Distonias

Lohmann K, Klein C. Update on the genetics of dystonia. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2017 Mar;17(3):26. Resumo

Albanese A, Asmus F, Bhatia KP, et al. EFNS guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of primary dystonias. Eur J Neurol. 2011 Jan;18(1):5-18.Texto completo  Resumo

Simpson DM, Hallett M, Ashman EJ, et al. Practice guideline update summary: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache. Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2016 Apr 18;86(19):1818-26.Texto completo  Resumo

1. Albanese A, Bhatia K, Bressman SB, et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update. Mov Disord. 2013 Jun 15;28(7):863-73.Texto completo  Resumo

2. Frucht L, Perez DL, Callahan J, et al. Functional dystonia: Differentiation from primary dystonia and multidisciplinary treatments. Front Neurol. 2021 Feb 4;11:605262.Texto completo  Resumo

3. Tarsy D, Simon DK. Dystonia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 24;355(8):818-29. Resumo

4. Defazio G, Abbruzzese G, Livrea P, et al. Epidemiology of primary dystonia. Lancet Neurol. 2004 Nov;3(11):673-8. Resumo

5. Liu X, Luo X, Hu W. Studies on the epidemiology and etiology of moldy sugarcane poisoning in China. Biomed Environ Sci. 1992 Jun;5(2):161-77. Resumo

6. Muller J, Kiechl S, Wenning GK, et al. The prevalence of primary dystonia in the general community. Neurology. 2002 Sep 24;59(6):941-3. Resumo

7. Nutt JG, Muenter MD, Aronson A, et al. Epidemiology of focal and generalized dystonia in Rochester, Minnesota. Mov Disord. 1988;3(3):188-94. Resumo

8. Steeves TD, Day L, Dykeman J, et al. The prevalence of primary dystonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2012 Dec;27(14):1789-96. Resumo

9. Medina A, Nilles C, Martino D, et al. The prevalence of idiopathic or inherited isolated dystonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2022 Oct;9(7):860-8.Texto completo  Resumo

10. Defazio G. The epidemiology of primary dystonia: current evidence and perspectives. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Jul;17(Suppl 1):9-14. Resumo

11. Epidemiological Study of Dystonia in Europe (ESDE) Collaborative Group. A prevalence study of primary dystonia in eight European countries. J Neurol. 2000 Oct;247(10):787-92. Resumo

12. Albanese A, Di Giovanni M, Lalli S. Dystonia: diagnosis and management. Eur J Neurol. 2019 Jan;26(1):5-17. Resumo

13. Lohmann K, Klein C. Update on the genetics of dystonia. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2017 Mar;17(3):26. Resumo

14. Bressman SB, Sabatti C, Raymond D, et al. The DYT1 phenotype and guidelines for diagnostic testing. Neurology. 2000 May 9;54(9):1746-52. Resumo

15. Fuchs T, Gavarini S, Saunders-Pullman R, et al. Mutations in the THAP1 gene are responsible for DYT6 primary torsion dystonia. Nat Genet. 2009 Mar;41(3):286-8. Resumo

16. Segawa M, Nomura Y, Nishiyama N. Autosomal dominant guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I deficiency (Segawa disease). Ann Neurol. 2003;54(Suppl 6):S32-45. Resumo

17. Zirn B, Steinberger D, Troidl C, et al. Frequency of GCH1 deletions in Dopa-responsive dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;79(2):183-6. Resumo

18. Schrag A, Trimble M, Quinn N, et al. The syndrome of fixed dystonia: an evaluation of 103 patients. Brain. 2004 Oct;127(Pt 10):2360-72.Texto completo  Resumo

19. Jankovic J. Can peripheral trauma induce dystonia and other movement disorders? Yes! Mov Disord. 2001 Jan;16(1):7-12. Resumo

20. van Hilten JJ, Geraedts EJ, Marinus J. Peripheral trauma and movement disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007;13 Suppl 3:S395-9. Resumo

21. Weiner WJ. Can peripheral trauma induce dystonia? No! Mov Disord. 2001 Jan;16(1):13-22. Resumo

22. Albanese A. Dystonia: clinical approach. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007;13 Suppl 3:S356-61. Resumo

23. Breakefield XO, Blood AJ, Li Y, et al. The pathophysiological basis of dystonias. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008 Mar;9(3):222-34. Resumo

24. Jankovic J. Dystonia: medical therapy and botulinum toxin. Adv Neurol. 2004;94:275-86. Resumo

25. Ozelius LJ. Update on the genetics of primary torsion dystonia loci DYT6, DYT7, and DYT13 and the dystonia-plus locus DYT12. Adv Neurol. 2004;94:109-12. Resumo

26. Latorre A, Bhatia KP. Treatment of paroxysmal dyskinesia. Neurol Clin. 2020 May;38(2):433-47. Resumo

27. Jinnah HA, Hess EJ. Evolving concepts in the pathogenesis of dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018 Jan;46 Suppl 1:S62-5.Texto completo  Resumo

28. Simonyan K. Neuroimaging applications in dystonia. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2018;143:1-30.Texto completo  Resumo

29. Hallett M. Dystonia: abnormal movements result from loss of inhibition. Adv Neurol. 2004;94:1-9. Resumo

30. Armstrong M, Daly AK, Blennerhassett R, et al. Antipsychotic drug-induced movement disorders in schizophrenics in relation to CYP2D6 genotype. Br J Psychiatry. 1997 Jan;170:23-6. Resumo

31. Dressler D, Benecke R. Diagnosis and management of acute movement disorders. J Neurol. 2005 Nov;252(11):1299-306. Resumo

32. Rodnitzky RL. Drug-induced movement disorders in children. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2003 Mar;10(1):80-7. Resumo

33. Laihinen A, Halsband U. PET imaging of the basal ganglia. J Physiol Paris. 2006 Jun;99(4-6):406-13. Resumo

34. Toma K, Nakai T. Functional MRI in human motor control studies and clinical applications. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2002 Jul 1;1(2):109-20. Resumo

35. Greene P, Kang UJ, Fahn S. Spread of symptoms in idiopathic torsion dystonia. Mov Disord. 1995 Mar;10(2):143-52. Resumo

36. Bonanni L, Thomas A, Varanese S, et al. Botulinum toxin treatment of lateral axial dystonia in Parkinsonism. Mov Disord. 2007 Oct 31;22(14):2097-103. Resumo

37. Sadnicka A, Meppelink AM, Kalinowski A, et al. Dystonia. BMJ. 2022 Apr 11;377:e062659.Texto completo  Resumo

38. Bragg DC, Sharma N. Update on treatments for dystonia. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2014 Jun;14(6):454.Texto completo  Resumo

39. Albanese A, Asmus F, Bhatia KP, et al. EFNS guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of primary dystonias. Eur J Neurol. 2011 Jan;18(1):5-18.Texto completo  Resumo

40. van Egmond ME, Kuiper A, Eggink H, et al. Dystonia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and a new diagnostic algorithm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015 Jul;86(7):774-81. Resumo

41. Jinnah HA, Factor SA. Diagnosis and treatment of dystonia. Neurol Clin. 2015;33:77-100.Texto completo  Resumo

42. Greene PE, Frucht SJ. Tardive and neuroleptic-induced emergencies. In: Frucht SJ, Fahn S, eds. Movement disorder emergencies. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2005:117-22.

43. Burke RE, Fahn S, Marsden CD, et al. Validity and reliability of a rating scale for the primary torsion dystonias. Neurology. 1985 Jan;35(1):73-7. Resumo

44. Consky ES, Lang AE. Clinical assessments of patients with cervical dystonia. In: Jankovic J, Hallett M, eds. Therapy with botulinum toxin. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1994:211-37.

45. Saunders-Pullman R, Soto-Valencia J, Costan-Toth C, et al. A new screening tool for cervical dystonia. Neurology. 2005 Jun 28;64(12):2046-9. Resumo

46. Queensland Ambulance Service. Medical/acute dystonic reaction. Apr 2016 [internet publication].Texto completo

47. Nygaard TG, Marsden CD, Fahn S. Dopa-responsive dystonia: long-term treatment response and prognosis. Neurology. 1991 Feb;41(2 ( Pt 1)):174-81. Resumo

48. Burke RE, Fahn S, Marsden CD. Torsion dystonia: a double-blind, prospective trial of high-dosage trihexyphenidyl. Neurology. 1986 Feb;36(2):160-4. Resumo

49. Bhidayasiri R, Tarsy D. Treatment of dystonia. Exp Rev Neurotherap. 2006 Jun;6(6):863-86. Resumo

50. Greene P. Baclofen in the treatment of dystonia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1992 Aug;15(4):276-88. Resumo

51. Hainque E, Vidailhet M, Cozic N, et al. A randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover trial of zonisamide in myoclonus-dystonia. Neurology. 2016 May 3;86(18):1729-35. Resumo

52. Roubertie A, Mariani LL, Fernandez-Alvarez E, et al. Treatment for dystonia in childhood. Eur J Neurol. 2012 Oct;19(10):1292-9. Resumo

53. Fehlings D, Brown L, Harvey A, et al. Pharmacological and neurosurgical interventions for managing dystonia in cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2018 Apr;60(4):356-66.Texto completo  Resumo

54. National Institute for Health Care and Excellence. Cerebral palsy in adults. Jan 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

55. Harvey AR, Baker LB, Reddihough DS, et al. Trihexyphenidyl for dystonia in cerebral palsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 15;5(5):CD012430.Texto completo  Resumo

56. Zoons E, Dijkgraaf MG, Dijk JM, et al. Botulinum toxin as treatment for focal dystonia: a systematic review of the pharmaco-therapeutic and pharmaco-economic value. J Neurol. 2012 Dec;259(12):2519-26.Texto completo  Resumo

57. Duarte GS, Rodrigues FB, Marques RE, et al. Botulinum toxin type A therapy for blepharospasm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 19;11(11):CD004900.Texto completo  Resumo

58. Charles D, Brashear A, Hauser RA, et al. Efficacy, tolerability, and immunogenicity of onabotulinumtoxina in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for cervical dystonia. Clinic Neuropharmacol. 2012 Sep-Oct;35(5):208-14. Resumo

59. Colosimo C, Tiple D, Berardelli A. Efficacy and safety of long-term botulinum toxin treatment in craniocervical dystonia: a systematic review. Neurotox Res. 2012 Nov;22(4):265-73. Resumo

60. Simpson DM, Hallett M, Ashman EJ, et al. Practice guideline update summary: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache. Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2016 Apr 18;86(19):1818-26.Texto completo  Resumo

61. Rodrigues FB, Duarte GS, Marques RE, et al. Botulinum toxin type A therapy for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 12;11(11):CD003633.Texto completo  Resumo

62. Dressler D, Altavista MC, Altenmueller E, et al. Consensus guidelines for botulinum toxin therapy: general algorithms and dosing tables for dystonia and spasticity. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2021 Mar;128(3):321-35.Texto completo  Resumo

63. Delnooz CC, Horstink MW, Tijssen MA, et al. Paramedical treatment in primary dystonia: a systematic review. Mov Disord. 2009 Nov 15;24(15):2187-98. Resumo

64. Rodrigues FB, Duarte GS, Prescott D, et al. Deep brain stimulation for dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 10;1(1):CD012405.Texto completo  Resumo

65. Laurencin C, Montaut S, Vial C, et al. Toe dystonia in Parkinson's disease: Impact of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. J Neurol Sci. 2018 Sep 15;392:65-8. Resumo

66. Isaias IU, Alterman RL, Tagliati M. Outcome predictors of pallidal stimulation in patients with primary dystonia: the role of disease duration. Brain. 2008 Jul;131(Pt 7):1895-902.Texto completo  Resumo

67. Krauss JK, Loher TJ, Weigel R, et al. Chronic stimulation of the globus pallidus internus for treatment of non-dYT1 generalized dystonia and choreoathetosis: 2-year follow up. J Neurosurg. 2003 Apr;98(4):785-92. Resumo

68. Starr PA, Turner RS, Rau G, et al. Microelectrode-guided implantation of deep brain stimulators into the globus pallidus internus for dystonia: techniques, electrode locations, and outcomes. J Neurosurg. 2006 Apr;104(4):488-501. Resumo

69. Andrews C, Aviles-Olmos I, Hariz M, et al. Which patients with dystonia benefit from deep brain stimulation? A metaregression of individual patient outcomes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010 Dec;81(12):1383-9. Resumo

70. Bronte-Stewart H, Taira T, Valldeoriola F, et al. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for DBS in dystonia. Mov Disord. 2011 Jun;26 Suppl 1:S5-16. Resumo

71. DiFrancesco MF, Halpern CH, Hurtig HH, et al. Pediatric indications for deep brain stimulation. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012 Oct;28(10):1701-14. Resumo

72. Jankovic J. Treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders with tetrabenazine: a double-blind crossover study. Ann Neurol. 1982 Jan;11(1):41-7. Resumo

73. Paleacu D, Giladi N, Moore O, et al. Tetrabenazine treatment in movement disorders. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2004 Sep-Oct;27(5):230-3. Resumo

74. Fernandez HH, Factor SA, Hauser RA, et al. Randomized controlled trial of deutetrabenazine for tardive dyskinesia: The ARM-TD study. Neurology. 2017 Apr 26;88(21):2003-10.Texto completo  Resumo

75. Touma KT, Scarff JR. Valbenazine and deutetrabenazine for tardive dyskinesia. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2018 Jun 1;15(5-6):13-6. Resumo

76. Chen JJ. Tetrabenazine for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders: a review of the literature. Clinical Therapeutics. 2012 Jul;34(7):1487-504. Resumo

77. Chawda SJ, Münchau A, Johnson D, et al. Pattern of premature degenerative changes of the cervical spine in patients with spasmodic torticollis and the impact on the outcome of selective peripheral denervation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000 Apr;68(4):465-71.Texto completo  Resumo

78. Sanger TD. Use of surface electromyography (EMG) in the diagnosis of childhood hypertonia: a pilot study. J Child Neurol. 2008 Jun;23(6):644-8. Resumo

79. Jankovic J. Treatment of dystonia. Lancet Neurol. 2006 Oct;5(10):864-72. Resumo

80. Fabbri M, Leodori G, Fernandes RM, et al. Neutralizing antibody and botulinum toxin therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurotox Res. 2016 Jan;29(1):105-17. Resumo

81. Brin MF, Comella C, Jankovic J. Dystonia: etiology, clinical features, and treatment. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Williams; 2004:45-9.

82. Goff DC, Arana GW, Greenblatt DJ, et al. The effect of benztropine on haloperidol-induced dystonia, clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics: a prospective, double-blind trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1991 Apr;11(2):106-12. Resumo