Referências
Principais artigos
Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Gélinas C, et al; American College of Critical Care Medicine. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2018 Sep;46(9):e825-73.Texto completo Resumo
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo Resumo
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022
Artigos de referência
1. Inouye SK, Schlesinger MJ, Lydon TJ. Delirium: a symptom of how hospital care is failing older persons and a window to improve quality of hospital care. Am J Med. 1999 May;106(5):565-73. Resumo
2. Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Gélinas C, et al; American College of Critical Care Medicine. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2018 Sep;46(9):e825-73.Texto completo Resumo
3. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo Resumo
4. Cole MG, Primeau FJ. Prognosis of delirium in elderly hospital patients. CMAJ. 1993 Jul 1;149(1):41-6. Resumo
5. Brown TM, Boyle MF. Delirium. BMJ. 2002 Sep 21;325(7365):644-7.Texto completo Resumo
6. US Department of Health and Human Services. 2004 CMS Statistics. Washington, DC: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2004:34. (CMS Publication No 03445)
7. Cavallazzi R, Saad M, Marik PE. Delirium in the ICU: an overview. Ann Intensive Care. 2012 Dec 27;2(1):49.Texto completo Resumo
8. Han JH, Wilson A, Vasilevskis EE, et al. Diagnosing delirium in older emergency department patients: validity and reliability of the delirium triage screen and the brief confusion assessment method. Ann Emerg Med. 2013 Nov;62(5):457-65. Resumo
9. Kiely DK, Bergmann MA, Murphy KM, et al. Delirium among newly admitted postacute facility patients: prevalence, symptoms, and severity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003 May;58(5):441-5. Resumo
10. Murray AM, Levkoff SE, Wetle T, et al. Acute delirium and functional decline in the hospitalized elderly patient. J Gerontol. 1993 Sep;48(5):M181-6. Resumo
11. Marcantonio ER, Simon SE, Bergmann MA, et al. Delirium symptoms in post-acute care: prevalent, persistent, and associated with poor functional recovery. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 Jan;51(1):4-9. Resumo
12. van den Boogaard M, Schoonhoven L, Evers AW, et al. Delirium in critically ill patients: impact on long-term health-related quality of life and cognitive functioning. Crit Care Med. 2012 Jan;40(1):112-8. Resumo
13. Roche V. Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference. Etiology and management of delirium. Am J Med Sci. 2003 Jan;325(1):20-30. Resumo
14. Cole MG, Ciampi A, Belzile E, et al. Persistent delirium in older hospital patients: a systematic review of frequency and prognosis. Age Ageing. 2009 Jan;38(1):19-26.Texto completo Resumo
15. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022
16. Potter J, George J; Guideline Development Group. The prevention, diagnosis and management of delirium in older people: concise guidelines. Clin Med. 2006 May-Jun;6(3):303-8. Resumo
17. Gupta N, de Jonghe J, Schieveld J, et al. Delirium phenomenology: what can we learn from the symptoms of delirium? J Psychosom Res. 2008 Sep;65(3):215-22. Resumo
18. Meagher DJ, Leonard M, Donnelly S, et al. A longitudinal study of motor subtypes in delirium: frequency and stability during episodes. J Psychosom Res. 2012 Mar;72(3):236-41. Resumo
19. Inouye SK. Delirium in hospitalized older patients. Clin Geriatr Med. 1998 Nov;14(4):745-64. Resumo
20. Pisani MA, McNicoll L, Inouye SK. Cognitive impairment in the intensive care unit. Clin Chest Med. 2003 Dec;24(2):727-37. Resumo
21. Neufeld KJ, Thomas C. Delirium: definition, epidemiology, and diagnosis. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2013 Oct;30(5):438-42. Resumo
22. Singer GG, Brenner BM. Fluid and electrolyte disturbances. In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, et al. eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2005:252-63.
23. Choi SH, Lee H, Chung TS, et al. Neural network functional connectivity during and after an episode of delirium. Am J Psychiatry. 2012 May;169(5):498-507. Resumo
24. Trzepacz P, van der Mast R. The neuropathophysiology of delirium. In: Lindesay J, Rockwood K, Macdonald A, eds. Delirium in old age. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2002:51-90.
25. Cerejeira J, Nogueira V, Luís P, et al. The cholinergic system and inflammation: common pathways in delirium pathophysiology. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012 Apr;60(4):669-75. Resumo
26. Oh ES, Needham DM, Nikooie R, et al. Antipsychotics for preventing delirium in hospitalized adults: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Oct 1;171(7):474-84.Texto completo Resumo
27. Janssen TL, Alberts AR, Hooft L, et al. Prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients planned for elective surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1095-117.Texto completo Resumo
28. Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, et al. Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 11;3:CD005563.Texto completo Resumo
29. Nikooie R, Neufeld KJ, Oh ES, et al. Antipsychotics for treating delirium in hospitalized adults: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Oct 1;171(7):485-95.Texto completo Resumo
30. Zayed Y, Barbarawi M, Kheiri B, et al. Haloperidol for the management of delirium in adult intensive care unit patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Crit Care. 2019 Apr;50:280-6.Texto completo Resumo
31. Burry L, Hutton B, Williamson DR, et al. Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of delirium in critically ill adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Sep 3;9:CD011749.Texto completo Resumo
32. Kishi T, Hirota T, Matsunaga S, et al. Antipsychotic medications for the treatment of delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016 Jul;87(7):767-74.Texto completo Resumo
33. Finucane AM, Jones L, Leurent B, et al. Drug therapy for delirium in terminally ill adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jan 21;1(1):CD004770.Texto completo Resumo
34. Cerejeira J, Lagarto L, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB. The immunology of delirium. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2014;21(2-3):72-8. Resumo
35. Inouye SK. Delirium in older persons. N Engl J Med. 2006 Mar 16;354(11):1157-65. Resumo
36. Khan BA, Zawahiri M, Campbell NL, et al. Delirium in hospitalized patients: implications of current evidence on clinical practice and future avenues for research - a systematic evidence review. J Hosp Med. 2012 Sep;7(7):580-9.Texto completo Resumo
37. Tow A, Holtzer R, Wang C, et al. Cognitive reserve and postoperative delirium in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016 Jun;64(6):1341-6. Resumo
38. Rothberg MB, Herzig SJ, Pekow PS, et al. Association between sedating medications and delirium in older inpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013 Jun;61(6):923-30. Resumo
39. McPherson JA, Wagner CE, Boehm LM, et al. Delirium in the cardiovascular ICU: exploring modifiable risk factors. Crit Care Med. 2013 Feb;41(2):405-13. Resumo
40. Fox C, Smith T, Maidment I, et al. Effect of medications with anti-cholinergic properties on cognitive function, delirium, physical function and mortality: a systematic review. Age Ageing. 2014 Sep;43(5):604-15.Texto completo Resumo
41. Guenther U, Theuerkauf N, Frommann I, et al. Predisposing and precipitating factors of delirium after cardiac surgery: a prospective observational cohort study. Ann Surg. 2013 Jun;257(6):1160-7. Resumo
42. Slatore CG, Goy ER, OʼHearn DJ, et al. Sleep quality and its association with delirium among veterans enrolled in hospice. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012 Apr;20(4):317-26.Texto completo Resumo
43. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016 Feb 23;315(8):801-10.Texto completo Resumo
44. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. Sept 2017 [internet publication].Texto completo
45. Royal College of Physicians. National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2. December 2017 [internet publication].Texto completo
46. American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) Expert Panel on Sepsis. DART: an evidence-driven tool to guide the early recognition and treatment of sepsis and septic shock. 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo
47. Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. Statement on the initial antimicrobial treatment of sepsis. May 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo
48. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;49(11):e1063-143.Texto completo Resumo
49. Society of Critical Care Medicine. Surviving sepsis campaign: hour-1 bundle. 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo
50. van Meenen LC, van Meenen DM, de Rooij SE, et al. Risk prediction models for postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014 Dec;62(12):2383-90. Resumo
51. Oh ES, Li M, Fafowora TM, et al. Preoperative risk factors for postoperative delirium following hip fracture repair: a systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015 Sep;30(9):900-10.Texto completo Resumo
52. Fortes-Filho SQ, Apolinario D, Melo JA, et al. Predicting delirium after hip fracture with a 2-min cognitive screen: prospective cohort study. Age Ageing. 2016 Sep;45(5):713-7. Resumo
53. Young J, Inouye SK. Delirium in older people. BMJ. 2007 Apr 21;334(7598):842-6. Resumo
54. Doriath V, Paesmans M, Catteau G et al. Acute confusion in patients with systemic cancer. J Neurooncol. 2007 Jul;83(3):285-9. Resumo
55. Leonard MM, Nekolaichuk C, Meagher DJ, et al. Practical assessment of delirium in palliative care. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2014 Aug;48(2):176-90. Resumo
56. Inouye SK, Foreman MD, Mion LC, et al. Nurses' recognition of delirium and its symptoms: comparison of nurse and researcher ratings. Arch Intern Med. 2001 Nov 12;161(20):2467-73. Resumo
57. Registered Nurses Association of Ontario. Delirium, dementia, and depression in older adults: assessment and care, 2nd edition. 2016 [internet publication].Texto completo
58. Quispel-Aggenbach DWP, Holtman GA, Zwartjes HAHT, et al. Attention, arousal and other rapid bedside screening instruments for delirium in older patients: a systematic review of test accuracy studies. Age Ageing. 2018 Sep 1;47(5):644-653.Texto completo Resumo
59. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. June 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo
60. Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, et al. Clarifying confusion: the Confusion Assessment Method. A new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Dec 15;113(12):941-8. Resumo
61. Vreeswijk R, Timmers JF, de Jonghe JFM, et al. Assessment scales for delirium. Aging Health. 2009 Jun 8;5(3):409-25.
62. Wei LA, Fearing MA, Sternberg EJ, et al. The Confusion Assessment Method: a systematic review of current usage. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 May;56(5):823-30.Texto completo Resumo
63. Gusmao-Flores D, Salluh JI, Chalhub RA, et al. The Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) and Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC) for the diagnosis of delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Crit Care. 2012 Jul 3;16(4):R115.Texto completo Resumo
64. Marcantonio ER, Ngo LH, O'Connor M, et al. 3D-CAM: derivation and validation of a 3-minute diagnostic interview for CAM-defined delirium: a cross-sectional diagnostic test study. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Oct 21;161(8):554-61.Texto completo Resumo
65. Vasunilashorn SM, Guess J, Ngo L, et al. Derivation and validation of a severity scoring method for the 3-minute diagnostic interview for confusion assessment method - defined delirium. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016 Aug;64(8):1684-9. Resumo
66. Inouye SK, Kosar CM, Tommet D, et al. The CAM-S: development and validation of a new scoring system for delirium severity in 2 cohorts. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Apr 15;160(8):526-33. Resumo
67. LaMantia MA, Messina FC, Hobgood CD, et al. Screening for delirium in the emergency department: a systematic review. Ann Emerg Med. 2014 May;63(5):551-60.Texto completo Resumo
68. Han JH, Wilson A, Graves AJ, et al. Validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit in older emergency department patients. Acad Emerg Med. 2014 Feb;21(2):180-7. Resumo
69. Han JH, Vasilevskis EE, Schnelle JF, et al. The diagnostic performance of the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale for detecting delirium in older emergency department patients. Acad Emerg Med. 2015 Jul;22(7):878-82. Resumo
70. Traube C, Silver G, Kearney J, et al. Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium: a valid, rapid, observational tool for screening delirium in the PICU. Crit Care Med. 2014 Mar;42(3):656-63. Resumo
71. Morandi A, McCurley J, Vasilevskis EE, et al. Tools to detect delirium superimposed on dementia: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012 Nov;60(11):2005-13. Resumo
72. Alagiakrishnan K, Wiens CA. An approach to drug induced delirium in the elderly. Postgrad Med J. 2004 Jul;80(945):388-93.Texto completo Resumo
73. Inouye SK, Westendorp RG, Saczynski JS. Delirium in elderly people. Lancet. 2014 Mar 8;383(9920):911-22.Texto completo Resumo
74. Carrasco MP, Villarroel L, Andrade M, et al. Development and validation of a delirium predictive score in older people. Age Ageing. 2014 May;43(3):346-51.Texto completo Resumo
75. Neto AS, Nassar AP Jr, Cardoso SO, et al. Delirium screening in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2012 Jun;40(6):1946-51. Resumo
76. Devlin JW, Fong JJ, Fraser GL, et al. Delirium assessment in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med. 2007 Jun;33(6):929-40. Resumo
77. Van Rompaey B, Schuurmans MJ, Shortridge-Baggett LM, et al. Risk factors for intensive care delirium: a systematic review. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2008 Apr;24(2):98-107. Resumo
78. Van Den Boogaard MP. Assessment of delirium in ICU patients: a literature review. Neth J Crit Care. 2010 May;14(5):10-5.
79. Soiza RL, Sharma V, Ferguson K, et al. Neuroimaging studies of delirium: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2008 Sep;65(3):239-48. Resumo
80. Sidhu KS, Balon R, Ajluni V, et al. Standard EEG and the difficult-to-assess mental status. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2009 Apr-Jun;21(2):103-8. Resumo
81. Lavi R, Yarnitsky D, Rowe JM, et al. Standard vs atraumatic Whitacre needle for diagnostic lumbar puncture: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2006 Oct 24;67(8):1492-4. Resumo
82. Arendt K, Demaerschalk BM, Wingerchuk DM, Camann W. Atraumatic lumbar puncture needles: after all these years, are we still missing the point? Neurologist. 2009 Jan;15(1):17-20. Resumo
83. Nath S, Koziarz A, Badhiwala JH, et al. Atraumatic versus conventional lumbar puncture needles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Mar 24;391(10126):1197-204. Resumo
84. Rochwerg B, Almenawer SA, Siemieniuk RAC, et al. Atraumatic (pencil-point) versus conventional needles for lumbar puncture: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 May 22;361:k1920.Texto completo Resumo
85. Ahmed SV, Jayawarna C, Jude E. Post lumbar puncture headache: diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Nov;82(973):713-6.Texto completo Resumo
86. Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Ciapponi A, Roqué i Figuls M, et al. Posture and fluids for preventing post-dural puncture headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 7;(3):CD009199.Texto completo Resumo
87. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med 2018;56(12):2015-38. Resumo
88. Kalapatapu RK, Neugroschl JA. Update on neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: evaluation and management. Geriatrics. 2009 Apr;64(4):20-6. Resumo
89. van der Worp HB, van Gijn J. Clinical practice: acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2007 Aug 9;357(6):572-9. Resumo
90. von Kummer R, Allen K, Holle R, et al. Acute stroke: usefulness of early CT findings before thrombolytic therapy. Radiology. 1997 Nov;205(2):327-33. Resumo
91. Johnson JC, Jayadevappa R, Baccash PD et al. Nonspecific presentation of pneumonia in hospitalized older people: age effect of dementia? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000 Oct;48(10):1316-20. Resumo
92. Warshaw G, Tanzer F. The effectiveness of lumbar puncture in the evaluation of delirium and fever in the hospitalized elderly. Arch Fam Med. 1993 Mar;2(3):293-7. Resumo
93. Manepalli J, Grossberg GT, Mueller C. Prevalence of delirium and urinary tract infection in a psychogeriatric unit. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1990 Oct-Dec;3(4):198-202. Resumo
94. Siami S, Annane D, Sharshar T. The encephalopathy in sepsis. Crit Care Clin. 2008 Jan;24(1):67-82, viii. Resumo
95. Seaman JS, Schillerstrom J, Carroll D, et al. Impaired oxidative metabolism precipitates delirium: a study of 101 ICU patients. Psychosomatics. 2006 Jan-Feb;47(1):56-61. Resumo
96. Workgroup on Hypoglycemia, American Diabetes Association. Defining and reporting hypoglycemia in diabetes: a report from the American Diabetes Association Workgroup on Hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care. 2005 May;28(5):1245-9.Texto completo Resumo
97. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol. 2022 Sep;77(3):807-24.Texto completo Resumo
98. Potts JT Jr. Diseases of the Parathyroid gland and other hyper- and hypocalcemic disorders. In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, et al. eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2005:2252.
99. van de Beek D, de Gans J, Spanjaard L, et al. Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2004 Oct 28;351(18):1849-59.Texto completo Resumo
100. Rushworth RL, Torpy DJ, Falhammar H. Adrenal Crisis. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 29;381(9):852-61.Texto completo Resumo
101. Hsieh MJ, Chang WN, Lui CC, et al. Clinical characteristics of fusobacterial brain abscess. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2007 Feb;60(1):40-4.Texto completo Resumo
102. Timmermans M, Carr J. Neurosyphilis in the modern era. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Dec;75(12):1727-30.Texto completo Resumo
O uso deste conteúdo está sujeito ao nosso aviso legal