Nakano I, Miyahara T, Ito T, et al. Giardiasis in pancreas. Lancet. 1995 Feb 25;345(8948):524-5.Texto completo  Resumo

90. Araki H, Shimizu S, Hayashi K, et al. Acute acalculous cholecystitis caused by Giardia lamblia. Intern Med. 2017;56(13):1657-1662.Texto completo  Resumo

91. Girard C, Dereure O, Blatiere V, et al. Vitamin a deficiency phrynoderma associated with chronic giardiasis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2006 Jul-Aug;23(4):346-9. Resumo

92. Desai AN. Giardiasis. JAMA. 2021 Apr 6;325(13):1356.Texto completo  Resumo