Traumatismo de la columna toracolumbar

Wendt K, Nau C, Jug M, et al. ESTES recommendation on thoracolumbar spine fractures: January 2023. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2024 Aug;50(4):1261-75.Texto completo

American College of Surgeons. Best practices guidelines. Spine injury. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: acute spinal trauma. 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Spinal injury: assessment and initial management. Feb 2016 [internet publication].Texto completo

O'Toole JE, Kaiser MG, Anderson PA, et al. Congress of Neurological Surgeons systematic review and evidence-based guidelines on the evaluation and treatment of patients with thoracolumbar spine trauma: executive summary. Neurosurgery. 2019 Jan 1;84(1):2-6.Texto completo  Resumen

1. Vaccaro AR, Oner C, Kepler CK, et al. AOSpine thoracolumbar spine injury classification system: fracture description, neurological status, and key modifiers. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013 Nov 1;38(23):2028-37. Resumen

2. Gertzbein SD. Spine update: classification of thoracic and lumbar fractures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1994 Mar 1;19(5):626-8. Resumen

3. Denis F. The three-column spine and its significance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1983 Nov-Dec;8(8):817-31. Resumen

4. Vaccaro AR, Lehman RA, Hurlbert PA, et al. A new classification of thoracolumbar injuries: the importance of injury morphology, the integrity of the posterior ligamentous complex, and neurologic status. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005 Oct 15;30(20):2325-33. Resumen

5. Lenarz CJ, Place HM. Evaluation of a new spine classification system, does it accurately predict treatment? J Spinal Disord Tech. 2010 May;23(3):192-6. Resumen

6. Vaccaro AR, Baron EM, Sanfilippo J, et al. Reliability of a novel classification system for thoracolumbar injuries: the Thoracolumbar Injury Severity Score. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 May 15;31(11 suppl):S62-9. Resumen

7. Holdsworth FW. Fractures, dislocations, and fracture-dislocations of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1963 Feb;45B(1):6-20.Texto completo

8. Ferguson RL, Allen BL Jr. A mechanistic classification of thoracolumbar spine fractures. Clin Orthop Related Res. 1984 Oct;(189):77-88. Resumen

9. Zileli M, Sharif S, Fornari M. Incidence and epidemiology of thoracolumbar spine fractures: WFNS Spine Committee recommendations. Neurospine. 2021 Dec;18(4):704-12.Texto completo  Resumen

10. Wendt K, Nau C, Jug M, et al. ESTES recommendation on thoracolumbar spine fractures: January 2023. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2024 Aug;50(4):1261-75.Texto completo

11. American College of Surgeons. Best practices guidelines. Spine injury. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

12. Katsuura Y, Osborn JM, Cason GW. The epidemiology of thoracolumbar trauma: a meta-analysis. J Orthop. 2016 Dec;13(4):383-8.Texto completo  Resumen

13. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: acute spinal trauma. 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

14. Glennie RA, Ailon T, Yang K, et al. Incidence, impact, and risk factors of adverse events in thoracic and lumbar spine fractures: an ambispective cohort analysis of 390 patients. Spine J. 2015 Apr 1;15(4):629-37. Resumen

15. Li B, Sun C, Zhao C, et al. Epidemiological profile of thoracolumbar fracture (TLF) over a period of 10 years in Tianjin, China. J Spinal Cord Med. 2019 Mar;42(2):178-83.Texto completo  Resumen

16. Acton PA, Farley T, Freni LW, et al. Traumatic spinal cord injury in Arkansas, 1980 to 1989. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993 Oct;74(10):1035-40. Resumen

17. Royal Osteoporosis Society. Clinical guidance for the effective identification of vertebral fractures. March 2020 [internet publication].Texto completo

18. Parsons KC. The impact of spinal cord injury on long-term survival. J Insur Med. 1991 Winter;23(4):227. Resumen

19. Hamilton MG, Myles ST. Pediatric spinal injury: review of 174 hospital admissions. J Neurosurg. 1992 Nov;77(5):700-4. Resumen

20. Carroll T, Smith CD, Liu X, et al. Spinal cord injuries without radiologic abnormality in children: a systematic review. Spinal Cord. 2015 Dec;53(12):842-8.Texto completo  Resumen

21. Boese CK, Oppermann J, Siewe J, et al. Spinal cord injury without radiologic abnormality in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015 Apr;78(4):874-82. Resumen

22. Srinivasan V, Jea A. Pediatric thoracolumbar spine trauma. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2017 Jan;28(1):103-14. Resumen

23. Dickman CA, Zabramski JM, Hadley MN, et al. Pediatric spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities: report of 26 cases and review of the literature. J Spinal Disord. 1991 Sep;4(3):296-305. Resumen

24. Alhadhoud M, Alsiri N. The epidemiology of spinal fractures in a level 2 trauma center in Kuwait. SAGE Open Med. 2021;9:20503121211051932.Texto completo  Resumen

25. Li Y, Yan L, Cai S, et al. The prevalence and under-diagnosis of vertebral fractures on chest radiograph. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2018 Jul 18;19(1):235.Texto completo  Resumen

26. Hebert JS, Burnham RS. The effect of polytrauma in persons with traumatic spine injury. A prospective database of spine fractures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000 Jan;25(1):55-60. Resumen

27. Riggs BL, Melton LJ. Osteoporosis: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 1995.

28. Riggins RS, Kraus JF. The risk of neurologic damage with fractures of the vertebrae. J Trauma. 1977 Feb;17(2):126-33. Resumen

29. Tator CH, Duncan EG, Edmonds VE, et al. Neurological recovery, mortality and length of stay after acute spinal cord injury associated with changes in management. Paraplegia. 1995 May;33(5):254-62. Resumen

30. Vaccaro AR, An HS, Lin S, et al. Noncontiguous injuries of the spine. J Spinal Disord. 1992 Sep;5(3):320-9. Resumen

31. Davidoff G, Roth E, Morris J, et al. Assessment of closed head injury in trauma related spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1986 Apr;24(2):97-104. Resumen

32. Woodruff BA, Baron RC. A description of nonfatal spinal cord injury using a hospital-based registry. Am J Prev Med. 1994 Jan-Feb;10(1):10-4. Resumen

33. Haffner DL, Hoffer MM, Wiedbusch R. Etiologies of children's spinal injuries at Rancho Los Amigos. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1993 May;18(6):679-84. Resumen

34. Kapandji IA. Physiology of the joints, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1974.

35. Haher TR, Bergman M, O'Brien M, et al. The effect of the three columns of the spine on the instantaneous axis of rotation in flexion and extension. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1991 Aug;16(8 suppl):S312-8. Resumen

36. Haher TR, Felmy W, Baruch H, et al. The contribution of the three columns of the spine to rotational stability. A biomechanical model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1989 Jul;14(7):663-9. Resumen

37. Kakulas BA. Pathology of spinal injuries. Cent Nerv Syst Trauma. 1984 Winter;1(2):117-29. Resumen

38. Yuan H, Guo Q, Zhang Z, et al. Sex, age, role and geographic differences in traumatic spinal fractures caused by motor vehicle collisions: a multicentre retrospective study. Sci Rep. 2023 Mar 6;13(1):3712.Texto completo  Resumen

39. Briggs AM, Wrigley TV, van Dieen JH, et al. The effect of osteoporotic vertebral fracture on predicted spinal loads in vivo. Eur Spine J. 2006 Dec;15(12):1785-95. Resumen

40. Lindsey R, Silverman SL, Cooper C, et al. Risk of new vertebral fracture in the year following a fracture. JAMA. 2001 Jan 17;285(3):320-3.Texto completo  Resumen

41. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Bisphosphonates for treating osteoporosis. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

42. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Denosumab for the prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Oct 2010 [internet publication].Texto completo

43. LeBoff MS, Greenspan SL, Insogna KL, et al. The clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2022 Oct;33(10):2049-102.Texto completo  Resumen

44. Dai LY, Yao WF, Cui YM, et al. Thoracolumbar fractures in patients with multiple injuries: diagnosis and treatment - a review of 147 cases. J Trauma. 2004 Feb;56(2):348-55. Resumen

45. ATLS Subcommittee, American College of Surgeons' Committee on Trauma, International ATLS Working Group. ATLS® advanced trauma life support: tenth edition. Chicago, IL: American College of Surgeons; 2018.

46. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Spinal injury: assessment and initial management. Feb 2016 [internet publication].Texto completo

47. Fischer PE, Perina DG, Delbridge TR, et al. Spinal motion restriction in the trauma patient - a joint position statement. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018 Nov-Dec;22(6):659-61.Texto completo  Resumen

48. Bickell WH, Wall MJ Jr, Pepe PE, et al. Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med. 1994 Oct 27;331(17):1105-9.Texto completo  Resumen

49. Morrison CA, Carrick MM, Norman MA, et al. Hypotensive resuscitation strategy reduces transfusion requirements and severe postoperative coagulopathy in trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock: preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial. J Trauma. 2011 Mar;70(3):652-63. Resumen

50. O'Toole JE, Kaiser MG, Anderson PA, et al. Congress of Neurological Surgeons systematic review and evidence-based guidelines on the evaluation and treatment of patients with thoracolumbar spine trauma: executive summary. Neurosurgery. 2019 Jan 1;84(1):2-6.Texto completo  Resumen

51. Velmahos GC, Spaniolas K, Alam HB, et al. Falls from height: spine, spine, spine! J Am Coll Surg. 2006 Nov;203(5):605-11. Resumen

52. Todd NV. Priapism in acute spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2011 Oct;49(10):1033-5.Texto completo  Resumen

53. Inaba K, Nosanov L, Menaker J, et al. Prospective derivation of a clinical decision rule for thoracolumbar spine evaluation after blunt trauma: an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma multi-institutional trials group study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015 Mar;78(3):459-65; discussion 465-7. Resumen

54. VandenBerg J, Cullison K, Fowler SA, et al. Blunt thoracolumbar-spine trauma evaluation in the emergency department: a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy for history, physical examination, and imaging. J Emerg Med. 2019 Feb;56(2):153-65. Resumen

55. Brown PJ, Marino RJ, Herbison GJ, et al. The 72-hour examination as a predictor of recovery in motor complete quadriplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991 Jul;72(8):546-8. Resumen

56. Hsu JM, Joseph T, Ellis AM. Thoracolumbar fracture in blunt trauma patients: guidelines for diagnosis and imaging. Injury. 2003 Jun;34(6):426-33. Resumen

57. Sharif S, Zileli M. Introduction to thoracolumbar spine fractures: WFNS Spine Committee recommendations. Neurospine. 2021 Dec;18(4):651-3.Texto completo

58. Bajamal AH, Permana KR, Faris M, et al. Classification and radiological diagnosis of thoracolumbar spine fractures: WFNS Spine Committee recommendations. Neurospine. 2021 Dec;18(4):656-66.Texto completo  Resumen

59. Bolesta MJ, Bohlman HH. Mediastinal widening associated with fractures of the upper thoracic spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991 Mar;73(3):447-50. Resumen

60. Fehlings MG, Martin AR, Tetreault LA, et al. A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with acute spinal cord injury: recommendations on the role of baseline magnetic resonance imaging in clinical decision making and outcome prediction. Global Spine J. 2017 Sep;7(3 suppl):221S-30S.Texto completo  Resumen

61. Mathews JD, Forsythe AV, Brady Z, et al. Cancer risk in 680,000 people exposed to computed tomography scans in childhood or adolescence: data linkage study of 11 million Australians. BMJ. 2013 May 21;346:f2360.Texto completo  Resumen

62. Merten DF, Radkowski MA, Leonidas JC. The abused child: a radiological reappraisal. Radiology. 1983 Feb;146(2):377-81. Resumen

63. Kemp AM, Joshi AH, Mann M, et al. What are the clinical and radiological characteristics of spinal injuries from physical abuse: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2010 May;95(5):355-60. Resumen

64. Panjabi MM, Thibodeau LL, Crisco JJ 3rd, et al. What constitutes spinal instability? Clin Neurosurg. 1988;34:313-39. Resumen

65. Kirshblum SC, Burns SP, Biering-Sorensen F, et al. International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury (revised 2011). J Spinal Cord Med. 2011 Nov;34(6):535-46.Texto completo  Resumen

66. Terk MR, Hume-Neal M, Fraipont M, et al. Injury of the posterior ligament complex in patients with acute spinal trauma: evaluation by MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997 Jun;168(6):1481-6. Resumen

67. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: low back pain. 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

68. American Spinal Injury Association. International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury. Chicago, IL: American Spinal Injury Association; 2000:1-23.

69. Bucholz RM, Heckman JD. Rockwood and Green's fractures in adults, 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002:1303.

70. Blood pressure management after acute spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery. 2002 Mar;50(3 suppl):S58-62. Resumen

71. Bakhsheshian J, Dahdaleh NS, Fakurnejad S, et al. Evidence-based management of traumatic thoracolumbar burst fractures: a systematic review of nonoperative management. Neurosurg Focus. 2014;37(1):E1.Texto completo  Resumen

72. Greenberg MS. Handbook of neurosurgery, 6th ed. New York, NY: Thieme New York; 2005:747.

73. Sharif S, Ali MY, Costa F, et al. Vertebral augmentation in osteoporotic spine fractures: WFNS Spine Committee recommendations. J Neurosurg Sci. 2022 Aug;66(4):311-26.Texto completo  Resumen

74. Ebeling PR, Akesson K, Bauer DC, et al. The efficacy and safety of vertebral augmentation: a second ASBMR task force report. J Bone Miner Res. 2019 Jan;34(1):3-21. Resumen

75. Hitchon PW, Jurf AA, Kernstine K, et al. Management options in thoracolumbar fractures. Contemp Neurosurg. 2000 Nov;22(21):1-12.

76. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Appraisal consultation document: alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, raloxifene, strontium ranelate and teriparatide for the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women (TA161). Feb 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

77. Huntjens KM, van Geel TA, van den Bergh JP, et al. Fracture liaison service: impact on subsequent nonvertebral fracture incidence and mortality. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Feb 19;96(4):e29. Resumen

78. Arboleya L, Díaz-Curiel M, Del Río L, et al; OSTEOXPRESS study investigators. Prevalence of vertebral fracture in postmenopausal women with lumbar osteopenia using MorphoXpress® (OSTEOXPRESS Study). Aging Clin Exp Res. 2010 Oct-Dec;22(5-6):419-26. Resumen

79. Ma XL, Xing D, Ma JX, et al. Balloon kyphoplasty versus percutaneous vertebroplasty in treating osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: grading the evidence through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 2012 Sep;21(9):1844-59. Resumen

80. Kanayama M, Oha F, Iwata A, et al. Does balloon kyphoplasty improve the global spinal alignment in osteoporotic vertebral fracture? Int Orthop. 2015 Jun;39(6):1137-43. Resumen

81. Yokoyama K, Kawanishi M, Yamada M, et al. In not only vertebroplasty but also kyphoplasty, the resolution of vertebral deformities depends on vertebral mobility. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013 Jul;34(7):1474-8.Texto completo  Resumen

82. Yokoyama K, Kawanishi M, Yamada M, et al. Postoperative change in sagittal balance after kyphoplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. Eur Spine J. 2015 Apr;24(4):744-9. Resumen

83. Tanigawa N, Kariya S, Komemushi A, et al. Added value of percutaneous vertebroplasty: effects on respiratory function. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012 Jan;198(1):W51-4.Texto completo  Resumen

84. Royal Osteoporosis Society. Guidance for the management of symptomatic vertebral fragility fractures. May 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

85. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: management of vertebral compression fractures. 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

86. Barr JD, Jensen ME, Hirsch JA, et al. Position statement on percutaneous vertebral augmentation: a consensus statement developed by the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR), American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) and the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS), American College of Radiology (ACR), American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR), American Society of Spine Radiology (ASSR), Canadian Interventional Radiology Association (CIRA), and the Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery (SNIS). J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014 Feb;25(2):171-81.Texto completo  Resumen

87. American College of Radiology. ACR-ASNR-ASSR-SIR-SNIS practice parameter for the performance of vertebral augmentation. 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

88. Cantor JB, Lebwohl NH, Garvey T, et al. Nonoperative management of stable thoracolumbar burst fractures with early ambulation and bracing. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1993 Jun 15;18(8):971-6. Resumen

89. Shen WJ, Shen YS. Nonsurgical treatment of three-column thoracolumbar junction burst fractures without neurologic deficit. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999 Feb 15;24(4):412-5. Resumen

90. Alanay A, Yazici M, Acaroglu E, et al. Course of nonsurgical management of burst fractures with intact posterior ligamentous complex: an MRI study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Nov 1;29(21):2425-31. Resumen

91. Hoh DJ, Qureshi S, Anderson PA, et al. Congress of neurological surgeons systematic review and evidence-based guidelines on the evaluation and treatment of patients with thoracolumbar spine trauma: nonoperative care. Neurosurgery. 2019 Jan 1;84(1):E46-9.Texto completo  Resumen

92. Urquhart JC, Alrehaili OA, Fisher CG, et al. Treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures: extended follow-up of a randomized clinical trial comparing orthosis versus no orthosis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2017 Jul;27(1):42-7.Texto completo  Resumen

93. Bailey CS, Urquhart JC, Dvorak MF, et al. Orthosis versus no orthosis for the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurologic injury: a multicenter prospective randomized equivalence trial. Spine J. 2014 Nov 1;14(11):2557-64. Resumen

94. Shamji MF, Roffey DM, Young DK, et al. A pilot evaluation of the role of bracing in stable thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurological deficit. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2014 Oct;27(7):370-5. Resumen

95. Post RB, Keizer HJ, Leferink VJ, et al. Functional outcome 5 years after non-operative treatment of type A spinal fractures. Eur Spine J. 2006 Apr;15(4):472-8. Resumen

96. Peev N, Zileli M, Sharif S, et al. Indications for nonsurgical treatment of thoracolumbar spine fractures: WFNS Spine Committee recommendations. Neurospine. 2021 Dec;18(4):713-24.Texto completo  Resumen

97. Bucholz RM, Heckman JD. Rockwood and Green's fractures in adults, 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002:1424-34.

98. Dobran M, Nasi D, Brunozzi D, et al. Treatment of unstable thoracolumbar junction fractures: short-segment pedicle fixation with inclusion of the fracture level versus long-segment instrumentation. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2016 Oct;158(10):1883-9. Resumen

99. Özbek Z, Özkara E, Önner H, et al. Treatment of unstable thoracolumbar fractures: does fracture-level fixation accelerate the bone healing? World Neurosurg. 2017 Nov;107:362-70. Resumen

100. Cankaya D, Balci M, Deveci A, et al. Better life quality and sexual function in men and their female partners with short-segment posterior fixation in the treatment of thoracolumbar junction burst fractures. Eur Spine J. 2016 Apr;25(4):1128-34. Resumen

101. Dunn HK. Anterior stabilization of thoracolumbar injuries. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984 Oct;(189):116-24. Resumen

102. Benzel EC, Larson SJ. Functional recovery after decompressive operation for thoracic and lumbar spine fractures. Neurosurgery. 1986 Nov;19(5):772-8. Resumen

103. Allen BL Jr, Tencer AF, Ferguson RL. The biomechanics of decompressive laminectomy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1987 Oct;12(8):803-8. Resumen

104. Ma Y, Li X, Dong J. Is it useful to apply transpedicular intracorporeal bone grafting to unstable thoracolumbar fractures? A systematic review. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2012 Dec;154(12):2205-13. Resumen

105. Cheng LM, Wang JJ, Zeng ZL, et al. Pedicle screw fixation for traumatic fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 May 31;(5):CD009073.Texto completo  Resumen

106. Tian NF, Wu YS, Zhang XL, et al. Fusion versus nonfusion for surgically treated thoracolumbar burst fractures: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013 May 21;8(5):e63995.Texto completo  Resumen

107. Diniz JM, Botelho RV. Is fusion necessary for thoracolumbar burst fracture treated with spinal fixation? a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2017 Nov;27(5):584-92.Texto completo  Resumen

108. Lan T, Chen Y, Hu SY, et al. Is fusion superior to non-fusion for the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fracture? a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Sci. 2017 Sep;22(5):828-33. Resumen

109. Chou PH, Ma HL, Wang ST, et al. Fusion may not be a necessary procedure for surgically treated burst fractures of the thoracolumbar and lumbar spines: a follow-up of at least ten years. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Oct 15;96(20):1724-31. Resumen

110. Haghnegahdar A, Behjat R, Saadat S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of early versus late surgical decompression for thoracic and thoracolumbar spinal cord injury in 73 patients. Neurotrauma Rep. 2020 Sep 18;1(1):78-87.Texto completo  Resumen

111. Badhiwala JH, Wilson JR, Witiw CD, et al. The influence of timing of surgical decompression for acute spinal cord injury: a pooled analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Feb;20(2):117-26. Resumen

112. Fehlings MG, Tetreault LA, Wilson JR, et al. A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with acute spinal cord injury and central cord syndrome: recommendations on the timing (≤24 hours versus >24 hours) of decompressive surgery. Global Spine J. 2017 Sep;7(3 suppl):195S-202S.Texto completo  Resumen

113. Xu GJ, Li ZJ, Ma JX, et al. Anterior versus posterior approach for treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures: a meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 2013 Oct;22(10):2176-83. Resumen

114. Korovessis P, Baikousis A, Zacharatos S, et al. Combined anterior plus posterior stabilization versus posterior short-segment instrumentation and fusion for mid-lumbar (L2-L4) burst fractures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Apr 15;31(8):859-68. Resumen

115. Hao D, Wang W, Duan K, et al. Two-year follow-up evaluation of surgical treatment for thoracolumbar fracture-dislocation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014 Oct 1;39(21):E1284-90. Resumen

116. Wood K, Buttermann G, Mehbod A, et al. Operative compared with nonoperative treatment of a thoracolumbar burst fracture without neurological deficit. A prospective, randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 May;85(5):773-81. Resumen

117. Lin B, Chen ZW, Guo ZM, et al. Anterior approach versus posterior approach with subtotal corpectomy, decompression, and reconstruction of spine in the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures: a prospective randomized controlled study. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2012 Aug;25(6):309-17. Resumen

118. Amiot LP, Labelle H, DeGuise JA, et al. Computer-assisted pedicle screw fixation: a feasibility study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995 May 15;20(10):1208-12. Resumen

119. Wu H, Gao ZL, Wang JC, et al. Pedicle screw placement in the thoracic spine: a randomized comparison study of computer-assisted navigation and conventional techniques. Chin J Traumatol. 2010 Aug 1;13(4):201-5. Resumen

120. Gelalis ID, Paschos NK, Pakos EE, et al. Accuracy of pedicle screw placement: a systematic review of prospective in vivo studies comparing free hand, fluoroscopy guidance and navigation techniques. Eur Spine J. 2012 Feb;21(2):247-55. Resumen

121. Verma R, Krishan S, Haendlmayer K, et al. Functional outcome of computer-assisted spinal pedicle screw placement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 23 studies including 5,992 pedicle screws. Eur Spine J. 2010 Mar;19(3):370-5.Texto completo  Resumen

122. Shin BJ, James AR, Njoku IU, et al. Pedicle screw navigation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of perforation risk for computer-navigated versus freehand insertion. J Neurosurg Spine. 2012 Aug;17(2):113-22. Resumen

123. Fan Y, Peng Du J, Liu JJ, et al. Radiological and clinical differences among three assisted technologies in pedicle screw fixation of adult degenerative scoliosis. Sci Rep. 2018 Jan 17;8(1):890.Texto completo  Resumen

124. Kantelhardt SR, Martinez R, Baerwinkel S, et al. Perioperative course and accuracy of screw positioning in conventional, open robotic-guided and percutaneous robotic-guided, pedicle screw placement. Eur Spine J. 2011 Jun;20(6):860-8.Texto completo  Resumen

125. Gao S, Lv Z, Fang H. Robot-assisted and conventional freehand pedicle screw placement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Spine J. 2018 Apr;27(4):921-30. Resumen

126. Tian W, Xu YF, Liu B, et al. Computer-assisted minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion may be better than open surgery for treating degenerative lumbar disease. Clin Spine Surg. 2017 Jul;30(6):237-42. Resumen

127. Tian W, Liu YJ, Liu B, et al; Technical Committee on Medical Robot Engineering of Chinese Society of Biomedical Engineering; Technical Consulting Committee of National Robotic Orthopaedic Surgery Application Center. Guideline for thoracolumbar pedicle screw placement assisted by orthopaedic surgical robot. Orthop Surg. 2019 Apr;11(2):153-9.Texto completo  Resumen

128. McCarberg BH. NSAIDs in the older patient: balancing benefits and harms. Pain Med. 2013 Dec;14 suppl 1:S43-4.Texto completo  Resumen

129. Davis A, Robson J. The dangers of NSAIDs: look both ways. Br J Gen Pract. 2016 Apr;66(645):172-3.Texto completo

130. London Spinal Cord Injury Centre, National Spinal Cord Injury Board. The management of children with spinal cord injuries - advice for major trauma networks and SCI centres on the development of joint protocols. Jun 2014 [internet publication].Texto completo

131. Milligan J, Lee J, McMillan C, et al. Autonomic dysreflexia: recognizing a common serious condition in patients with spinal cord injury. Can Fam Physician. 2012 Aug;58(8):831-5.Texto completo  Resumen

132. Bracken MB, Collins WF, Freeman DF, et al. Efficacy of methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury. JAMA. 1984 Jan 6;251(1):45-52. Resumen

133. Bracken MB, Sheppard MJ, Collins WF, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal-cord injury: results of the Second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. N Engl J Med. 1990 May 17;322(20):1405-11. Resumen

134. Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Holford TR, et al. Administration of methylprednisolone for 24 or 48 hours or tirilazad mesylate for 48 hours in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury: results of the Third National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Randomized Controlled Trial. National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. JAMA. 1997 May 28;277(20):1597-604. Resumen

135. Bracken MB. Steroids for acute spinal cord injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18;(1):CD001046.Texto completo  Resumen

136. Fehlings MG, Wilson JR, Tetreault LA, et al. A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with acute spinal cord injury: recommendations on the use of methylprednisolone sodium succinate. Global Spine J. 2017 Sep;7(3 suppl):203-11S.Texto completo  Resumen

137. Hadley MN, Walters BC. Introduction to the guidelines for the management of acute cervical spine and spinal cord injuries. Neurosurgery. 2013 Mar;72 Suppl 2:5-16. Resumen

138. Kucher K, Johns D, Maier D, et al. First-in-man intrathecal application of neurite growth-promoting anti-Nogo-A antibodies in acute spinal cord injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2018 Jun;32(6-7):578-89.Texto completo  Resumen

139. ClinicalTrials.gov. NISCI - Nogo inhibition in spinal cord injury (NISCI). Oct 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

140. Kwon BK, Sekhon LH, Fehlings MG. Emerging repair, regeneration, and translational research advances for spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010 Oct 1;35(21 suppl):S263-70. Resumen

141. Chow DS, Teng Y, Toups EG, et al. Pharmacology of riluzole in acute spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg Spine. 2012 Sep;17(1 suppl):129-40. Resumen

142. Grossman RG, Fehlings MG, Frankowski RF, et al. A prospective, multicenter, phase I matched-comparison group trial of safety, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary efficacy of riluzole in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2014 Feb 1;31(3):239-55.Texto completo  Resumen

143. Fehlings MG, Nakashima H, Nagoshi N, et al. Rationale, design and critical end points for the Riluzole in Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study (RISCIS): a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled parallel multi-center trial. Spinal Cord. 2016 Jan;54(1):8-15.Texto completo  Resumen

144. ClinicalTrials.gov. Riluzole in spinal cord injury study (RISCIS). Apr 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

145. ClinicalTrials.gov. Minocycline in acute spinal cord injury (MASC). Oct 2014 [internet publication].Texto completo

146. Casha S, Zygun D, McGowan MD, et al. Results of a phase II placebo-controlled randomized trial of minocycline in acute spinal cord injury. Brain. 2012 Apr;135(Pt 4):1224-36.Texto completo  Resumen

147. Fehlings MG, Theodore N, Harrop J, et al. A phase I/IIa clinical trial of a recombinant Rho protein antagonist in acute spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2011 May;28(5):787-96. Resumen

148. Harkema S, Gerasimenko Y, Hodes J, et al. Effect of epidural stimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord on voluntary movement, standing, and assisted stepping after motor complete paraplegia: a case study. Lancet. 2011 Jun 4;377(9781):1938-47.Texto completo  Resumen

149. ClinicalTrials.gov. Neuromodulation techniques after SCI. Apr 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

150. Geffner LF, Santacruz P, Izurieta M, et al. Administration of autologous bone marrow stem cells into spinal cord injury patients via multiple routes is safe and improves their quality of life: comprehensive case studies. Cell Transplant. 2008;17(12):1277-93. Resumen

151. Yoon SH, Shim YS, Park YH, et al. Complete spinal cord injury treatment using autologous bone marrow cell transplantation and bone marrow stimulation with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor: phase I/II clinical trial. Stem Cells. 2007 Aug;25(8):2066-73.Texto completo  Resumen

152. Knoller N, Auerbach G, Fulga V, et al. Clinical experience using incubated autologous macrophages as a treatment for complete spinal cord injury: phase I study results. J Neurosurg Spine. 2005 Sep;3(3):173-81. Resumen

153. Lammertse DP, Jones LA, Charlifue SB, et al. Autologous incubated macrophage therapy in acute, complete spinal cord injury: results of the phase 2 randomized controlled multicenter trial. Spinal Cord. 2012 Sep;50(9):661-71. Resumen

154. Lima C, Escada P, Pratas-Vital J, et al. Olfactory mucosal autografts and rehabilitation for chronic traumatic spinal cord injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010 Jan;24(1):10-22. Resumen

155. Clohisy JC, Akbarnia BA, Bucholz RD, et al. Neurologic recovery associated with anterior decompression of spine fractures at the thoracolumbar junction (T12-L1). Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1992 Aug;17(8 suppl):S325-30. Resumen

156. Jacobs RR, Asher MA, Snider RK. Thoracolumbar spinal injuries: a comparative study of recumbent and operative treatment in 100 patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1980 Sep-Oct;5(5):463-77. Resumen

157. Tator CH, Duncan EG, Edmonds VE, et al. Comparison of surgical and conservative management in 208 patients with acute spinal cord injury. Can J Neurol Sci. 1987 Feb;14(1):60-9. Resumen

158. Frankel HL, Hancock DO, Hyslop G, et al. The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia. I. Paraplegia. 1969 Nov;7(3):179-92. Resumen

159. Dai LY, Jiang SD, Wang XY, et al. A review of the management of thoracolumbar burst fractures. Surg Neurol. 2007 Mar;67(3):221-31. Resumen

160. Thomas KC, Bailey CS, Dvorak MF, et al. Comparison of operative and nonoperative treatment for thoracolumbar burst fractures in patients without neurological deficit: a systematic review. J Neurosurg Spine. 2006 May;4(5):351-8. Resumen

161. Gnanenthiran SR, Adie S, Harris IA, et al. Nonoperative versus operative treatment for thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurologic deficit: a meta-analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012 Feb;470(2):567-77. Resumen

162. Abudou M, Chen X, Kong X, et al. Surgical versus non-surgical treatment for thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurological deficit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 6;(6):CD005079.Texto completo  Resumen

163. Guttman MP, Larouche J, Lyons F, et al. Early fixation of traumatic spinal fractures and the reduction of complications in the absence of neurological injury: a retrospective cohort study from the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program. J Neurosurg Spine. 2020 Aug 28;:1-10.Texto completo  Resumen

164. Dusdal K, Grundmanis J, Luttin K, et al. Effects of therapeutic exercise for persons with osteoporotic vertebral fractures: a systematic review. Osteoporos Int. 2011 Mar;22(3):755-69. Resumen

165. Vaccaro AR, Daugherty RJ, Sheehan TP, et al. Neurologic outcome of early versus late surgery for cervical spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1997 Nov 15;22(22):2609-13. Resumen

166. La Rosa G, Conti A, Cardali S, et al. Does early decompression improve neurological outcome of spinal cord injured patients? Appraisal of the literature using a meta-analytical approach. Spinal Cord. 2004 Sep;42(9):503-12.Texto completo  Resumen

167. Xing D, Chen Y, Ma JX, et al. A methodological systematic review of early versus late stabilization of thoracolumbar spine fractures. Eur Spine J. 2013 Oct;22(10):2157-66.Texto completo  Resumen

168. Bellabarba C, Fisher C, Chapman JR, et al. Does early fracture fixation of thoracolumbar spine fractures decrease morbidity or mortality? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010 Apr 20;35(9 suppl):S138-45. Resumen

169. Chu DA, Ahn JH, Ragnarsson KT, et al. Deep venous thrombosis: diagnosis in spinal cord injured patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1985 Jun;66(6):365-8. Resumen

170. Green D, Rossi EC, Yao JS, et al. Deep vein thrombosis in spinal cord injury: effect of prophylaxis with calf compression, aspirin, and dipyridamole. Paraplegia. 1982 Aug;20(4):227-34. Resumen

171. Soreff J. Assessment of the late results of traumatic compression fractures of the thoracolumbar vertebral bodies. Stockholm, Sweden: Karolinska Hospital; 1977.

172. Yin D, Liu B, Chang Y, et al. Management of late-onset deep surgical site infection after instrumented spinal surgery. BMC Surg. 2018 Dec 22;18(1):121.Texto completo  Resumen

173. Esclarin A, Garcia-Leoni ME, Herruzor R. Urinary tract infection (UTI) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI): multivariate analysis of risk factors. Abstr Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;39:612.

174. Giotta Lucifero A, Gragnaniello C, Baldoncini M, et al. Rating the incidence of iatrogenic vascular injuries in thoracic and lumbar spine surgery as regards the approach: a PRISMA-based literature review. Eur Spine J. 2021 Nov;30(11):3172-90.Texto completo  Resumen

175. Bingol H, Cingoz F, Yilmaz AT, et al. Vascular complications related to lumbar disc surgery. J Neurosurg. 2004 Mar;100(3 suppl spine):249-53. Resumen