Miocardite

Aretz HT, Billingham ME, Edwards WD, et al. Myocarditis. A histopathologic definition and classification. Am J Cardiovasc Pathol. 1987 Jan;1(1):3-14. Resumo

Lieberman EB, Hershkowitz A, Rose NR, et al. A clinicopathologic description of myocarditis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1993 Aug;68(2):191-6. Resumo

Law YM, Lal AK, Chen S, et al. Diagnosis and management of myocarditis in children: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Aug 10;144(6):e123-35.Texto completo  Resumo

Bozkurt B, Colvin M, Cook J, et al. Current diagnostic and treatment strategies for specific dilated cardiomyopathies: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016 Nov 3;134(23):e579-e646.Texto completo  Resumo

Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022 May 3;145(18):e895-1032.Texto completo  Resumo

1. Aretz HT, Billingham ME, Edwards WD, et al. Myocarditis. A histopathologic definition and classification. Am J Cardiovasc Pathol. 1987 Jan;1(1):3-14. Resumo

2. Lieberman EB, Hershkowitz A, Rose NR, et al. A clinicopathologic description of myocarditis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1993 Aug;68(2):191-6. Resumo

3. Magnani JW, Suk-Danik HJ, Dec GW Jr, et al. Survival in biopsy-proven myocarditis: a long-term retrospective analysis of the histopathologic, clinical, and hemodynamic predictors. Am Heart J. 2006 Feb;151(2):463-70. Resumo

4. Dec GW. Introduction to clinical myocarditis. In: Cooper LT, ed. Myocarditis: from bench to bedside. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2003:257-81.

5. Whitton JL, Feuer R. Myocarditis, microbes and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity. 2004 Aug;37(5):375-86. Resumo

6. Rassi A Jr, Rassi A, Little WC. Chagas' heart disease. Clin Cardiol. 2000 Dec;23(12):883-99. Resumo

7. Rosenstein ED, Zucker MJ, Kramer N. Giant cell myocarditis: most fatal of autoimmune diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Aug;30(1):1-16. Resumo

8. Shih JA, Shih JA. Small steps for idiopathic giant cell myocarditis. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2015 Jun;12(3):263-8. Resumo

9. Taliercio CP, Olney BA, Lie JT. Myocarditis related to drug hypersensitivity. Mayo Clin Proc. 1985 Jul;60(7):463-8. Resumo

10. Fenoglio JJ Jr, McAllister HA Jr, Mullick FG. Drug related myocarditis. I. Hypersensitivity myocarditis. Hum Pathol. 1981 Oct;12(10):900-7. Resumo

11. Pinney SP, Mancini DM. Myocarditis and specific cardiomyopathies - endocrine disease and alcohol. In: Fuster V, Alexander RW, O'Rourke FA, eds. Hurst's the heart, 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2004:1949-74.

12. Law YM, Lal AK, Chen S, et al. Diagnosis and management of myocarditis in children: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Aug 10;144(6):e123-35.Texto completo  Resumo

13. Dec GW Jr, Waldman H, Southern J, et al. Viral myocarditis mimicking acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Jul;20(1):85-9. Resumo

14. Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, et al. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980-2006. Circulation. 2009 Mar 3;119(8):1085-92.Texto completo  Resumo

15. Blankenhorn MA, Gall EA. Myocarditis and myocardosis; a clinicopathologic appraisal. Circulation. 1956 Feb;13(2):217-23. Resumo

16. Doolan A, Langlois N, Semsarian C. Causes of sudden cardiac death in young Australians. Med J Aust. 2004 Feb 2;180(3):110-2.Texto completo  Resumo

17. Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J. 2022 Oct 21;43(40):3997-4126.Texto completo  Resumo

18. Felker GM, Hu W, Hare JM, et al. The spectrum of dilated cardiomyopathy. The Johns Hopkins experience with 1,278 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1999 Jul;78(4):270-83. Resumo

19. Arola A, Pikkarainen E, Sipilä JO, et al. Occurrence and features of childhood myocarditis: a nationwide study in Finland. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Nov 18;6(11):e005306.Texto completo  Resumo

20. Butts RJ, Boyle GJ, Deshpande SR, et al. Characteristics of clinically diagnosed pediatric myocarditis in a contemporary multi-center cohort. Pediatr Cardiol. 2017 Aug;38(6):1175-82. Resumo

21. Schultz JC, Hilliard AA, Cooper LT Jr, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of viral myocarditis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009 Nov;84(11):1001-9. Resumo

22. Caforio ALP, Adler Y, Agostini C, et al. Diagnosis and management of myocardial involvement in systemic immune-mediated diseases: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Disease. Eur Heart J. 2017 Sep 14;38(35):2649-62.Texto completo  Resumo

23. Patone M, Mei XW, Handunnetthi L, et al. Risks of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Med. 2022 Feb;28(2):410-22.Texto completo  Resumo

24. Daniels CJ, Rajpal S, Greenshields JT, et al. Prevalence of cinical and subclinical myocarditis in competitive athletes with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection: results from the Big Ten COVID-19 Cardiac Registry. JAMA Cardiol. 2021 Sep 1;6(9):1078-87.Texto completo  Resumo

25. Khalil A, Naneishvili T, Prasad N, et al. SARS-CoV-2 myocarditis: what physicians need to know. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2022 Apr;27(2):77-8.Texto completo  Resumo

26. Truong DT, Dionne A, Muniz JC, et al. Clinically suspected myocarditis temporally related to COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents and young adults: suspected myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination. Circulation. 2022 Feb;145(5):345-56.Texto completo  Resumo

27. Oster ME, Shay DK, Su JR, et al. Myocarditis cases reported after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination in the US from December 2020 to August 2021. JAMA. 2022 Jan 25;327(4):331-40.Texto completo  Resumo

28. Lyon AR, López-Fernández T, Couch LS, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS). Eur Heart J. 2022 Nov 1;43(41):4229-361.Texto completo  Resumo

29. Basso C. Myocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2022 Oct 20;387(16):1488-500. Resumo

30. Liu PP, Mason JW. Advances in the understanding of myocarditis. Circulation. 2001 Aug 28;104(9):1076-82.Texto completo  Resumo

31. Huber SA. Animal models: immunological aspects. In: Banatvla JE, ed. Viral infections in the heart. London: Edward Arnold; 1993:82-109.

32. Kawai C. From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: mechanisms of inflammation and cell death: learning from the past for the future. Circulation. 1999 Mar 2;99(8):1091-100.Texto completo  Resumo

33. Feldman AM, McNamara D. Myocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2000 Nov 9;343(19):1388-98. Resumo

34. Kaya Z, Afanasyeva M, Wang Y, et al. Contributions of the innate immune system to autoimmune myocarditis: a role for complement. Nat Immunol. 2001 Aug;2(8):739-45. Resumo

35. Baboonian C, Treasure T. Meta-analysis of the association of enteroviruses with human heart disease. Heart. 1997 Dec;78(6):539-43. Resumo

36. Hofman P, Drici MD, Gibelin P, et al. Prevalence of toxoplasma myocarditis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Br Heart J. 1993 Oct;70(4):376-81. Resumo

37. Barbaro G, Di Lorenzo G, Grisorio B, et al. Incidence of dilated cardiomyopathy and detection of HIV in myocardial cells of HIV-positive patients. Grupo Italiano per lo Studio Cardiologico dei Pazienti Affetti da AIDS. N Engl J Med. 1998 Oct 15;339(16):1093-9. Resumo

38. Frustaci A, Gentiloni N, Caldarulo M. Acute myocarditis and left ventricular aneurysm as presentations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Chest. 1996 Jan;109(1):282-4. Resumo

39. Clemson BS, Miller WR, Luck JC, et al. Acute myocarditis in fulminant systemic sclerosis. Chest. 1992 Mar;101(3):872-4. Resumo

40. Okura Y, Dec GW, Hare JM, et al. A clinical and histopathologic comparison of cardiac sarcoidosis and idiopathic giant cell myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Jan 15;41(2):322-9. Resumo

41. Halsell JS, Riddle JR, Atwood JE, et al. Myopericarditis following smallpox vaccination among vaccinia-naive US military personnel. JAMA. 2003 Jun 25;289(24):3283-9.Texto completo  Resumo

42. Burke AP, Saenger J, Mullick R, et al. Hypersensitivity myocarditis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1991 Aug;115(8):764-9. Resumo

43. Ansari A, Maron BJ, Berntson DG. Drug-induced toxic myocarditis. Tex Heart Inst J. 2003;30(1):76-9.Texto completo  Resumo

44. Bozkurt B, Colvin M, Cook J, et al. Current diagnostic and treatment strategies for specific dilated cardiomyopathies: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016 Nov 3;134(23):e579-e646.Texto completo  Resumo

45. Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2021 Nov 30;144(22):e368-454.Texto completo  Resumo

46. Expert Panel on Cardiac Imaging, Rajiah P, Kirsch J, Bolen MA, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Nonischemic myocardial disease with clinical manifestations (ischemic cardiomyopathy already excluded). J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 May;18(5S):S83-105.Texto completo  Resumo

47. Caforio AL, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, et al. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2013 Jul 3;34(33):2636-48, 2648a-2648d.Texto completo  Resumo

48. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022 May 3;145(18):e895-1032.Texto completo  Resumo

49. Narula J, Khaw BA, Dec GW Jr, et al. Brief report: recognition of acute myocarditis masquerading as acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1993 Jan 14;328(2):100-4. Resumo

50. Friedrich MG, Strohm O, Schulz-Menger, et al. Contrast media-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging visualizes myocardial changes in the course of viral myocarditis. Circulation. 1998 May 12;97(18):1802-9.Texto completo  Resumo

51. Ichikawa R, Sumitomo N, Komori A, et al. The follow-up evaluation of electrocardiogram and arrhythmias in children with fulminant myocarditis. Circ J. 2011;75(4):932-8.Texto completo  Resumo

52. Skouri HN, Dec GW, Friedrich MG, et al. Noninvasive imaging in myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Nov 21;48(10):2085-93.Texto completo  Resumo

53. Wu LA, Lapeyre AC 3rd, Cooper LT. Current role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001 Oct;76(10):1030-8. Resumo

54. Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, et al. Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Aug 6;42(3):466-72.Texto completo  Resumo

55. Chen W, Jeudy J. Assessment of myocarditis: cardiac MR, PET/CT, or PET/MR? Curr Cardiol Rep. 2019 Jun 26;21(8):76. Resumo

56. Mahrholdt H, Goedecke C, Wagner A, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of human myocarditis: a comparison to histology and molecular pathology. Circulation. 2004 Mar 16;109(10):1250-8.Texto completo  Resumo

57. Felker GM, Thompson RE, Hare JM, et al. Underlying causes and long-term survival in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2000 Apr 13;342(15):1077-84. Resumo

58. Bybee KA, Kara T, Prasad A, et al. Systematic review: transient left ventricular apical ballooning: a syndrome that mimics ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Dec 7;141(11):858-65. Resumo

59. Richardson P, McKenna W, Bristow M, et al. Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of cardiomyopathies. Circulation. 1996 Mar 1;93(5):841-2.Texto completo  Resumo

60. Liu PP, Schultheiss H. Myocarditis. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, et al., ed. Braunwald's heart disease, 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:1775-91.

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62. Howlett JG, McKelvie RS, Arnold JM, et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society Consensus Conference guidelines on heart failure, update 2009: diagnosis and management of right-sided heart failure, myocarditis, device therapy and recent important clinical trials. Can J Cardiol. 2009 Feb;25(2):85-105.Texto completo  Resumo

63. Mills RM, Hobbs RE. Drug treatment of patients with decompensated heart failure. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2001;1(2):119-25. Resumo

64. Farrar DJ, Holman WR, McBride LR, et al. Long-term follow-up of Thoratec ventricular assist device bridge-to-recovery patients successfully removed from support after recovery of ventricular function. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2002 May;21(5):516-21. Resumo

65. Yamamoto K, Shioi T, Uchiyama K, et al. Attenuation of virus-induced myocardial injury by inhibition of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor signal and decreased nuclear factor-kappa B activation in knockout mice. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Dec 3;42(11):2000-6. Resumo

66. McMurray JJ, Packer M, Desai AS, et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 11;371(11):993-1004.Texto completo  Resumo

67. Wang JF, Meissner A, Malek S, et al. Propranolol ameliorates and epinephrine exacerbates progression of acute and chronic viral myocarditis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005 Oct;289(4):H1577-83.Texto completo  Resumo

68. Pauschinger M, Rutschow S, Chandrasekharan K, et al. Carvedilol improves left ventricular function in murine coxsackievirus-induced acute myocarditis association with reduced myocardial interleukin-1beta and MMP-8 expression and a modulated immune response. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005 Jun;7(4):444-52. Resumo

69. Parrillo JE, Cunnion RE, Epstein SE, et al. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of prednisone for dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1989 Oct 19;321(16):1061-8. Resumo

70. Mason JW, O'Connell JB, Herskowitz A, et al. A clinical trial of immunosuppressive therapy for myocarditis. The Myocarditis Treatment Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1995 Aug 3;333(5):269-75.Texto completo  Resumo

71. McNamara DM, Holubkov R, Starling RC, et al. Controlled trial of intravenous immune globulin in recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2001 May 8;103(18):2254-9.Texto completo  Resumo

72. Robinson J, Hartling L, Vandermeer B, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for presumed viral myocarditis in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Aug 19;8:CD004370.Texto completo  Resumo

73. Cooper LT Jr, Berry GJ, Shabetai R; Multicenter Giant Cell Myocarditis Study Group Investigators. Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis - natural history and treatment. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jun 26;336(26):1860-6.Texto completo  Resumo

74. Chen HS, Wang W, Wu SN, et al. Corticosteroids for viral myocarditis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Oct 18;(10):CD004471.Texto completo  Resumo

75. Kuhl U, Pauschinger M, Schwimmbeck PL, et al. Interferon-beta treatment eliminates cardiotropic viruses and improves left ventricular function in patients with myocardial persistence of viral genomes and left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 2003 Jun 10;107(22):2793-8.Texto completo  Resumo

76. Cooper LT Jr, Hare JM, Tazelaar HD, et al; Giant Cell Myocarditis Treatment Trial Investigators. Usefulness of immunosuppression for giant cell myocarditis. Am J Cardiol. 2008 Dec 1;102(11):1535-9. Resumo

77. Kim CH, Vlietstra RE, Edwards WD, et al. Steroid-responsive eosinophilic myocarditis: Diagnosis by endomyocardial biopsy. Am J Cardiol. 1984 May 15;53(10):1472-3. Resumo

78. Mathew R, Di Santo P, Jung RG, et al. Milrinone as compared with dobutamine in the treatment of cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med. 2021 Aug 5;385(6):516-25.Texto completo  Resumo

79. McBride LR, Naunheim KS, Fiore AC, et al. Clinical experience with 111 Thoratec ventricular assist devices. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999 May;67(5):1233-8. Resumo

80. Leuck AM. Left ventricular assist device driveline infections: recent advances and future goals. J Thorac Dis. 2015 Dec;7(12):2151-7.Texto completo  Resumo

81. Barbaro RP, Paden ML, Guner YS, et al. Pediatric Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry international report 2016. ASAIO J. 2017 Jul/Aug;63(4):456-63.Texto completo  Resumo

82. Rose EA, Gelijns AC, Moskowitz AJ, et al. Long-term use of a left ventricular assist device for end-stage heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 15;345(20):1435-43.Texto completo  Resumo

83. Papp Z, Agostoni P, Alvarez J, et al. Levosimendan efficacy and safety: 20 years of SIMDAX in clinical use. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2020 Jul;76(1):4-22.Texto completo  Resumo

84. Packer M, Colucci W, Fisher L, et al. Effect of levosimendan on the short-term clinical course of patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2013 Apr;1(2):103-11.Texto completo  Resumo

85. Moiseyev VS, Põder P, Andrejevs N, et al. Safety and efficacy of a novel calcium sensitizer, levosimendan, in patients with left ventricular failure due to an acute myocardial infarction. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study (RUSSLAN). Eur Heart J. 2002 Sep;23(18):1422-32.Texto completo  Resumo

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87. Mebazaa A, Nieminen MS, Packer M, et al. Levosimendan vs dobutamine for patients with acute decompensated heart failure: the SURVIVE Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2007 May 2;297(17):1883-91.Texto completo  Resumo

88. Suominen PK. Single-center experience with levosimendan in children undergoing cardiac surgery and in children with decompensated heart failure. BMC Anesthesiol. 2011 Oct 5;11:18.Texto completo  Resumo

89. Pellicer A, Riera J, Lopez-Ortego P, et al. Phase 1 study of two inodilators in neonates undergoing cardiovascular surgery. Pediatr Res. 2013 Jan;73(1):95-103.Texto completo  Resumo

90. Momeni M, Rubay J, Matta A, et al. Levosimendan in congenital cardiac surgery: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2011 Jun;25(3):419-24. Resumo

91. Conti N, Gatti M, Raschi E, et al. Evidence and current use of levosimendan in the treatment of heart failure: filling the gap. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2021;15:3391-409.Texto completo  Resumo

92. Cudkowicz M, Genge A, Maragakis N, et al. Safety and efficacy of oral levosimendan in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (the REFALS study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Oct;20(10):821-31. Resumo

93. Fuse K, Kodama M, Okura Y, et al. Predictors of disease course in patients with acute myocarditis. Circulation. 2000 Dec 5;102(23):2829-35.Texto completo  Resumo

94. Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Seeberg B, et al. Viral persistence in the myocardium is associated with progressive cardiac dysfunction. Circulation. 2005 Sep 27;112(13):1965-70.Texto completo  Resumo

95. McCarthy RE 3rd, Boehmer JP, Hruban RH, et al. Long-term outcome of fulminant myocarditis as compared with acute (nonfulminant) myocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2000 Mar 9;342(10):690-5.Texto completo  Resumo

96. Dec GW Jr, Fallon JT, Southern JF, et al. Relation between histological findings on early repeat right ventricular biopsy and ventricular function in patients with myocarditis. Br Heart J. 1988 Oct;60(4):332-7.Texto completo  Resumo

97. Sheppard R, Bedi M, Kubota T, et al. Myocardial expression of fas and recovery of left ventricular function in patients with recent-onset cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Sep 20;46(6):1036-42. Resumo