Bocio multinodular tóxico

Referencias

Artículos principales

Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules - 2016 update. Endocr Pract. 2016 May;22(5):622-39.Texto completo  Resumen

Zimmermann MB, Boelaert K. Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015 Apr;3(4):286-95. Resumen

Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016;26:1343-1421.Texto completo  Resumen

Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2016 Jan;26(1):1-133.Texto completo  Resumen

Artículos de referencia

1. Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules - 2016 update. Endocr Pract. 2016 May;22(5):622-39.Texto completo  Resumen

2. Gabriel EM, Bergert ER, Grant CS, et al. Germline polymorphism of codon 727 of human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor is associated with toxic multinodular goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:3328-35.Texto completo  Resumen

3. De Leo S, Lee SY, Braverman LE. Hyperthyroidism. Lancet. 2016 Aug 27;388(10047):906-18. Resumen

4. Taylor PN, Albrecht D, Scholz A, et al. Global epidemiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018 May;14(5):301-16. Resumen

5. Thiruvengadam S, Luthra P. Thyroid disorders in elderly: A comprehensive review. Dis Mon. 2021 Nov;67(11):101223.Texto completo  Resumen

6. Guille JT, Opoku-Boateng A, Thibeault SL, et al. Evaluation and management of the pediatric thyroid nodule. Oncologist. 2015 Jan;20(1):19-27.Texto completo  Resumen

7. Tonacchera M, Vitti P, De Servi M, et al. Gain of function TSH receptor mutations and iodine deficiency: implications in iodine prophylaxis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2003;26(suppl 2):2-6. Resumen

8. Zimmermann MB, Boelaert K. Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015 Apr;3(4):286-95. Resumen

9. Li M, Eastman CJ. The changing epidemiology of iodine deficiency. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012 Apr 3;8(7):434-40.Texto completo  Resumen

10. Tonacchera M, Chiovato L, Pinchera A, et al. Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules in toxic multinodular goiter share activating thyrotropin receptor mutations with solitary toxic adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:492-8.Texto completo  Resumen

11. Tonacchera M, Agretti P, Chiovato L, et al. Activating thyrotropin receptor mutations are present in nonadenomatous hyperfunctioning nodules of toxic or autonomous multinodular goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:2270-4.Texto completo  Resumen

12. Krohn K, Führer D, Bayer Y, et al. Molecular pathogenesis of euthyroid and toxic multinodular goiter. Endocr Rev. 2005;26:504-24.Texto completo  Resumen

13. Fiore E, Tonacchera M, Vitti P. Influence of iodization programmes on the epidemiology of nodular goitre. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Aug;28(4):577-88. Resumen

14. Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016;26:1343-1421.Texto completo  Resumen

15. Derwahl M. TSH receptor and Gs-alpha gene mutations in the pathogenesis of toxic thyroid adenomas - a note of caution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:2783-2785. Resumen

16. Morris AJ, Malbon CC. Physiological regulation of G protein-linked signaling. Physiol Rev. 1999;79:1373-1430. Resumen

17. Poertl S, Kirner J, Saller B, et al. T3-release from autonomously functioning thyroid nodules in vitro. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1998;106:489-493. Resumen

18. Polak M. Hyperfunctioning thyroid adenoma and activating mutations in the TSH receptor gene. Arch Med Res. 1999;30:510-513. Resumen

19. Krohn K, Führer D, Holzapfel HP, et al. Clonal origin of toxic thyroid nodules with constitutively activating thyrotropin receptor mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:130-134. Resumen

20. Derwahl M, Hamacher C, Russo D, et al. Constitutive activation of the Gs alpha protein-adenylate cyclase pathway may not be sufficient to generate toxic thyroid adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:1898-1904. Resumen

21. Pearce EN, Pino S, He X, et al. Sources of dietary iodine: bread, cows' milk, and infant formula in the Boston area. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:3421-3424. Resumen

22. Maniakas A, Davies L, Zafereo ME. Thyroid disease around the world. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2018 Jun;51(3):631-42. Resumen

23. Pearce EN, Farwell AP, Braverman LE. Thyroiditis. N Engl J Med. 2003;26:348:2646-2655. [Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2003;349:620.] Resumen

24. De Filippis EA, Sabet A, Sun MR, et al. Pemberton's sign: explained nearly 70 years later. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:1949-1954. Resumen

25. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®. Thyroid disease. 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

26. Singh Ospina N, Iñiguez-Ariza NM, Castro MR. Thyroid nodules: diagnostic evaluation based on thyroid cancer risk assessment. BMJ. 2020 Jan 7;368:l6670.Texto completo  Resumen

27. Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2016 Jan;26(1):1-133.Texto completo  Resumen

28. Cibas ES, Ali SZ. The 2017 Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology. Thyroid. 2017 Nov;27(11):1341-6.Texto completo  Resumen

29. Scappaticcio L, Maiorino MI, Maio A, et al. Neutropenia in patients with hyperthyroidism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021 Mar;94(3):473-83.Texto completo  Resumen

30. Scappaticcio L, Longo M, Maiorino MI, et al. Abnormal liver blood tests in patients with hyperthyroidism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid. 2021 Jun;31(6):884-94.Texto completo  Resumen

31. Belfiore A, La Rosa GL, La Porta GA, et al. Cancer risk in patients with cold thyroid nodules: relevance of iodine intake, sex, age, and multinodularity. Am J Med. 1992;93:363-369. Resumen

32. Nygaard B, Hegedus L, Ulriksen P, et al. Radioiodine therapy for multinodular toxic goiter. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:1364-1368. Resumen

33. Cooper DS. Antithyroid drugs. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:905-917. Resumen

34. Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, et al. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum. Thyroid. 2017;27:315-389.Texto completo  Resumen

35. Patel KN, Yip L, Lubitz CC, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for the definitive surgical management of thyroid disease in adults. Ann Surg. 2020 Mar;271(3):e21-e93.Texto completo  Resumen

36. Biondi B, Cooper DS. Subclinical hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jun 21;378(25):2411-9. Resumen

37. Delitala AP, Scuteri A, Doria C. Thyroid hormone diseases and osteoporosis. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 6;9(4):1034.Texto completo  Resumen

38. Pearce EN. Diagnosis and management of thyrotoxicosis. BMJ. 2006 Jun 10;332(7554):1369-73. Resumen

39. Adam MA, Thomas S, Youngwirth L, et al. Is there a minimum number of thyroidectomies a surgeon should perform to optimize patient outcomes? Ann Surg. 2017;265:402-407. Resumen

40. Franklyn JA, Boelaert K. Thyrotoxicosis. Lancet. 2012;379:1155-1166. Resumen

41. Stachura A, Gryn T, Kałuża B, et al. Predictors of euthyreosis in hyperthyroid patients treated with radioiodine <sup>131</sup>I<sup>-</sup>: a retrospective study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2020 Jun 1;20(1):77.Texto completo  Resumen

42. Kahraman D, Keller C, Schneider C, et al. Development of hypothyroidism during long-term follow-up of patients with toxic nodular goitre after radioiodine therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012 Feb;76(2):297-303.Texto completo  Resumen

43. Toft AD. Clinical practice. Subclinical hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:512-516. Resumen

44. Bednarczuk T, Brix TH, Schima W, et al. 2021 European Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of iodine-based contrast media-induced thyroid dysfunction. Eur Thyroid J. 2021 Jul;10(4):269-84.Texto completo  Resumen

45. Sisson JC, Freitas J, McDougall IR, et al; American Thyroid Association Taskforce On Radioiodine Safety. Radiation safety in the treatment of patients with thyroid diseases by radioiodine 131I: practice recommendations of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid. 2011;21:335-346.Texto completo  Resumen

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