O padrão de assistência para o tratamento da apendicite não complicada em adultos continua sendo cirúrgico.
Há evidências emergentes que sugerem que uma abordagem não cirúrgica, apenas com antibióticos, pode ser viável em populações selecionadas de pacientes, que desejam evitar a cirurgia e que aceitam o risco de recorrência de até 39%.[80]de Almeida Leite RM, Seo DJ, Gomez-Eslava B, et al. Nonoperative vs operative management of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Surg. 2022 Sep 1;157(9):828-34.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9330355
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35895073?tool=bestpractice.com
Nesses casos, recomenda-se que o diagnóstico de apendicite não complicada seja confirmado por um exame de imagem, e que as expectativas do paciente sejam administradas por um processo de tomada de decisão compartilhada.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[81]Salminen P, Tuominen R, Paajanen H, et al. Five-year follow-up of antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated acute appendicitis in the APPAC randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018 Sep 25;320(12):1259-65.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6233612
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30264120?tool=bestpractice.com
[82]Sakran JV, Mylonas KS, Gryparis A, et al. Operation versus antibiotics--The "appendicitis conundrum" continues: A meta-analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017 Jun;82(6):1129-37.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28338596?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
As evidências que apoiam o tratamento não cirúrgico da apendicite continuam conflitantes, e são necessárias pesquisas adicionais.[84]Emile SH, Sakr A, Shalaby M, et al. Efficacy and safety of non-operative management of uncomplicated acute appendicitis compared to appendectomy: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. World J Surg. 2022 May;46(5):1022-38.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8756749
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35024922?tool=bestpractice.com
[85]Herrod PJJ, Kwok AT, Lobo DN. Randomized clinical trials comparing antibiotic therapy with appendicectomy for uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis. BJS Open. 2022 Jul 7;6(4):zrac100.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9379374
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35971796?tool=bestpractice.com
[86]Talan DA, Di Saverio S. Treatment of acute uncomplicated appendicitis. N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 16;385(12):1116-23.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34525287?tool=bestpractice.com
[87]Meier J, Stevens A, Bhat A, et al. Outcomes of nonoperative vs operative management of acute aAppendicitis in Older Adults in the US. JAMA Surg. 2023 Jun 1;158(6):625-32.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37017955?tool=bestpractice.com
Há mais evidências para dar suporte a uma abordagem não cirúrgica nas crianças que nos adultos.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[81]Salminen P, Tuominen R, Paajanen H, et al. Five-year follow-up of antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated acute appendicitis in the APPAC randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018 Sep 25;320(12):1259-65.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6233612
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30264120?tool=bestpractice.com
[82]Sakran JV, Mylonas KS, Gryparis A, et al. Operation versus antibiotics--The "appendicitis conundrum" continues: A meta-analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017 Jun;82(6):1129-37.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28338596?tool=bestpractice.com
[88]Georgiou R, Eaton S, Stanton MP, et al. Efficacy and safety of nonoperative treatment for acute appendicitis: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2017 Mar;139(3).
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28213607?tool=bestpractice.com
[89]Gorter RR, The SML, Gorter-Stam MAW, et al. Systematic review of nonoperative versus operative treatment of uncomplicated appendicitis. J Pediatr Surg. 2017 Aug;52(8):1219-27.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28449821?tool=bestpractice.com
[90]Podda M, Cillara N, Di Saverio S, et al. Antibiotics-first strategy for uncomplicated acute appendicitis in adults is associated with increased rates of peritonitis at surgery. A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing appendectomy and non-operative management with antibiotics. Surgeon. 2017 Oct;15(5):303-14.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28284517?tool=bestpractice.com
[91]Kessler U, Mosbahi S, Walker B, et al. Conservative treatment versus surgery for uncomplicated appendicitis in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2017 Dec;102(12):1118-24.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28818844?tool=bestpractice.com
[92]Harnoss JC, Zelienka I, Probst P, et al. Antibiotics versus surgical therapy for uncomplicated appendicitis: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials (PROSPERO 2015: CRD42015016882). Ann Surg. 2017 May;265(5):889-900.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27759621?tool=bestpractice.com
[93]Rollins KE, Varadhan KK, Neal KR, et al. Antibiotics versus appendicectomy for the treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: an updated meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. World J Surg. 2016 Oct;40(10):2305-18.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27199000?tool=bestpractice.com
Quadro não complicado
Uma vez feito o diagnóstico de apendicite aguda, não se deve administrar nada por via oral aos pacientes.
A fluidoterapia intravenosa deve ser iniciada.
Adultos
A apendicectomia imediata continua sendo o tratamento de primeira escolha nas diretrizes internacionais, e deve ser recomendada na maioria dos casos. Uma dose única pré-operatória de um antibiótico de amplo espectro, como ceftriaxona ou cefotaxima associada a metronidazol, deve ser administrada aos pacientes com apendicite não complicada submetidos a apendicectomia.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
Uma alternativa é a cefotetana associada a metronidazol.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
Nos pacientes com alergia a betalactâmicos ou contraindicação a esses esquemas, pode-se usar ciprofloxacino ou levofloxacino associados a metronidazol.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
Antibióticos pós-operatórios não são indicados.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
A cefotetana é uma opção menos desejável devido à crescente resistência das bactérias anaeróbias a este agente e à possível diminuição da eficácia.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
Uma abordagem baseada apenas em antibióticos pode ser razoável para determinados grupos com apendicite não complicada (suspeitada ou confirmada à tomografia computadorizada), em que os pacientes entendem o risco da apendicite recorrente.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[80]de Almeida Leite RM, Seo DJ, Gomez-Eslava B, et al. Nonoperative vs operative management of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Surg. 2022 Sep 1;157(9):828-34.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9330355
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35895073?tool=bestpractice.com
[85]Herrod PJJ, Kwok AT, Lobo DN. Randomized clinical trials comparing antibiotic therapy with appendicectomy for uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis. BJS Open. 2022 Jul 7;6(4):zrac100.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9379374
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35971796?tool=bestpractice.com
[81]Salminen P, Tuominen R, Paajanen H, et al. Five-year follow-up of antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated acute appendicitis in the APPAC randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018 Sep 25;320(12):1259-65.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6233612
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30264120?tool=bestpractice.com
[82]Sakran JV, Mylonas KS, Gryparis A, et al. Operation versus antibiotics--The "appendicitis conundrum" continues: A meta-analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017 Jun;82(6):1129-37.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28338596?tool=bestpractice.com
Neste cenário, a antibioticoterapia inicial deve ser com um esquema de antibioticoterapia de amplo espectro, como ceftriaxona, cefotaxima, cefepima ou ceftazidima associada a metronidazol.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
Piperacilina/tazobactam também é uma opção.[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
Ciprofloxacino ou levofloxacino associados a metronidazol podem ser usados se os betalactâmicos forem contraindicados.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
Nos pacientes com risco de infecção por organismos resistentes a antimicrobianos, as opções incluem ertapeném, imipeném/cilastatina, meropeném ou aztreonam associado a vancomicina e metronidazol.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
Após uma melhora clínica em 1 a 2 dias, os antibióticos podem ser trocados para um esquema oral para completar uma duração total de 7 a 10 dias. As opções orais incluem ciprofloxacino ou levofloxacino associados a metronidazol, ou amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico (se as taxas locais de resistência da E.Coli forem <10%).[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
Uma abordagem baseada apenas em antibióticos não é recomendada se houver apendicolito, pois o tratamento não cirúrgico tem uma taxa de fracassos significativa.[2]Moris D, Paulson EK, Pappas TN. Diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis in adults: A Review. JAMA. 2021 Dec 14;326(22):2299-311.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34905026?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[95]CODA Collaborative., Flum DR, Davidson GH, et al. A randomized trial comparing antibiotics with appendectomy for appendicitis. N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 12;383(20):1907-19.
https://www.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2014320
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33017106?tool=bestpractice.com
A abordagem conservadora deve ser evitada nas pacientes gestantes.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
Os antibióticos fluoroquinolonas sistêmicos (por exemplo, ciprofloxacino, levofloxacino) podem causar eventos adversos graves, incapacitantes e potencialmente duradouros ou irreversíveis. Isso inclui, mas não está limitado a: tendinopatia/ruptura de tendão; neuropatia periférica; artropatia/artralgia; aneurisma e dissecção da aorta; regurgitação da valva cardíaca; disglicemia; e efeitos sobre o sistema nervoso central, incluindo convulsões, depressão, psicose e pensamentos e comportamento suicidas.[96]Rusu A, Munteanu AC, Arbănași EM, et al. Overview of side-effects of antibacterial fluoroquinolones: new drugs versus old drugs, a step forward in the safety profile? Pharmaceutics. 2023 Mar 1;15(3).
https://www.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15030804
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36986665?tool=bestpractice.com
Aplicam-se restrições de prescrição ao uso das fluoroquinolonas, e essas restrições podem variar entre os países. Em geral, o uso das fluoroquinolonas deve ser restrito para o uso nas infecções bacterianas graves e com risco à vida, somente. Algumas agências regulatórias também podem recomendar que elas sejam usadas apenas nas situações em que outros antibióticos comumente recomendados para a infecção forem inadequados (por exemplo, resistência, contraindicações, falha do tratamento e indisponibilidade).
Consulte as diretrizes locais e o formulário de medicamentos para obter mais informações sobre adequação, contraindicações e precauções.
Crianças
Orientações da World Society of Emergency Surgery dão suporte ao tratamento não cirúrgico como opção viável, segura e eficaz como tratamento inicial, a menos que haja presença de apendicolito.[2]Moris D, Paulson EK, Pappas TN. Diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis in adults: A Review. JAMA. 2021 Dec 14;326(22):2299-311.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34905026?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
No entanto, nos EUA, o padrão de assistência habitual para o tratamento da apendicite não complicada nas crianças continua sendo cirúrgico.
Antimicrobianos parenterais ativos contra bactérias aeróbias Gram-negativas e anaeróbias devem ser iniciados assim que o diagnóstico de provável apendicite for estabelecido. As opções incluem ceftriaxona associada a metronidazol, piperacilina/tazobactam ou ciprofloxacino associado a metronidazol, todos em dose única no momento da cirurgia.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
Os antibióticos pós-operatórios não são indicados nas crianças com apendicite aguda não complicada, pois não há evidências de que eles diminuam a taxa de infecção cirúrgica.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
A apendicectomia não deve ser protelada por mais de 24 horas após a internação para as crianças com apendicite aguda não complicada que requeiram cirurgia.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
A cirurgia realizada neste prazo não está associada a aumento do risco de desfechos adversos, como perfuração, complicações ou tempo de cirurgia nas crianças que recebem a administração oportuna de antibióticos e são submetidas a apendicectomia menos de 24 horas após o diagnóstico.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
Assim como ocorre com os adultos, a cirurgia é recomendada nas crianças com apendicolito, pois a taxa de fracassos do tratamento não cirúrgico aumenta nesses casos.[2]Moris D, Paulson EK, Pappas TN. Diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis in adults: A Review. JAMA. 2021 Dec 14;326(22):2299-311.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34905026?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
Contudo, nas crianças sem apendicolito e com baixo risco de perfuração, uma abordagem com antibióticos, somente, pode ser considerada. Neste cenário, a antibioticoterapia inicial deve ser com um esquema de antibioticoterapia de amplo espectro, como ceftriaxona ou cefotaxima associadas a metronidazol.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
Piperacilina/tazobactam também é uma opção.[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
O ciprofloxacino associado a metronidazol pode ser usado se os betalactâmicos forem contraindicados.[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
Nos pacientes com risco de infecção por organismos resistentes a antimicrobianos, as opções de antibióticos incluem o ertapeném, imipeném/cilastatina ou meropeném.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
Após uma melhora clínica em 1 a 2 dias, os antibióticos podem ser trocados por um esquema oral para completar uma duração total de 7 a 10 dias. As opções orais incluem amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico ou ciprofloxacino associado a metronidazol.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
Quadro complicado
Adultos
As complicações da apendicite aguda ocorrem em 4% a 6% dos adultos e incluem gangrena com perfuração subsequente ou abscesso intra-abdominal.[21]Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al, eds. The appendix. In: Schwartz's principles of surgery. 8th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005:1119-37.
O manejo inicial inclui manter o paciente sem tomar nada por via oral e iniciar fluidoterapia intravenosa. Os pacientes que estão em choque devem receber um bolus de fluidoterapia intravenosa para ajudar a manter uma frequência de pulso e PA estáveis.[97]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. May 2017 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg174
Consulte Choque.
Os antibióticos intravenosos (por exemplo, ceftriaxona, cefotaxima, cefepima, ceftazidima, ciprofloxacino ou levofloxacino associados a metronidazol; ou ticarcilina/ácido clavulânico ou piperacilina/tazobactam) devem ser iniciados imediatamente e ser mantidos até que o paciente se torne afebril e a leucocitose seja corrigida.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
Para infecções mais graves, pacientes que correm risco de infecção por organismos resistentes a antimicrobianos ou que apresentam infecções associadas aos cuidados de saúde, as opções de antibióticos incluem ertapeném, imipeném/cilastatina, meropeném ou aztreonam associado a vancomicina e metronidazol.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
Também se pode usar uma combinação de esquemas de antibioticoterapia com base nas sensibilidades e nos protocolos locais.[21]Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al, eds. The appendix. In: Schwartz's principles of surgery. 8th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005:1119-37.
Em pacientes com peritonite aguda, é necessário realizar a apendicectomia imediatamente. Os pacientes que apresentarem abscesso no quadrante inferior direito deverão receber antibióticos intravenosos e drenagem por radiologia intervencionista (drenagem guiada por tomografia computadorizada) ou drenagem operatória. Se houver melhora clínica e os sinais e sintomas forem completamente resolvidos, a apendicectomia tardia pode não ser necessária.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[98]Mason RJ. Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2008 Aug;9(4):481-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18687030?tool=bestpractice.com
[99]Deakin DE, Ahmed I. Interval appendicectomy after resolution of adult inflammatory appendix mass - is it necessary? Surgeon. 2007 Feb;5(1):45-50.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17313128?tool=bestpractice.com
[100]Andersson RE, Petzold MG. Nonsurgical treatment of appendiceal abscess or phlegmon: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2007 Nov;246(5):741-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968164?tool=bestpractice.com
[101]Rushing A, Bugaev N, Jones C, et al. Management of acute appendicitis in adults: a practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2019 Jul;87(1):214-24.
https://www.east.org/education-resources/practice-management-guidelines/details/acute-appendicitis-in-adults-management-of
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30908453?tool=bestpractice.com
A apendicectomia tardia é realizada se os sintomas não desaparecerem completamente e/ou se os sintomas recorrerem.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[13]Gorter RR, Eker HH, Gorter-Stam MA, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis. EAES consensus development conference 2015. Surg Endosc. 2016 Nov;30(11):4668-90.
https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-016-5245-7
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27660247?tool=bestpractice.com
A apendicectomia tardia também é recomendada em todos os pacientes com mais de 30 anos de idade com apendicite complicada inicialmente tratada de forma não cirúrgica; além disso, qualquer paciente com idade ≥40 anos com apendicite não complicada que receba tratamento conservador sem apendicectomia tardia deve ser submetido a rastreamento com colonoscopia e tomografia computadorizada (TC) de dose total com contraste a intervalos regulares.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[102]Hayes D, Reiter S, Hagen E, et al. Is interval appendectomy really needed? A closer look at neoplasm rates in adult patients undergoing interval appendectomy after complicated appendicitis. Surg Endosc. 2021 Jul;35(7):3855-60.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32676725?tool=bestpractice.com
A apendicectomia tardia também pode ser usada para identificar os pacientes com neoplasia apendicular subjacente; a apendicectomia tardia pode reduzir o risco futuro de neoplasia do apêndice, particularmente no contexto de uma apendicite complicada.[103]Mällinen J, Rautio T, Grönroos J, et al. Risk of appendiceal neoplasm in periappendicular abscess in patients treated with interval appendectomy vs follow-up with magnetic resonance imaging: 1-Year outcomes of the prei-appendicitis acuta randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2019 Mar 1;154(3):200-7.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6439633
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30484824?tool=bestpractice.com
[104]Darwazeh G, Cunningham SC, Kowdley GC. A systematic review of perforated appendicitis and phlegmon: interval appendectomy or wait-and-see? Am Surg. 2016 Jan;82(1):11-5.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26802841?tool=bestpractice.com
O risco de neoplasia do apêndice em pacientes tratados com tratamento não cirúrgico de uma apendicite complicada é de 11%, aumentando para 16% nos pacientes com 50 anos ou mais e 43% nos pacientes com mais de 80 anos.[102]Hayes D, Reiter S, Hagen E, et al. Is interval appendectomy really needed? A closer look at neoplasm rates in adult patients undergoing interval appendectomy after complicated appendicitis. Surg Endosc. 2021 Jul;35(7):3855-60.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32676725?tool=bestpractice.com
[105]Peltrini R, Cantoni V, Green R, et al. Risk of appendiceal neoplasm after interval appendectomy for complicated appendicitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surgeon. 2021 Dec;19(6):e549-58.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33640282?tool=bestpractice.com
[106]Skendelas JP, Alemany VS, Au V, et al. Appendiceal adenocarcinoma found by surgery for acute appendicitis is associated with older age. BMC Surg. 2021 May 2;21(1):228.
https://www.doi.org/10.1186/s12893-021-01224-0
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33934697?tool=bestpractice.com
O tratamento ideal para a apendicite com flegmão ou abscesso continua sujeito a debate.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
As evidências mais recentes sugerem que a apendicectomia laparoscópica está associada a menos reinternações e menos intervenções adicionais que o tratamento conservador, desde que haja expertise avançada para laparoscopia disponível.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[107]Ahmed A, Feroz SH, Dominic JL, et al. Is emergency appendicectomy better than elective appendicectomy for the treatment of appendiceal phlegmon?: a review. Cureus. 2020 Dec 12;12(12):e12045.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7802400
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33447475?tool=bestpractice.com
O tratamento não cirúrgico com antibióticos e, se disponível, drenagem percutânea guiada por imagem, é uma alternativa razoável se o paciente estiver estável e uma apendicectomia laparoscópica não estiver disponível, embora faltem evidências para seu uso de maneira rotineira.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
Crianças
As complicações da apendicite aguda ocorrem em menos de 19% das crianças e incluem gangrena com perfuração subsequente ou abscesso intra-abdominal.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[107]Ahmed A, Feroz SH, Dominic JL, et al. Is emergency appendicectomy better than elective appendicectomy for the treatment of appendiceal phlegmon?: a review. Cureus. 2020 Dec 12;12(12):e12045.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7802400
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33447475?tool=bestpractice.com
Assim como ocorre com adultos, o manejo inicial inclui manter o paciente em jejum e iniciar fluidoterapia e antibióticos intravenosos. Uma apendicectomia precoce, em até 8 horas, deve ser realizada em caso de apendicite complicada.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
A apendicectomia laparoscópica é preferível à apendicectomia aberta nas crianças, quando estiverem disponíveis expertise e equipamento para tal.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[108]Kiblawi R, Zoeller C, Zanini A, et al. Laparoscopic versus open pediatric surgery: three decades of comparative studies. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2022 Feb;32(1):9-25.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34933374?tool=bestpractice.com
[109]Neogi S, Banerjee A, Panda SS, et al. Laparoscopic versus open appendicectomy for complicated appendicitis in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Surg. 2022 Mar;57(3):394-405.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34332757?tool=bestpractice.com
As opções de antibióticos incluem a ceftriaxona ou a cefotaxima associadas a metronidazol, ou piperacilina/tazobactam. Nos pacientes com alergia a betalactâmicos ou outras contraindicações aos esquemas anteriores, pode-se usar ciprofloxacino associado a metronidazol.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
Os antibióticos pós-operatórios por menos de sete dias parecem ser seguros e não estão associados a um aumento do risco de complicações.[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
Eles podem ser trocados da forma intravenosa para a oral após 48 horas nas crianças com apendicite complicada, se houver melhora clínica e a contagem leucocitária estiver normalizada, com uma duração global da terapia inferior a sete dias.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
As opções de esquemas orais incluem amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico, ou ciprofloxacino associado a metronidazol.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;18(1):1-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085573?tool=bestpractice.com
Assim como o tratamento de adultos com flegmão ou abscesso, o tratamento não cirúrgico (antibióticos e, se disponível, drenagem percutânea guiada por imagem) é uma alternativa razoável se o paciente estiver estável e uma apendicectomia laparoscópica não estiver disponível.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
O tratamento não cirúrgico foi associado a melhores resultados, em termos de taxa de complicações e de reinternação em crianças, mas as evidências não apoiam o seu uso rotineiro.[110]Fugazzola P, Coccolini F, Tomasoni M, et al. Early appendectomy vs. conservative management in complicated acute appendicitis in children: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr Surg. 2019 Nov;54(11):2234-41.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30857730?tool=bestpractice.com
[111]Vaos G, Dimopoulou A, Gkioka E, et al. Immediate surgery or conservative treatment for complicated acute appendicitis in children? A meta-analysis. J Pediatr Surg. 2019 Jul;54(7):1365-11.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30115448?tool=bestpractice.com
Opções cirúrgicas
Há 2 opções cirúrgicas para apendicectomia: aberta e laparoscópica. Atualmente, a maioria dos procedimentos é feita por via laparoscópica.
Em adultos, a escolha da apendicectomia geralmente depende da experiência do cirurgião. Estudos mostraram que a apendicectomia laparoscópica apresenta resultados estéticos melhores, menor duração da internação hospitalar, dor pós-operatória reduzida e menor risco de infecção de feridas, em comparação com a apendicectomia aberta.[112]Jaschinski T, Mosch CG, Eikermann M, et al. Laparoscopic versus open surgery for suspected appendicitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Nov 28;(11):CD001546.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001546.pub4/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30484855?tool=bestpractice.com
[113]Zhang G, Wu B. Meta-analysis of the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic appendectomy in the treatment of acute appendicitis. World J Emerg Surg. 2022 May 26;17(1):26.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9137214
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35619101?tool=bestpractice.com
[ ]
For adults and adolescents with suspected appendicitis, how does laparoscopic appendectomy compare with conventional appendectomy?/cca.html?targetUrl=https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2373/fullMostre-me a resposta[Evidência B]fa4844a4-7964-4c50-863e-ace57ad65ececcaBPara adultos e adolescentes com suspeita de apendicite, quais as diferenças entre apendicectomia laparoscópica e apendicectomia convencional? A apendicectomia laparoscópica é recomendada para apendicite não complicada, bem como para apendicite complicada e perfurada.[114]Wei HB, Huang JL, Zheng ZH, et al. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy: a prospective randomized comparison. Surg Endosc. 2010 Feb;24(2):266-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19517167?tool=bestpractice.com
[115]Yau KK, Siu WT, Tang CN, et al. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy for complicated appendicitis. J Am Coll Surg. 2007 Jul;205(1):60-5.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17617333?tool=bestpractice.com
Também é considerada a abordagem mais segura em pacientes obesos.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[116]Woodham BL, Cox MR, Eslick GD. Evidence to support the use of laparoscopic over open appendicectomy for obese individuals: a meta-analysis. Surg Endosc. 2012 Sep;26(9):2566-70.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22437955?tool=bestpractice.com
Em crianças, a apendicectomia laparoscópica diminui a incidência de complicações pós-operatórias gerais, incluindo infecção da ferida e a duração total da internação hospitalar.[109]Neogi S, Banerjee A, Panda SS, et al. Laparoscopic versus open appendicectomy for complicated appendicitis in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Surg. 2022 Mar;57(3):394-405.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34332757?tool=bestpractice.com
[112]Jaschinski T, Mosch CG, Eikermann M, et al. Laparoscopic versus open surgery for suspected appendicitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Nov 28;(11):CD001546.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001546.pub4/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30484855?tool=bestpractice.com
[117]Katkhouda N, Mason RJ, Towfigh S, et al. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy: a prospective randomized double-blind study. Ann Surg. 2005 Sep;242(3):439-48; discussion 448-50.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1357752
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16135930?tool=bestpractice.com
[118]Billingham MJ, Basterfield SJ. Pediatric surgical technique: laparoscopic or open approach? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2010 Mar;20(2):73-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19882502?tool=bestpractice.com
[119]Zhang S, Du T, Jiang X, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy in children with perforated appendicitis: a meta-analysis. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2017 Aug;27(4):262-66.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472016?tool=bestpractice.com
[120]Yu MC, Feng YJ, Wang W, et al. Is laparoscopic appendectomy feasible for complicated appendicitis ?A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2017 Apr;40:187-97.
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.03.022
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28302449?tool=bestpractice.com
Em pacientes gestantes, a apendicectomia laparoscópica deve ser preferível à apendicectomia aberta, quando a cirurgia for indicada e houver expertise para laparoscopia disponível.[121]Liew AN, Lim KY, Quach D, et al. Laparoscopic versus open appendicectomy in pregnancy: experience from a single institution and meta-analysis. ANZ J Surg. 2022 May;92(5):1071-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35373462?tool=bestpractice.com
[122]Zeng Q, Aierken A, Gu SS, et al. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy for appendicitis in pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2021 May 3;31(5):637-44.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33935257?tool=bestpractice.com
Ela é segura em termos dos riscos de perda fetal e de parto prematuro.[121]Liew AN, Lim KY, Quach D, et al. Laparoscopic versus open appendicectomy in pregnancy: experience from a single institution and meta-analysis. ANZ J Surg. 2022 May;92(5):1071-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35373462?tool=bestpractice.com
[122]Zeng Q, Aierken A, Gu SS, et al. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy for appendicitis in pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2021 May 3;31(5):637-44.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33935257?tool=bestpractice.com
Comparada com a cirurgia por via aberta durante a gestação, a apendicectomia laparoscópica está associada a um período mais curto de internação hospitalar e a uma menor incidência de infecção do sítio cirúrgico. A laparoscopia é tecnicamente segura e viável durante a gestação.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[121]Liew AN, Lim KY, Quach D, et al. Laparoscopic versus open appendicectomy in pregnancy: experience from a single institution and meta-analysis. ANZ J Surg. 2022 May;92(5):1071-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35373462?tool=bestpractice.com
[122]Zeng Q, Aierken A, Gu SS, et al. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy for appendicitis in pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2021 May 3;31(5):637-44.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33935257?tool=bestpractice.com
[123]Lee SH, Lee JY, Choi YY, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy versus open appendectomy for suspected appendicitis during pregnancy: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis. BMC Surg. 2019 Apr 25;19(1):41.
https://www.doi.org/10.1186/s12893-019-0505-9
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31023289?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: Apendicite aguda - espécime intraoperatórioNasim Ahmed, MBBS, FACS; usado com permissão [Citation ends].Terapia apenas com antibióticos
Antibióticos isolados para o tratamento da apendicite não complicada podem ser bem sucedidos em determinados pacientes que desejam evitar a cirurgia e que aceitam o risco de até 39% de recorrência.[80]de Almeida Leite RM, Seo DJ, Gomez-Eslava B, et al. Nonoperative vs operative management of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Surg. 2022 Sep 1;157(9):828-34.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9330355
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35895073?tool=bestpractice.com
[85]Herrod PJJ, Kwok AT, Lobo DN. Randomized clinical trials comparing antibiotic therapy with appendicectomy for uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis. BJS Open. 2022 Jul 7;6(4):zrac100.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9379374
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35971796?tool=bestpractice.com
Nesses casos, recomenda-se que o diagnóstico de apendicite não complicada seja confirmado por um exame de imagem, e que as expectativas do paciente sejam administradas por um processo de tomada de decisão compartilhada.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[81]Salminen P, Tuominen R, Paajanen H, et al. Five-year follow-up of antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated acute appendicitis in the APPAC randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018 Sep 25;320(12):1259-65.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6233612
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30264120?tool=bestpractice.com
[82]Sakran JV, Mylonas KS, Gryparis A, et al. Operation versus antibiotics--The "appendicitis conundrum" continues: A meta-analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017 Jun;82(6):1129-37.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28338596?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017 Jul 10;12:29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702076?tool=bestpractice.com
Neste cenário, recomendam-se antibióticos de amplo espectro. Os esquemas recomendados são os mesmos da apresentação não complicada (ver acima).
Uma abordagem baseada apenas em antibióticos não é recomendada para pacientes gestantes ou se houver presença de apendicolito.[2]Moris D, Paulson EK, Pappas TN. Diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis in adults: A Review. JAMA. 2021 Dec 14;326(22):2299-311.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34905026?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
[95]CODA Collaborative., Flum DR, Davidson GH, et al. A randomized trial comparing antibiotics with appendectomy for appendicitis. N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 12;383(20):1907-19.
https://www.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2014320
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33017106?tool=bestpractice.com
Apendicectomia laparoscópica ambulatorial
Alguns pacientes podem receber alta com segurança após uma apendicectomia laparoscópica sem internação hospitalar.[125]de Wijkerslooth EML, Bakas JM, van Rosmalen J, et al. Same-day discharge after appendectomy for acute appendicitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2021 Jun;36(6):1297-309.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8119270
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33575890?tool=bestpractice.com
Esta abordagem ambulatorial é adequada para os pacientes com apendicite não complicada, desde que uma via ambulatorial com protocolos do programa ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) bem definidos e as informações/consentimento do paciente estejam localmente estabelecidos.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
A implementação do ERAS após a apendicectomia laparoscópica tem taxas similares de morbidade e reinternação, comparada com a assistência convencional.[126]Trejo-Ávila ME, Romero-Loera S, Cárdenas-Lailson E, et al. Enhanced recovery after surgery protocol allows ambulatory laparoscopic appendectomy in uncomplicated acute appendicitis: a prospective, randomized trial. Surg Endosc. 2019 Feb;33(2):429-36.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29987566?tool=bestpractice.com
Seus potenciais benefícios incluem recuperação mais rápida após a cirurgia e menores custos hospitalares e sociais.[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386163
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com