Asma en niños

Referencias

Artículos principales

Global Initiative for Asthma. 2024 Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. May 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

British Thoracic Society. British guideline on the management of asthma. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Asthma: diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management. Mar 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Aug 2007 [internet publication].Texto completo

Expert Panel Working Group of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) administered and coordinated National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee (NAEPPCC), Cloutier MM, Baptist AP, et al. 2020 focused updates to the asthma management guidelines: a report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Dec;146(6):1217-70.Texto completo  Resumen

Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. May 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

Artículos de referencia

1. Global Initiative for Asthma. 2024 Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. May 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

2. Mohan A, Lugogo NL, Hanania NA, et al. Questions in mild asthma: an official American Thoracic Society Research Statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023 Jun 1;207(11):e77-e96. Resumen

3. Yang CL, Hicks EA, Mitchell P, et al. 2021 Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline – a focused update on the management of very mild and mild asthma​. Can J Respir Crit Care Sleep Med. 2021;5(4):205-45.Texto completo  Resumen

4. Asher MI, Rutter CE, Bissell K, et al. Worldwide trends in the burden of asthma symptoms in school-aged children: Global Asthma Network Phase I cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2021 Oct 30;398(10311):1569-80.Texto completo  Resumen

5. Song P, Adeloye D, Salim H, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of asthma in 2019: a systematic analysis and modelling study. J Glob Health. 2022 Jun 29;12:04052.Texto completo  Resumen

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Most recent national asthma data. [internet publication].​Texto completo

7. de Aguiar KB, Anzolin M, Zhang L. Global prevalence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in childhood: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2018 Apr;53(4):412-25.Texto completo  Resumen

8. British Thoracic Society. British guideline on the management of asthma. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

9. Thacher JD, Gehring U, Gruzieva O, et al. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood and development of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis - a MeDALL project. Environ Health Perspect. 2018 Apr 12;126(4):047005.Texto completo  Resumen

10. Alcazar CG, Paes VM, Shao Y, et al. The association between early-life gut microbiota and childhood respiratory diseases: a systematic review. Lancet Microbe. 2022 Nov;3(11):e867-80. Resumen

11. Hehua Z, Qing C, Shanyan G, et al. The impact of prenatal exposure to air pollution on childhood wheezing and asthma: A systematic review. Environ Res. 2017 Nov;159:519-30.Texto completo  Resumen

12. McKenzie C, Tan J, Macia L, et al. The nutrition-gut microbiome-physiology axis and allergic diseases. Immunol Rev. 2017 Jul;278(1):277-95. Resumen

13. Sobczak M, Pawliczak R. Relationship between vitamin D and asthma from gestational to adulthood period: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. BMC Pulm Med. 2023 Jun 17;23(1):212. Resumen

14. Wang L, Hu X, Xiang C. Does the timing of antibiotic exposure in pregnancy impact the risk of development of pediatric asthma?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Asthma. 2023 May;60(5):856-67. Resumen

15. Brustad N, Chawes B. Vitamin D primary prevention of respiratory infections and asthma in early childhood: evidence and mechanisms. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2024 Feb 14;S2213-2198(24)00161-2. Resumen

16. Sun T, Yu HY, Yang M, et al. Risk of asthma in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Pediatr. 2023 Jun;19(6):549-56. Resumen

17. Been JV, Lugtenberg MJ, Smets E, et al. Preterm birth and childhood wheezing disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2014 Jan;11(1):e1001596. Resumen

18. Grandinetti R, Fainardi V, Caffarelli C, et al. Risk factors affecting development and persistence of preschool wheezing: consensus document of the Emilia-Romagna Asthma (ERA) Study Group. J Clin Med. 2022 Nov 4;11(21):6558. Resumen

19. Koppelman GH, Los H, Postma DS. Genetic and environment in asthma: the answer of twin studies. Eur Respir J. 1999 Jan;13(1):2-4.Texto completo  Resumen

20. Fan Z, Liu T, Na W. Association of nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism with asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Respir J. 2023 Jun;17(6):516-26. Resumen

21. Aarafi H, Yadegari A, Dastgheib SA, et al. Association of +1923C > T, -1112C > T and +2044A > G polymorphisms in IL-13 gene with susceptibility to pediatric asthma: a systematic peview and meta-analysis. Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 2022 Apr;41(2):259-77. Resumen

22. Ruan Z, Shi Z, Zhang G, et al. Asthma susceptible genes in children: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Nov 6;99(45):e23051. Resumen

23. Chen X, Hu J, Li K, et al. Association of the IL-4R Q576R polymorphism with pediatric asthma: a meta-analysis. Afr Health Sci. 2022 Sep;22(3):307-16. Resumen

24. Sears MR, Greene JM, Willan AR, et al. A longitudinal, population-based, cohort study of childhood asthma followed to adulthood. N Engl J Med. 2003 Oct 9;349(15):1414-22.Texto completo  Resumen

25. Lowe AJ, Carlin JB, Bennett CM, et al. Do boys do the atopic march while girls dawdle? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 May;121(5):1190-5. Resumen

26. Li H, Dai T, Liu C, et al. Phenotypes of atopic dermatitis and the risk for subsequent asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022 Feb;86(2):365-72. Resumen

27. Dharmage SC, Lowe AJ, Tang MLK. Revisiting the atopic march current evidence. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 Oct 15;206(8):925-6. Resumen

28. Meng Q, Nagarajan S, Son Y, et al. Asthma, oculonasal symptoms, and skin test sensitivity across National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016 Feb;116(2):118-25.e5. Resumen

29. Wadhwa V, Lodge CJ, Dharmage SC, et al. The association of early life viral respiratory illness and atopy on asthma in children: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020 Sep;8(8):2663-72.e7. Resumen

30. van Meel ER, Mensink-Bout SM, den Dekker HT, et al. Early-life respiratory tract infections and the risk of school-age lower lung function and asthma: a meta-analysis of 150 000 European children. Eur Respir J. 2022 Oct;60(4):2102395. Resumen

31. Makrinioti H, Hasegawa K, Lakoumentas J, et al. The role of respiratory syncytial virus- and rhinovirus-induced bronchiolitis in recurrent wheeze and asthma - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2022 Mar;33(3):e13741. Resumen

32. Toelle BG, Xuan W, Peat JK, et al. Childhood factors that predict asthma in young adulthood. Eur Respir J. 2004 Jan;23(1):66-70.Texto completo  Resumen

33. Wang YT, Hu KR, Zhao J, et al. The association between exposure to second-hand smoke and disease in the Chinese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomed Environ Sci. 2023 Jan 20;36(1):24-37. Resumen

34. Wong M, Forno E, Celedón JC. Asthma interactions between obesity and other risk factors. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2022 Sep;129(3):301-6. Resumen

35. Di Cicco M, Sepich M, Beni A, et al. How E-cigarettes and vaping can affect asthma in children and adolescents. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022 Apr 1;22(2):86-94. Resumen

36. Rose JJ, Krishnan-Sarin S, Exil VJ, et al. Cardiopulmonary impact of electronic cigarettes and vaping products: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023 Aug 22;148(8):703-28. Resumen

37. Achakulwisut P, Brauer M, Hystad P, et al. Global, national, and urban burdens of paediatric asthma incidence attributable to ambient NO2 pollution: estimates from global datasets. Lancet Planet Health. 2019 Apr;3(4):e166-78.Texto completo  Resumen

38. Garcia E, Berhane KT, Islam T, et al. Association of changes in air quality with incident asthma in children in California, 1993-2014. JAMA. 2019 May 21;321(19):1906-15.Texto completo  Resumen

39. Reddy KRBK, Gupta N, Bhattacharya BG, et al. Impact of air pollution on allergic rhinitis and asthma: consensus statement by Indian Academy of Pediatrics. Indian Pediatr. 2021 Aug 15;58(8):765-70. Resumen

40. Boogaard H, Patton AP, Atkinson RW, et al. Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and selected health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int. 2022 Jun;164:107262. Resumen

41. Song M, Hwang S, Son E, et al. Geographical differences of risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis according to urban/rural area: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Urban Health. 2023 Jun;100(3):478-92. Resumen

42. Rodrigues MB, Carvalho DS, Chong-Silva DC, et al. Association between exposure to pesticides and allergic diseases in children and adolescents: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2022 Nov-Dec;98(6):551-64. Resumen

43. Gilden RC, Harris RL, Friedmann EJ, et al. Systematic review: association of pesticide exposure and child wheeze and asthma. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2023;19(2):169-78. Resumen

44. Burbank AJ, Hernandez ML, Jefferson A, et al. Environmental justice and allergic disease: a work group report of the AAAAI Environmental Exposure and Respiratory Health Committee and the Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Committee. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023 Mar;151(3):656-70.Texto completo  Resumen

45. Payne DN, Rogers AV, Adelroth E, et al. Early thickening of the reticular basement membrane in children with difficult asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Jan 1;167(1):78-82.Texto completo  Resumen

46. Illi S, von Mutius E, Lau S, et al. Perennial allergen sensitisation early in life and chronic asthma in children: a birth cohort study. Lancet. 2006 Aug 26;368(9537):763-70. Resumen

47. Oswald H, Phelan PD, Lanigan A, et al. Childhood asthma and lung function in mid-adult life. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1997 Jan;23(1):14-20. Resumen

48. Peat JK, Tovey E, Gray EJ, et al. Asthma severity and morbidity in a population sample of Sydney schoolchildren: part II importance of house dust mite allergens. Aust N Z J Med. 1994 Jun;24(3):270-6. Resumen

49. Hahn DL. Chlamydia pneumoniae and chronic asthma: updated systematic review and meta-analysis of population attributable risk. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0250034. Resumen

50. Liu X, Wang Y, Chen C, et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and risk of childhood asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog. 2021 Jun;155:104893. Resumen

51. Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM, et al; The Group Health Medical Associates. Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. N Engl J Med. 1995 Jan 19;332(3):133-8.Texto completo  Resumen

52. Benson VS, Hartl S, Barnes N, et al. Blood eosinophil counts in the general population and airways disease: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2022 Jan;59(1):2004590. Resumen

53. Denlinger LC, Phillips BR, Ramratnam S, et al. Inflammatory and comorbid features of patients with severe asthma and frequent exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 Feb 1;195(3):302-13. Resumen

54. Kang SW, Kim SK, Han YR, et al. Promoter polymorphism (-308G/A) of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene and asthma risk: an updated meta-analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers. 2019 Jun;23(6):363-72. Resumen

55. Yu X, Wang LW, He Q, et al. Correlation study on β2-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms and asthma susceptibility: evidence based on 57 case-control studies. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019 May;23(9):3908-25. Resumen

56. He L, Zhou X, Mo H, et al. The association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Palliat Med. 2022 Feb;11(2):574-87. Resumen

57. Cardenas A, Fadadu RP, Koppelman GH. Epigenome-wide association studies of allergic disease and the environment. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023 Sep;152(3):582-90. Resumen

58. Holst GJ, Pedersen CB, Thygesen M, et al. Air pollution and family related determinants of asthma onset and persistent wheezing in children: nationwide case-control study. BMJ. 2020 Aug 19;370:m2791. Resumen

59. Bettiol A, Gelain E, Milanesio E, et al. The first 1000 days of life: traffic-related air pollution and development of wheezing and asthma in childhood. A systematic review of birth cohort studies. Environ Health. 2021 Apr 17;20(1):46. Resumen

60. Maung TZ, Bishop JE, Holt E, et al. Indoor air pollution and the health of vulnerable groups: a systematic review focused on particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their effects on children and people with pre-existing lung disease. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jul 19;19(14):8752. Resumen

61. Nassikas NJ, McCormack MC, Ewart G, et al. Indoor air sources of outdoor air pollution: health consequences, policy, and recommendations: an official American Thoracic Society workshop report. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2024 Mar;21(3):365-76.Texto completo  Resumen

62. Chowdhury NU, Guntur VP, Newcomb DC, et al. Sex and gender in asthma. Eur Respir Rev. 2021 Dec 31;30(162):210067.Texto completo  Resumen

63. Azizpour Y, Delpisheh A, Montazeri Z, et al. Effect of childhood BMI on asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. BMC Pediatr. 2018 Apr 26;18(1):143.Texto completo  Resumen

64. Reyes-Angel J, Kaviany P, Rastogi D, et al. Obesity-related asthma in children and adolescents. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2022 Oct;6(10):713-24. Resumen

65. Oosterholt S, Pavord ID, Brusselle G, et al. Modelling ASthma TrEatment Responses (MASTER): effect of individual patient characteristics on the risk of exacerbation in moderate or severe asthma: a time-to-event analysis of randomized clinical trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2023 Nov;89(11):3273-90. Resumen

66. Deng X, Ma J, Yuan Y, et al. Association between overweight or obesity and the risk for childhood asthma and wheeze: an updated meta-analysis on 18 articles and 73 252 children. Pediatr Obes. 2019 Sep;14(9):e12532. Resumen

67. Mallah N, Turner JM, González-Barcala FJ, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and asthma exacerbation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2022 Jan;33(1):e13655. Resumen

68. Kopsaftis Z, Yap HS, Tin KS, et al. Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux in adults and children with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 May 17;(5):CD001496.Texto completo  Resumen

69. Wang R, Mihaicuta S, Tiotiu A, et al. Asthma and obstructive sleep apnoea in adults and children - an up-to-date review. Sleep Med Rev. 2022 Feb;61:101564. Resumen

70. Prasad B, Nyenhuis SM, Imayama I, et al. Asthma and obstructive sleep apnea overlap: what has the evidence taught us? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Jun 1;201(11):1345-57.Texto completo  Resumen

71. Rogers L. Role of sleep apnea and gastroesophageal reflux in severe asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2016 Aug;36(3):461-71. Resumen

72. Wijs LA, Fusco MR, Doherty DA, et al. Asthma and allergies in offspring conceived by ART: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2021 Dec 21;28(1):132-48. Resumen

73. Liang Y, Zhang J, Bai S, et al. Short-term and long-term effects of cesarean section on asthma and wheezing: a cohort study and meta-analysis. Respir Med. 2023 Aug-Sep;215:107300. Resumen

74. Słabuszewska-Jóźwiak A, Szymański JK, Ciebiera M, et al. Pediatrics consequences of caesarean section - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Oct 31;17(21):8031. Resumen

75. Zimmermann P, Messina N, Mohn WW, et al. Association between the intestinal microbiota and allergic sensitization, eczema, and asthma: a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019 Feb;143(2):467-85. Resumen

76. Lai T, Wu M, Liu J, et al. Acid-suppressive drug use during pregnancy and the risk of childhood asthma: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2018 Feb;141(2):e20170889.Texto completo  Resumen

77. Muhammad Danial Song HJJ, Min Lee CT, Ci Ng FY, et al. Childhood acid suppressants may increase allergy risk - a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023 Jan;11(1):228-37.e8. Resumen

78. Zhang MZ, Chu SS, Xia YK, et al. Environmental exposure during pregnancy and the risk of childhood allergic diseases. World J Pediatr. 2021 Oct;17(5):467-75. Resumen

79. Singh M, Varukolu S, Chauhan A, et al. Paracetamol exposure and asthma: What does the evidence say? An overview of systematic reviews. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021 Oct;56(10):3189-99. Resumen

80. Cait A, Wedel A, Arntz JL, et al. Prenatal antibiotic exposure, asthma, and the atopic march: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2022 Nov;77(11):3233-48. Resumen

81. Güngör D, Nadaud P, LaPergola CC, et al. Infant milk-feeding practices and food allergies, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma throughout the life span: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019 Mar 1;109(suppl_7):772S-99S. Resumen

82. Maas T, Kaper J, Sheikh A, et al. Mono and multifaceted inhalant and/or food allergen reduction interventions for preventing asthma in children at high risk of developing asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(3):CD006480.Texto completo  Resumen

83. D'Amato G, Ortega OPM, Annesi-Maesano I, et al. Prevention of allergic asthma with allergen avoidance measures and the role of exposome. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2020 Feb 26;20(3):8. Resumen

84. Burns J, Boogaard H, Polus S, et al. Interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution and their effect on health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 May 20;(5):CD010919.Texto completo  Resumen

85. Khreis H, Cirach M, Mueller N, et al. Outdoor air pollution and the burden of childhood asthma across Europe. Eur Respir J. 2019 Oct;54(4):1802194. Resumen

86. Jia Y, Huang Y, Wang H, et al. A dose-response meta-analysis of the association between the maternal omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplement and risk of asthma/wheeze in offspring. BMC Pediatr. 2022 Jul 16;22(1):422. Resumen

87. Malmir H, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh A. Fish consumption during pregnancy and risk of allergic diseases in the offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(27):7449-59. Resumen

88. Bisgaard H, Mikkelsen M, Rasmussen MA, et al. Atopic and non-atopic effects of fish oil supplementation during pregnancy. Thorax. 2023 Dec;78(12):1168-74. Resumen

89. Venter C, Agostoni C, Arshad SH, et al. Dietary factors during pregnancy and atopic outcomes in childhood: a systematic review from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2020 Nov;31(8):889-912. Resumen

90. Osborn DA, Sinn JK, Jones LJ. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 19;(10):CD003664.Texto completo  Resumen

91. Schindler T, Sinn JK, Osborn DA. Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 28;10:CD010112.Texto completo  Resumen

92. Meirlaen L, Levy EI, Vandenplas Y. Prevention and management with pro-, pre and synbiotics in children with asthma and allergic rhinitis: a narrative review. Nutrients. 2021 Mar 14;13(3):934. Resumen

93. Du X, Wang L, Wu S, et al. Efficacy of probiotic supplementary therapy for asthma, allergic rhinitis, and wheeze: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2019 Jul 1;40(4):250-60. Resumen

94. Koumpagioti D, Boutopoulou B, Moriki D, et al. Does Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Have a Protective Effect against Asthma and Allergies in Children? A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2022 Apr 13;14(8):1618. Resumen

95. Papamichael MM, Shrestha SK, Itsiopoulos C, et al. The role of fish intake on asthma in children: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2018 Jun;29(4):350-60. Resumen

96. Rosas-Salazar C, Chirkova T, Gebretsadik T, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus infection during infancy and asthma during childhood in the USA (INSPIRE): a population-based, prospective birth cohort study. Lancet. 2023 May 20;401(10389):1669-80. Resumen

97. Moral L, Vizmanos G, Torres-Borrego J, et al. Asthma diagnosis in infants and preschool children: a systematic review of clinical guidelines. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2019 Mar-Apr;47(2):107-21. Resumen

98. Gupta S, Thériault G. Do not diagnose or routinely treat asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease without pulmonary function testing. BMJ. 2023 Mar 20;380:e072834. Resumen

99. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Asthma: diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management. Mar 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

100. Cane RS, Ranganathan SC, McKenzie SA. What do parents of wheezy children understand by "wheeze"? Arch Dis Child. 2000 Apr;82(4):327-32.Texto completo  Resumen

101. Lai K, Satia I, Song WJ, et al. Cough and cough hypersensitivity as treatable traits of asthma. Lancet Respir Med. 2023 Jul;11(7):650-62. Resumen

102. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Aug 2007 [internet publication].Texto completo

103. Chang TS, Lemanske RF Jr, Guilbert TW, et al. Evaluation of the modified asthma predictive index in high-risk preschool children. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2013 Mar;1(2):152-6.Texto completo  Resumen

104. Colicino S, Munblit D, Minelli C, et al. Validation of childhood asthma predictive tools: A systematic review. Clin Exp Allergy. 2019 Apr;49(4):410-18. Resumen

105. Kothalawala DM, Kadalayil L, Weiss VBN, et al. Prediction models for childhood asthma: a systematic review. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2020 Aug;31(6):616-27. Resumen

106. Daines L, McLean S, Buelo A, et al. Systematic review of clinical prediction models to support the diagnosis of asthma in primary care. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2019 May 9;29(1):19. Resumen

107. Reyna ME, Dai R, Tran MM, et al. Development of a symptom-based tool for screening of children at high risk of preschool asthma. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Oct 3;5(10):e2234714. Resumen

108. Morice AH, Millqvist E, Bieksiene K, et al. ERS guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough in adults and children. Eur Respir J. 2020 Jan;55(1):1901136. Resumen

109. Chang AB, Oppenheimer JJ, Irwin RS, et al. Managing chronic cough as a symptom in children and management algorithms: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2020 Jul;158(1):303-29. Resumen

110. Gaillard EA, Kuehni CE, Turner S, et al. European Respiratory Society clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis of asthma in children aged 5-16 years. Eur Respir J. 2021 Oct;58(5):2004173.Texto completo  Resumen

111. Miller MR, Crapo R, Hankinson J, et al. General considerations for lung function testing. Eur Respir J. 2005 Jul;26(1):153-61. Resumen

112. Stanojevic S, Kaminsky DA, Miller MR, et al. ERS/ATS technical standard on interpretive strategies for routine lung function tests. Eur Respir J. 2022 Jul;60(1):.Texto completo  Resumen

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114. Hengeveld VS, van der Kamp MR, Thio BJ, et al. The need for testing-the exercise challenge test to disentangle causes of childhood exertional dyspnea. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:773794.Texto completo  Resumen

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116. British Thoracic Society and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma. July 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

117. Zimmerman B, Silverman FS, Tarlo SM, et al. Induced sputum: comparison of postinfectious cough with allergic asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000 Mar;105(3):495-9. Resumen

118. Lex C, Ferreira F, Zacharasiewicz A, et al. Airway eosinophilia in children with severe asthma: predictive values of noninvasive tests. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Dec 15;174(12):1286-91. Resumen

119. Khatri SB, Iaccarino JM, Barochia A, et al. Use of fractional exhaled nitric oxide to guide the treatment of asthma: an official ATS clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 15;204(10):e97-109.Texto completo  Resumen

120. Yang CL, Hicks EA, Mitchell P, et al. Canadian Thoracic Society 2021 guideline update: diagnosis and management of asthma in preschoolers, children and adults. Can J Respir Crit Care Sleep Med. 2021;5(6):348-61.Texto completo

121. Expert Panel Working Group of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) administered and coordinated National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee (NAEPPCC), Cloutier MM, Baptist AP, et al. 2020 focused updates to the asthma management guidelines: a report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Dec;146(6):1217-70.Texto completo  Resumen

122. Collaro AJ, Chang AB, Marchant JM, et al. Developing fractional exhaled nitric oxide predicted and upper limit of normal values for a disadvantaged population. Chest. 2023 Mar;163(3):624-633. Resumen

123. Adams NP, Bestall JC, Lasserson TJ, Fluticasone versus placebo for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Oct 8;(4):CD003135. Resumen

124. Ducharme FM, Dell SD, Radhakrishnan D, et al. Diagnosis and management of asthma in preschoolers: A Canadian Thoracic Society and Canadian Paediatric Society position paper. Can Respir J. 2015 May-Jun;22(3):135-43.Texto completo  Resumen

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