Esclerose múltipla

Referências

Principais artigos

Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology. 2014 Jul 15;83(3):278-86.Texto completo  Resumo

Wattjes MP, Ciccarelli O, Reich DS, et al. 2021 MAGNIMS-CMSC-NAIMS consensus recommendations on the use of MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Aug;20(8):653-670.Texto completo  Resumo

Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2018 Feb;17(2):162-73. Resumo

Kantarci O, Wingerchuk D. Epidemiology and natural history of multiple sclerosis: new insights. Curr Opin Neurol. 2006 Jun;19(3):248-54. Resumo

Tramacere I, Del Giovane C, Salanti G, et al. Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 18;(9):CD011381.Texto completo  Resumo

Scolding N, Barnes D, Cader S, et al. Association of British Neurologists: revised (2015) guidelines for prescribing disease-modifying treatments in multiple sclerosis. Pract Neurol. 2015 Aug;15(4):273-9.Texto completo  Resumo

Artigos de referência

1. Polman CH, Reingold SC, Edan G, et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the "McDonald Criteria". Ann Neurol. 2005 Dec;58(6):840-6.Texto completo  Resumo

2. Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology. 2014 Jul 15;83(3):278-86.Texto completo  Resumo

3. Wattjes MP, Ciccarelli O, Reich DS, et al. 2021 MAGNIMS-CMSC-NAIMS consensus recommendations on the use of MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Aug;20(8):653-670.Texto completo  Resumo

4. Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2018 Feb;17(2):162-73. Resumo

5. Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology. 2015 Jul 14;85(2):177-89.Texto completo  Resumo

6. Wingerchuk DM. Immune-mediated myelopathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2018 Apr;24(2, Spinal Cord Disorders):497-522. Resumo

7. Sechi E, Shosha E, Williams JP, et al. Aquaporin-4 and MOG autoantibody discovery in idiopathic transverse myelitis epidemiology. Neurology. 2019 Jul 23;93(4):e414-20.Texto completo  Resumo

8. Salama S, Pardo S, Levy M. Clinical characteristics of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019 May;30:231-5.Texto completo  Resumo

9. Wingerchuk DM, Lucchinetti CF. Comparative immunopathogenesis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, neuromyelitis optica, and multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 2007 Jun;20(3):343-50. Resumo

10. GBD 2016 Multiple Sclerosis Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of multiple sclerosis 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019 Mar;18(3):269-85.Texto completo  Resumo

11. Wallin MT, Culpepper WJ, Campbell JD, et al. The prevalence of MS in the United States: a population-based estimate using health claims data. Neurology. 2019 Mar 5;92(10):e1029-40.Texto completo  Resumo

12. Orton SM, Herrera BM, Yee IM, et al. Canadian Collaborative Study Group. Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in Canada: a longitudinal study. Lancet Neurol. 2006 Nov;5(11):932-6. Resumo

13. Giovannoni G, Ebers G. Multiple sclerosis: the environment and causation. Curr Opin Neurol. 2007 Jun;20(3):261-8. Resumo

14. Marrie RA, Cutter G, Tyry T, et al. Does multiple sclerosis-associated disability differ between races? Neurology. 2006 Apr 25;66(8):1235-40. Resumo

15. De Angelis F, John NA, Brownlee WJ. Disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis. BMJ. 2018 Nov 27;363:k4674. Resumo

16. Calabrese M, Filippi M, Gallo P. Cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Aug;6(8):438-44. Resumo

17. Kantarci O, Wingerchuk D. Epidemiology and natural history of multiple sclerosis: new insights. Curr Opin Neurol. 2006 Jun;19(3):248-54. Resumo

18. Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2008 Oct 25;372(9648):1502-17.Texto completo  Resumo

19. Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2002 Apr 6;359(9313):1221-31. [Erratum in: Lancet. 2002 Aug 24;360(9333):648.] Resumo

20. Harirchian MH, Fatehi F, Sarraf P, et al. Worldwide prevalence of familial multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018 Feb;20:43-7. Resumo

21. Yeo TW, De Jager PL, Gregory SG, et al. A second major histocompatibility complex susceptibility locus for multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2007 Mar;61(3):228-36.Texto completo  Resumo

22. Tizaoui K. Multiple sclerosis genetics: results from meta-analyses of candidate-gene association studies. Cytokine. 2018 Jun;106:154-64. Resumo

23. Ascherio A, Munger KL, Simon KC. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2010 Jun;9(6):599-612. Resumo

24. Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Souberbielle JC. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: an update. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017 May;14:35-45. Resumo

25. Banwell B, Bar-Or A, Arnold DL, et al. Clinical, environmental, and genetic determinants of multiple sclerosis in children with acute demyelination: a prospective national cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2011 May;10(5):436-45. Resumo

26. Sheik-Ali S. Infectious mononucleosis and multiple sclerosis - updated review on associated risk. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017 May;14:56-9. Resumo

27. Voumvourakis KI, Kitsos DK, Tsiodras S, et al. Human herpesvirus 6 infection as a trigger of multiple sclerosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010 Nov;85(11):1023-30.Texto completo  Resumo

28. Brown RF, Tennant CC, Sharrock M, et al. Relationship between stress and relapse in multiple sclerosis: part II. Direct and indirect relationships. Mult Scler. 2006 Aug;12(4):465-75. Resumo

29. Abdollahpour I, Nedjat S, Mansournia MA, et al. Stress-full life events and multiple sclerosis: a population-based incident case-control study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018 Nov;26:168-72. Resumo

30. Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR. The neurobiology of multiple sclerosis: genes, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Neuron. 2006 Oct 5;52(1):61-76. Resumo

31. Rosso M, Chitnis T. Association between cigarette smoking and multiple sclerosis: a review. JAMA Neurol. 2020 Feb 1;77(2):245-53. Resumo

32. Degelman ML, Herman KM. Smoking and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis using the Bradford Hill criteria for causation. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017 Oct;17:207-16. Resumo

33. Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA. 2006 Dec 20;296(23):2832-8.Texto completo  Resumo

34. Ramagopalan SV, Dyment DA, Valdar W, et al. Canadian Collaborative Study Group. Autoimmune disease in families with multiple sclerosis: a population-based study. Lancet Neurol. 2007 Jul;6(7):604-10. Resumo

35. Rasul T, Frederiksen JL. Link between overweight/obese in children and youngsters and occurrence of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2018 Dec;265(12):2755-63. Resumo

36. Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6 Suppl):1678-88S.Texto completo  Resumo

37. Lavi R, Yarnitsky D, Rowe JM, et al. Standard vs atraumatic Whitacre needle for diagnostic lumbar puncture: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2006 Oct 24;67(8):1492-4. Resumo

38. Arendt K, Demaerschalk BM, Wingerchuk DM, Camann W. Atraumatic lumbar puncture needles: after all these years, are we still missing the point? Neurologist. 2009 Jan;15(1):17-20. Resumo

39. Nath S, Koziarz A, Badhiwala JH, et al. Atraumatic versus conventional lumbar puncture needles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Mar 24;391(10126):1197-204. Resumo

40. Rochwerg B, Almenawer SA, Siemieniuk RAC, et al. Atraumatic (pencil-point) versus conventional needles for lumbar puncture: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 May 22;361:k1920.Texto completo  Resumo

41. Ahmed SV, Jayawarna C, Jude E. Post lumbar puncture headache: diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Nov;82(973):713-6.Texto completo  Resumo

42. Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Ciapponi A, Roqué i Figuls M, et al. Posture and fluids for preventing post-dural puncture headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 7;(3):CD009199.Texto completo  Resumo

43. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med 2018;56(12):2015-38. Resumo

44. Polman CH, Reingold SC, Banwell B, et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol. 2011 Feb;69(2):292-302.Texto completo  Resumo

45. Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology. 1983 Nov;33(11):1444-52. Resumo

46. Kuspinar A, Rodriguez AM, Mayo NE. The effects of clinical interventions on health-related quality of life in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Mult Scler. 2012 Dec;18(12):1686-704. Resumo

47. Sesel AL, Sharpe L, Naismith SL. Efficacy of psychosocial interventions for people with multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis of specific treatment effects. Psychother Psychosom. 2018;87(2):105-11. Resumo

48. Rosti-Otajärvi EM, Hämäläinen PI. Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Feb 11;(2):CD009131.Texto completo  Resumo

49. Amatya B, Khan F, Galea M. Rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 14;(1):CD012732.Texto completo  Resumo

50. Farez MF, Correale J, Armstrong MJ, et al. Practice guideline update summary: vaccine-preventable infections and immunization in multiple sclerosis: report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2019 Sep 24;93(13):584-94.Texto completo  Resumo

51. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Multiple sclerosis in adults: management. Jun 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

52. Myhr KM, Mellgren SI. Corticosteroids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2009;(189):73-80. Resumo

53. Burton JM, O'Connor PW, Hohol M, et al. Oral versus intravenous steroids for treatment of relapses in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Dec 12;(12):CD006921.Texto completo  Resumo

54. Le Page E, Veillard D, Laplaud DA, et al; COPOUSEP investigators; West Network for Excellence in Neuroscience. Oral versus intravenous high-dose methylprednisolone for treatment of relapses in patients with multiple sclerosis (COPOUSEP): a randomised, controlled, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2015 Sep 5;386(9997):974-81. Resumo

55. Abboud H, Petrak A, Mealy M, et al. Treatment of acute relapses in neuromyelitis optica: steroids alone versus steroids plus plasma exchange. Mult Scler. 2016 Feb;22(2):185-92.Texto completo  Resumo

56. Comi G. Shifting the paradigm toward earlier treatment of multiple sclerosis with interferon beta. Clin Ther. 2009 Jun;31(6):1142-57. Resumo

57. Montalban X, Gold R, Thompson AJ, et al. ECTRIMS/EAN guideline on the pharmacological treatment of people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2018 Feb;24(2):96-120.Texto completo  Resumo

58. Tramacere I, Del Giovane C, Salanti G, et al. Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 18;(9):CD011381.Texto completo  Resumo

59. Scolding N, Barnes D, Cader S, et al. Association of British Neurologists: revised (2015) guidelines for prescribing disease-modifying treatments in multiple sclerosis. Pract Neurol. 2015 Aug;15(4):273-9.Texto completo  Resumo

60. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Beta interferons and glatiramer acetate for treating multiple sclerosis. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

61. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dimethyl fumarate for treating relapsing‑remitting multiple sclerosis. Aug 2014 [internet publication].Texto completo

62. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Teriflunomide for treating relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Jun 2014 [internet publication].Texto completo

63. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fingolimod for the treatment of highly active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Apr 2012 [internet publication].Texto completo

64. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Natalizumab for the treatment of adults with highly active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Aug 2007 [internet publication].Texto completo

65. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ocrelizumab for treating relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Jul 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

66. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Alemtuzumab for treating highly active relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Mar 2020 [internet publication].Texto completo

67. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cladribine for treating relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Dec 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

68. Ontaneda D, Tallantyre E, Kalincik T, et al. Early highly effective versus escalation treatment approaches in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2019 Oct;18(10):973-80. Resumo

69. Harding K, Williams O, Willis M, et al. Clinical outcomes of escalation vs early intensive disease-modifying therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2019 May 1;76(5):536-41.Texto completo  Resumo

70. He A, Merkel B, Brown JWL, et al. Timing of high-efficacy therapy for multiple sclerosis: a retrospective observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2020 Apr;19(4):307-16. Resumo

71. Clerico M, Faggiano F, Palace J, et al. Recombinant interferon beta or glatiramer acetate for delaying conversion of the first demyelinating event to multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Apr 16;(2):CD005278.Texto completo  Resumo

72. Armoiry X, Kan A, Melendez-Torres GJ, et al. Short- and long-term clinical outcomes of use of beta-interferon or glatiramer acetate for people with clinically isolated syndrome: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials and network meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2018 May;265(5):999-1009.Texto completo  Resumo

73. Melendez-Torres GJ, Armoiry X, Court R, et al. Comparative effectiveness of beta-interferons and glatiramer acetate for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: systematic review and network meta-analysis of trials including recommended dosages. BMC Neurol. 2018 Oct 3;18(1):162.Texto completo  Resumo

74. Goodin DS, Reder AT, Ebers GC, et al. Survival in MS: a randomized cohort study 21 years after the start of the pivotal IFNβ-1b trial. Neurology. 2012 Apr 24;78(17):1315-22.Texto completo  Resumo

75. Ziemssen T, Schrempf W. Glatiramer acetate: mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2007;79:537-70. Resumo

76. Qizilbash N, Mendez I, Sanchez-de la Rosa R. Benefit-risk analysis of glatiramer acetate for relapsing-remitting and clinically isolated syndrome multiple sclerosis. Clin Ther. 2012 Jan;34(1):159-76.e5. Resumo

77. Giovannoni G, Southam E, Waubant E. Systematic review of disease-modifying therapies to assess unmet needs in multiple sclerosis: tolerability and adherence. Mult Scler. 2012 Jul;18(7):932-46. Resumo

78. Balak DM, Hengstman GJ, Çakmak A, et al. Cutaneous adverse events associated with disease-modifying treatment in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Mult Scler. 2012 Dec;18(12):1705-17. Resumo

79. Khan O, Rieckmann P, Boyko A, et al; GALA Study Group. Three times weekly glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2013 Jun;73(6):705-13. Resumo

80. Calabresi PA, Kieseier BC, Arnold DL, et al; ADVANCE Study Investigators. Pegylated interferon beta-1a for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (ADVANCE): a randomised, phase 3, double-blind study. Lancet Neurol. 2014 Jul;13(7):657-65. Resumo

81. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Peginterferon beta-1a for treating relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Feb 2020 [internet publication].Texto completo

82. Gold R, Kappos L, Arnold DL, et al. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2012 Sep 20;367(12):1098-107.Texto completo  Resumo

83. Fox RJ, Miller DH, Phillips JT, et al. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2012 Sep 20;367(12):1087-97.Texto completo  Resumo

84. van Oosten BW, Killestein J, Barkhof F, et al. PML in a patient treated with dimethyl fumarate from a compounding pharmacy. N Engl J Med. 2013 Apr 25;368(17):1658-9. Resumo

85. Muñoz MA, Kulick CG, Kortepeter CM, et al. Liver injury associated with dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler. 2017 Dec;23(14):1947-9. Resumo

86. Derfuss T, Mehling M, Papadopoulou A, et al. Advances in oral immunomodulating therapies in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2020 Apr;19(4):336-47. Resumo

87. Palte MJ, Wehr A, Tawa M, et al. Improving the gastrointestinal tolerability of fumaric acid esters: early findings on gastrointestinal events with diroximel fumarate in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis from the phase 3, open-label EVOLVE-MS-1 study. Adv Ther. 2019 Nov;36(11):3154-65.Texto completo  Resumo

88. He D, Zhang C, Zhao X, et al. Teriflunomide for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 22;(3):CD009882.Texto completo  Resumo

89. Kappos L, Radue EW, O'Connor P, et al; FREEDOMS Study Group. A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2010 Feb 4;362(5):387-401. Resumo

90. Yang T, Tian X, Chen CY, et al. The efficacy and safety of fingolimod in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2020 Apr;86(4):637-45.Texto completo  Resumo

91. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Fingolimod (Gilenya): new contraindications in relation to cardiac risk. Dec 2017 [internet publication].Texto completo

92. Cohen JA, Barkhof F, Comi G, et al; TRANSFORMS Study Group. Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2010 Feb 4;362(5):402-15. Resumo

93. Food and Drug Administration. Safety announcement: FDA warns about severe worsening of multiple sclerosis after stopping the medicine Gilenya (fingolimod). Nov 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

94. Kappos L, Li DK, Stüve O, et al. Safety and efficacy of siponimod (BAF312) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: dose-blinded, randomized extension of the phase 2 BOLD study. JAMA Neurol. 2016 Sep 1;73(9):1089-98.Texto completo  Resumo

95. Gajofatto A. Spotlight on siponimod and its potential in the treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: the evidence to date. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017 Nov 2;11:3153-7.Texto completo  Resumo

96. Giovannoni G, Comi G, Cook S, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of oral cladribine for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jan 20;362(5):416-26.Texto completo  Resumo

97. Miller DH, Khan OA, Sheremata WA, et al; International Natalizumab Multiple Sclerosis Trial Group. A controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 2;348(1):15-23.Texto completo  Resumo

98. Ho PR, Koendgen H, Campbell N, et al. Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: a retrospective analysis of data from four clinical studies. Lancet Neurol. 2017 Nov;16(11):925-33. Resumo

99. Gorelik L, Lerner M, Bixler S, et al. Anti-JC virus antibodies: implications for PML risk stratification. Ann Neurol. 2010 Sep;68(3):295-303. Resumo

100. McGuigan C, Craner M, Guadagno J, et al. Stratification and monitoring of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy risk: recommendations from an expert group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016 Feb;87(2):117-25.Texto completo  Resumo

101. Vukusic S, Rollot F, Casey R, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy incidence and risk stratification among natalizumab users in France. JAMA Neurol. 2020 Jan 1;77(1):94-102.Texto completo  Resumo

102. Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Comi G, et al. Ocrelizumab versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jan 19;376(3):221-34.Texto completo  Resumo

103. Montalban X, Hauser SL, Kappos L, et al. Ocrelizumab versus placebo in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jan 19;376(3):209-20.Texto completo  Resumo

104. McCool R, Wilson K, Arber M, et al. Systematic review and network meta-analysis comparing ocrelizumab with other treatments for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019 Apr;29:55-61.Texto completo  Resumo

105. Li H, Hu F, Zhang Y, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of disease-modifying therapies in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2020 Dec;267(12):3489-98. Resumo

106. Berntsson SG, Kristoffersson A, Boström I, et al. Rapidly increasing off-label use of rituximab in multiple sclerosis in Sweden - outlier or predecessor? Acta Neurol Scand. 2018 Oct;138(4):327-31. Resumo

107. He D, Guo R, Zhang F, et al. Rituximab for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Dec 6;(12):CD009130.Texto completo  Resumo

108. Hu Y, Nie H, Yu HH, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2019 May;18(5):542-8. Resumo

109. Coles AJ, Twyman CL, Arnold DL, et al; CARE-MS II investigators. Alemtuzumab for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis after disease-modifying therapy: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2012 Nov 24;380(9856):1829-39. Resumo

110. Coles AJ, Fox E, Vladic A, et al. Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta-1a in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: post-hoc and subset analyses of clinical efficacy outcomes. Lancet Neurol. 2011 Apr;10(4):338-48. Resumo

111. Cohen JA, Coles AJ, Arnold DL, et al. Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a as first-line treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2012 Nov 24;380(9856):1819-28. Resumo

112. Zhang J, Shi S, Zhang Y, et al. Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Nov 27;(11):CD010968.Texto completo  Resumo

113. European Medicines Agency. Lemtrada. Feb 2020 [internet publication].Texto completo

114. Food and Drug Administration. Safety announcement: FDA warns about rare but serious risks of stroke and blood vessel wall tears with multiple sclerosis drug Lemtrada (alemtuzumab). Nov 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

115. European Medicines Agency. Lemtrada for multiple sclerosis: measures to minimise risk of serious side effects. 31 Oct 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

116. Dobson R, Dassan P, Roberts M, et al. UK consensus on pregnancy in multiple sclerosis: 'Association of British Neurologists' guidelines. Pract Neurol. 2019 Apr;19(2):106-14.Texto completo  Resumo

117. Confavreux C, Hutchinson M, Hours MM, et al. Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis. Pregnancy in Multiple Sclerosis Group. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jul 30;339(5):285-91.Texto completo  Resumo

118. Krysko KM, Rutatangwa A, Graves J, et al. Association between breastfeeding and postpartum multiple sclerosis relapses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2020 Mar 1;77(3):327-38.Texto completo  Resumo

119. European Medicines Agency. Updated restrictions for Gilenya: multiple sclerosis medicine not to be used in pregnancy. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

120. Kappos L, Bar-Or A, Cree BA, et al. Siponimod versus placebo in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (EXPAND): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2018 Mar 31;391(10127):1263-73. Resumo

121. Montalban X, Leist TP, Cohen BA, et al. Cladribine tablets added to IFN-β in active relapsing MS: the ONWARD study. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2018 Sep;5(5):e477.Texto completo  Resumo

122. La Mantia L, Vacchi L, Di Pietrantonj C, et al. Interferon beta for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18;(1):CD005181.Texto completo  Resumo

123. La Mantia L, Vacchi L, Rovaris M, et al. Interferon beta for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013 Apr;84(4):420-6. Resumo

124. Kapoor R, Ho PR, Campbell N, et al. Effect of natalizumab on disease progression in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (ASCEND): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label extension. Lancet Neurol. 2018 May;17(5):405-15. Resumo

125. Wundes A, Kraft GH, Bowen JD, et al. Mitoxantrone for worsening multiple sclerosis: tolerability, toxicity, adherence and efficacy in the clinical setting. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2010 Dec;112(10):876-82. Resumo

126. Martinelli Boneschi F, Vacchi L, Rovaris M, et al. Mitoxantrone for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 May 31;(5):CD002127.Texto completo  Resumo

127. Cohen JA, Confavreux C. Combination therapy in multiple sclerosis. In: Cohen JA, Rudick RA, eds. Multiple sclerosis therapeutics. 3rd ed. London, UK: Informa Pub; 2007:681-98.

128. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ocrelizumab for treating primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Jun 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

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