Calambres musculares.

Katzberg HD. Case studies in management of muscle cramps. Neurol Clin. 2020 Aug;38(3):679-96. Resumen

Leung AK, Wong BE, Chan PY, et al. Nocturnal leg cramps in children: incidence and clinical characteristics. J Natl Med Assoc. 1999;91:329-332.Texto completo  Resumen

Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM. Muscle cramping during exercise: causes, solutions, and questions remaining. Sports Med. 2019 Dec;49(suppl 2):115-24. Resumen

Zhou K, West HM, Zhang J, et al. Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(8):CD010655.Texto completo  Resumen

Maquirriain J, Merello M. The athlete with muscular cramps: clinical approach. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007;15:425-431. Resumen

Garrison SR, Korownyk CS, Kolber MR, et al. Magnesium for skeletal muscle cramps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Sep 21;(9):CD009402.Texto completo  Resumen

El-Tawil S, Al Musa T, Valli H, et al. Quinine for muscle cramps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(4):CD005044.Texto completo  Resumen

1. Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, et al. Neurology in clinical practice. 5th ed. Volumes 1 and 2. Philadelphia, PA: Butterworth-Heinemann-Elsevier; 2008.

2. Katzberg HD. Case studies in management of muscle cramps. Neurol Clin. 2020 Aug;38(3):679-96. Resumen

3. McGee SR. Muscle cramps. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:511-518. Resumen

4. Parisi L, Pierelli F, Amabile G, et al. Muscular cramps: proposals for a new classification. Acta Neurol Scand. 2003;107:176-186. Resumen

5. Layzer RB, Rowland LP. Cramps. N Engl J Med. 1971;285:31-40. Resumen

6. Rowland LP. Cramps, spasms and muscle stiffness. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1985;141:261-273. Resumen

7. Oboler SK, Prochazka AV, Meyer TJ. Leg symptoms in outpatient veterans. West J Med. 1991;155:256-259.Texto completo  Resumen

8. Naylor JR, Young JB. A general population survey of rest cramps. Age Ageing. 1994;23:418-420. Resumen

9. Abdulla AJ, Jones PW, Pearce VR. Leg cramps in the elderly: prevalence, drug and disease associations. Int J Clin Pract. 1999;53:494-496. Resumen

10. Grandner MA, Winkelman JW. Nocturnal leg cramps: Prevalence and associations with demographics, sleep disturbance symptoms, medical conditions, and cardiometabolic risk factors. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0178465.Texto completo  Resumen

11. Maisonneuve H, Chambe J, Delacour C, et al. Prevalence of cramps in patients over the age of 60 in primary care : a cross sectional study. BMC Fam Pract. 2016 Aug 12;17(1):111.Texto completo  Resumen

12. Hallegraeff J, de Greef M, Krijnen W, et al. Criteria in diagnosing nocturnal leg cramps: a systematic review. BMC Fam Pract. 2017 Feb 28;18(1):29.Texto completo  Resumen

13. Jansen PH, Joosten EM, van Dijck J, et al. The incidence of muscle cramp. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54:1124-1125.Texto completo  Resumen

14. Leung AK, Wong BE, Chan PY, et al. Nocturnal leg cramps in children: incidence and clinical characteristics. J Natl Med Assoc. 1999;91:329-332.Texto completo  Resumen

15. Miller TM, Layzer RB. Muscle cramps. Muscle Nerve. 2005;32:431-42. Resumen

16. Hertz G, Fast A, Feinsilver SH, et al. Sleep in normal late pregnancy. Sleep. 1992;15:246-251. Resumen

17. Neal CR, Resnikoff E, Unger AM. Treatment of dialysis-related muscle cramps with hypertonic dextrose. Arch Intern Med. 1981;141:171-173. Resumen

18. Donauer J, Kolblin D, Bek M, et al. Ultrafiltration profiling and measurement of relative blood volume as strategies to reduce hemodialysis-related side effects. Am J Kid Dis. 2000;36:115-123. Resumen

19. Noordzij M, Boeschoten EW, Bos WJ, et al. Disturbed mineral metabolism is associated with muscle and skin complaints in a prospective cohort of dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:2944-2949.Texto completo  Resumen

20. Brass EP, Adler S, Sietsema KE, et al. Peripheral arterial disease is not associated with an increased prevalence of intradialytic cramps in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Am J Nephrol. 2002;22:491-496. Resumen

21. Ahmad S, Robertson HT, Golper TA, et al. Multicenter trial of L-carnitine in maintenance hemodialysis patients. II. Clinical and biochemical effects. Kidney Int. 1990;38:912-918.Texto completo  Resumen

22. Marotta PJ, Graziadei IW, Ghent CN. Muscle cramps: a 'complication' of cirrhosis. Can J Gastroenterol. 2000;14(suppl D):21D-25D. Resumen

23. Konikoff F, Theodor E. Painful muscle cramps. A symptom of liver cirrhosis? J Clin Gastroenterol. 1986;8:669-672. Resumen

24. Kobayashi Y, Kawasaki T, Yoshimi T, et al. Muscle cramps in chronic liver diseases and treatment with antispastic agent (eperisone hydrochloride). Dig Dis Sci. 1992;37:1145-1146. Resumen

25. Angeli P, Albino G, Carraro P, et al. Cirrhosis and muscle cramps: evidence of a causal relationship. Hepatology. 1996;23:264-273.Texto completo  Resumen

26. Abrams GA, Concato J, Fallon MB. Muscle cramps in patients with cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:1363-1366. Resumen

27. Schwellnus MP, Drew N, Collins M. Muscle cramping in athletes - risk factors, clinical assessment, and management. Clin Sports Med. 2008;27:183-194. Resumen

28. Fallon KE. Musculoskeletal injuries in the ultramarathon: the 1990 Westfield Sydney to Melbourne run. Br J Sports Med. 1996;30:319-323.Texto completo  Resumen

29. Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM. Muscle cramping during exercise: causes, solutions, and questions remaining. Sports Med. 2019 Dec;49(suppl 2):115-24. Resumen

30. Tamura N, Kuwabara S, Misawa S, et al. Increased nodal persistent Na+ currents in human neuropathy and motor neuron disease estimated by latent addition. Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;117:2451-2458. Resumen

31. Layzer RB. The origin of muscle fasciculations and cramps. Muscle Nerve. 1994;17:1243-1249. Resumen

32. Roeleveld K, van Engelen BG, Stegeman DF. Possible mechanisms of muscle cramp from temporal and spatial surface EMG characteristics. J Appl Physiol. 2000;88:1698-1706.Texto completo  Resumen

33. Serrao M, Arendt-Nielsen L, Ge HY, et al. Experimental muscle pain decreases the frequency threshold of electrically elicited muscle cramps. Exp Brain Res. 2007;182:301-308. Resumen

34. Zhou K, West HM, Zhang J, et al. Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(8):CD010655.Texto completo  Resumen

35. Hantoushzadeh S, Jafarabadi M, Khazardoust S. Serum magnesium levels, muscle cramps, and preterm labor. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2007;98:153-154. Resumen

36. Abrams J, Aponte GE. The leg cramp syndrome during pregnancy; the relationship to calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1958;76:432-437. Resumen

37. Hammar M, Berg G, Solheim F, et al. Calcium and magnesium status in pregnant women. A comparison between treatment with calcium and vitamin C in pregnant women with leg cramps. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1987;57:179-183. Resumen

38. Schwellnus MP, Nicol J, Laubscher R, et al. Serum electrolyte concentrations and hydration status are not associated with exercise associated muscle cramping (EAMC) in distance runners. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38:488-492.Texto completo  Resumen

39. Schwellnus MP. Muscle cramping in the marathon: aetiology and risk factors. Sports Med. 2007;37:364-367. Resumen

40. Schwellnus MP, Drew N, Collins M. Increased running speed and previous cramps rather than dehydration or serum sodium changes predict exercise-associated muscle cramping: a prospective cohort study in 210 Ironman triathletes. Br J Sports Med. 2011 Jun;45(8):650-6. Resumen

41. Maquirriain J, Merello M. The athlete with muscular cramps: clinical approach. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007;15:425-431. Resumen

42. Hung CY, Chen YL, Chen CS, et al. Association of leptin with hemodialysis-related muscle cramps: a cross-sectional study. Blood Purif. 2009;27:159-164. Resumen

43. Baskol M, Ozbakir O, Coskun R, et al. The role of serum zinc and other factors on the prevalence of muscle cramps in non-alcoholic cirrhotic patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38:524-529. Resumen

44. Marchesini G, Bianchi G, Amodio P, et al. Factors associated with poor health-related quality of life of patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:170-178. Resumen

45. Kim SH, Oh EG, Lee WH. Symptom experience, psychological distress, and quality of life in Korean patients with liver cirrhosis: a cross-sectional survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2006;43:1047-1056. Resumen

46. Guilhot F, Druker B, Larson RA, et al. High rates of durable response are achieved with imatinib after treatment with interferon alpha plus cytarabine: results from the International Randomized Study of Interferon and STI571 (IRIS) trial. Haematologica. 2009;94:1669-1675.Texto completo  Resumen

47. Deininger MW, O'Brien SG, Ford JM, et al. Practical management of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia receiving imatinib. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:1637-1647. Resumen

48. Zimlichman R, Krauss S, Paran E. Muscle cramps induced by beta-blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity properties: a hint of a possible mechanism. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:1021. Resumen

49. Imai Y, Watanabe N, Hashimoto J, et al. Muscle cramps and elevated serum creatine phosphokinase levels induced by beta-adrenoceptor blockers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1995;48:29-34. Resumen

50. Young JB, Javid M, George J. Rest cramps in the elderly. J R Coll Physicians Lond. 1989;23:103-106. Resumen

51. Delacour C, Chambe J, Lefebvre F, et al. Association between physical activity and Nocturnal Leg Cramps in patients over 60 years old: a case-control study. Sci Rep. 2020 Feb 14;10(1):2638.Texto completo  Resumen

52. Gillett RC Jr, Norrell A. Considerations for safe use of statins: liver enzyme abnormalities and muscle toxicity. Am Fam Physician. 2011;83:711-716. Resumen

53. Physicians' desk reference. 65th ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics; 2011.

54. Hedenmalm K, Alvan G, Ohagen P, et al. Muscle toxicity with statins. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010;19:223-231. Resumen

55. Mosenkis A, Townsend RR. Muscle cramps and diuretic therapy. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2005;7:134-135. Resumen

56. Fitzgerald MX, Brennan NJ. Muscle cramps, collapse, and seizures in two patients taking metolazone. Br Med J. 1976;1:1381-1382.Texto completo  Resumen

57. Macdonald JB. Muscle cramps during treatment with nifedipine. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;285:1744.Texto completo  Resumen

58. Keidar S, Binenboim C, Palant A. Muscle cramps during treatment with nifedipine. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;285:1241-1242.Texto completo  Resumen

59. Riley JD, Antony SJ. Leg cramps: differential diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 1995;52:1794-1798. Resumen

60. Palmer KN. Muscle cramp and oral salbutamol. Br Med J. 1978;2:833.Texto completo  Resumen

61. Lear J, Daniels RG. Muscle cramps related to corticosteroids. BMJ. 1993;306:1169.Texto completo  Resumen

62. Meyer AH, Kirkman MS. Shock and prolonged muscle cramps after intravenous insulin therapy. N C Med J. 1992;53:484-486. Resumen

63. Kakaria PJ, Nashel DJ, Nylen ES. Debilitating muscle cramps after teriparatide therapy. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:310. Resumen

64. Kanaan N, Sawaya R. Nocturnal leg cramps. Clinically mysterious and painful - but manageable. Geriatrics. 2001;56:34,39-42. Resumen

65. O'Malley B. Carbimazole-induced cramps. Lancet. 1989;1:1456-1457. Resumen

66. Siegal T, Haim N. Cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. Frequent off-therapy deterioration, demyelinating syndromes, and muscle cramps. Cancer. 1990;66:1117-1123.Texto completo  Resumen

67. Una E. Atypical presentation of acute neurotoxicity secondary to oxaliplatin. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2010;16:280-282. Resumen

68. Gupta S, Gupta V, Kapoor B, et al. Pyrazinamide induced hyperuricaemia presenting as severe bilateral leg cramps. J Indian Med Assoc. 2007;105:341-342. Resumen

69. Alonso-Navarro H, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ. Myalgia and cramps associated with zolmitriptan. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2005;28:241-242. Resumen

70. Delacour C, Chambe J, Lefebvre F, et al. Association between alcohol consumption and nocturnal leg cramps in patients over 60 years old: a case-control study. Ann Fam Med. 2018 Jul;16(4):296-301.Texto completo  Resumen

71. Piccoli GB, Vigotti FN, Consiglio V, et al. Quiz page: severe hypocalcemia caused by intravascular calcium phosphate precipitation after sodium phosphate-containing bowel preparation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55:A35-A37. Resumen

72. Roberts HJ. Spontaneous leg cramps and "restless legs" due to diabetogenic hyperinsulinism: observations on 131 patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1965;13:602-638. Resumen

73. Roberts HJ. Spontaneous leg cramps and "restless legs" due to diabetogenic (functional) hyperinsulinism. A basis for rational therapy. JFMA. 1973;60:29-31. Resumen

74. Haskell SG, Fiebach NH. Clinical epidemiology of nocturnal leg cramps in male veterans. Am J Med Sci. 1997;313:210-214. Resumen

75. Elphick DA, Baker M, Baxter JP, et al. Muscle cramps are the commonest side effects of home parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr. 2009;28:351-354. Resumen

76. Garzoni D, Keusch G, Kleinoeder T, et al. Reduced complications during hemodialysis by automatic blood volume controlled ultrafiltration. Int J Artif Organs. 2007;30:16-24. Resumen

77. Mujais SK. Muscle cramps during hemodialysis. Int J Artif Organs. 1994;17:570-572. Resumen

78. Murray B, Mitsumoto H. Disorders of upper and lower motor neurons. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, et al, eds. Neurology in clinical practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Butterworth Heinemann Elsevier; 2008:2183-2220.

79. Leung AK, Wong BE, Cho HY, et al. Leg cramps in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1997;36:69-73. Resumen

80. Bye AM, Kan AE. Cramps following exercise. Aust Paediatr J. 1988;24:258-259. Resumen

81. Gilchrist JM. Time course of serum CK immediately before and after a single muscle cramp. Muscle Nerve. 2003;27:766. Resumen

82. Krivosic-Horber R, Depret T, Wagner JM, et al. Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility revealed by increased serum creatine kinase concentrations during statin treatment. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2004;21:572-574. Resumen

83. Hernando P, Caramelo C, Lopez Garcia D, et al. Muscle cramps: a cause of elevated creatine kinase levels in hemodialysis patients. Nephron. 1990;55:231-232. Resumen

84. Fernandez C, de Paula AM, Figarella-Branger D, et al. Diagnostic evaluation of clinically normal subjects with chronic hyperCKemia. Neurology. 2006;66:1585-1587. Resumen

85. Amato AA, Brooke MH. Disorders of skeletal muscle. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, et al, eds. Neurology in clinical practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Butterworth Heinemann Elsevier; 2008:2403-2407.

86. Jankovic J, Shannon KM. Movement disorders. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, et al, eds. Neurology in clinical practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Butterworth Heinemann Elsevier; 2008:2081-2122.

87. Satija P, Ondo WG. Restless legs syndrome: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. CNS Drugs. 2008;22:497-518. Resumen

88. Lowe RM, Hashkes PJ. Growing pain: a noninflammatory pain syndrome of early childhood. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2008;4:542-549. Resumen

89. Kerchner GA, Lenz RA, Ptacek LJ. Channelopathies: episodic and electrical disorders of the nervous system. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, et al, eds. Neurology in clinical practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Butterworth Heinemann Elsevier; 2008:1799-1820.

90. Ashalatha R, Kishore A, Sarada C, et al. Satoyoshi syndrome. Neurol India. 2004;52:94-95.Texto completo  Resumen

91. Eymard B, Laforet P. Metabolic myopathies into adulthood. Features and clues for diagnosis. Rev Med Interne. 2001;22(suppl 3):328S-337S. Resumen

92. De Ruiter CJ, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG, et al. Muscle function in a patient with Brody's disease. Muscle Nerve. 1999;22:704-711. Resumen

93. Brody IA. Muscle contracture induced by exercise. A syndrome attributable to decreased relaxing factor. N Engl J Med. 1969;281:187-192. Resumen

94. Bissonnette B, Luginbuehl I, Marciniak B, et al. Syndromes. Rapid recognition and perioperative implications. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2006:732.

95. Hall AJ. Cramp and salt balance in ordinary life. Lancet. 1947;2:231-233.

96. Katzberg HD, Khan AH, So YT. Assessment: symptomatic treatment for muscle cramps (an evidence-based review): report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2010;74:691-696.Texto completo  Resumen

97. Man-Son-Hing M, Wells G. Meta-analysis of efficacy of quinine for treatment of nocturnal leg cramps in elderly people. BMJ. 1995;310:13-17.Texto completo  Resumen

98. Man-Son-Hing M, Wells G, Lau A. Quinine for nocturnal leg cramps: a meta-analysis including unpublished data. J Gen Intern Med. 1998;13:600-606.Texto completo  Resumen

99. Guay DR. Are there alternatives to the use of quinine to treat nocturnal leg cramps? Consult Pharm. 2008;23:141-156. Resumen

100. Anonymous. Quinine sulfate. In: AHFS drug information 2008. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2008:875-881.

101. Baltodano N, Gallo BV, Weidler DJ. Verapamil vs quinine in recumbent nocturnal leg cramps in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 1988;148:1969-1970. Resumen

102. Stern FH. Value of carisoprodol (Soma) in relieving leg cramps. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1963;11:1008-1013. Resumen

103. Chesrow EJ, Kaplitz SE, Breme JT, et al. Use of carisoprodol (Soma) for treatment of leg cramps associated with vascular, neurologic, or arthritic disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1963;11:1014-1016. Resumen

104. Serrao M, Rossi P, Cardinali P, et al. Gabapentin treatment for muscle cramps: an open-label trial. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2000;23:45-49. Resumen

105. Garrison SR, Korownyk CS, Kolber MR, et al. Magnesium for skeletal muscle cramps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Sep 21;(9):CD009402.Texto completo  Resumen

106. El-Tawil S, Al Musa T, Valli H, et al. Quinine for muscle cramps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(4):CD005044.Texto completo  Resumen

107. Shuman CR. Nocturnal cramps in diabetes mellitus; clinical and physiological correlations. Am J Med Sci. 1953;225:54-60. Resumen

108. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al; The ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 12;358(24):2560-72.Texto completo  Resumen

109. Hypoglycemia in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Diabetes. 1997;46:271-286. Resumen

110. Nygaard IH, Valbo A, Pethick SV, et al. Does oral magnesium substitution relieve pregnancy-induced leg cramps? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008;141:23-26. Resumen

111. Avsar AF, Ozmen S, Soylemez F. Vitamin B1 and B6 substitution in pregnancy for leg cramps. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;175:233-234. Resumen

112. Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2008.

113. Khajehdehi P, Mojerlou M, Behzadi S, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of supplementary vitamins E, C and their combination for treatment of haemodialysis cramps. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:1448-1451.Texto completo  Resumen

114. El-Hennawy AS, Zaib S. A selected controlled trial of supplementary vitamin E for treatment of muscle cramps in hemodialysis patients. Am J Ther. 2010;17:455-459. Resumen

115. Roca AO, Jarjoura D, Blend D, et al. Dialysis leg cramps. Efficacy of quinine versus vitamin E. ASAIO J. 1992;38:M481-M485. Resumen

116. Hespel P, Derave W. Ergogenic effects of creatine in sports and rehabilitation. Subcell Biochem. 2007;46:245-259. Resumen

117. Chang CT, Wu CH, Yang CW, et al. Creatine monohydrate treatment alleviates muscle cramps associated with haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:1978-1981.Texto completo  Resumen

118. Kaji DM, Ackad A, Nottage WG, et al. Prevention of muscle cramps in haemodialysis patients by quinine sulphate. Lancet. 1976;2:66-67. Resumen

119. Sidhom OA, Odeh YK, Krumlovsky FA, et al. Low-dose prazosin in patients with muscle cramps during hemodialysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1994;56:445-451. Resumen

120. Kugelmas M. Preliminary observation: oral zinc sulfate replacement is effective in treating muscle cramps in cirrhotic patients. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19:13-15. Resumen

121. Konikoff F, Ben-Amitay G, Halpern Z, et al. Vitamin E and cirrhotic muscle cramps. Isr J Med Sci. 1991;27:221-223. Resumen

122. Lee FY, Lee SD, Tsai YT, et al. A randomized controlled trial of quinidine in the treatment of cirrhotic patients with muscle cramps. J Hepatol. 1991;12:236-240. Resumen

123. Motoo Y, Taga H, Yamaguchi Y, et al. Effect of niuche-shen-qi-wan on painful muscle cramps in patients with liver cirrhosis: a preliminary report. Am J Chin Med. 1997;25:97-102. Resumen

124. Mueller ME, Gruenthal M, Olson WL, et al. Gabapentin for relief of upper motor neuron symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:521-524. Resumen

125. Bedlack RS, Pastula DM, Hawes J, et al. Open-label pilot trial of levetiracetam for cramps and spasticity in patients with motor neuron disease. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2009;10:210-215. Resumen

126. Kanai K, Kuwabara S, Arai K, et al. Muscle cramp in Machado-Joseph disease: altered motor axonal excitability properties and mexiletine treatment. Brain. 2003;126:965-973.Texto completo  Resumen

127. Katzberg HD. Neurogenic muscle cramps. J Neurol. 2015 Aug;262(8):1814-21. Resumen

128. Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al. Practice parameter update: the care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: multidisciplinary care, symptom management, and cognitive/behavioral impairment (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2009;73:1227-1233.Texto completo  Resumen

129. Baldinger R, Katzberg HD, Weber, M. Treatment for cramps in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(4):CD004157.Texto completo  Resumen

130. Forshew DA, Bromberg MB. A survey of clinicians' practice in the symptomatic treatment of ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2003;4:258-263. Resumen

131. Bertolasi L, Priori A, Tomelleri G, et al. Botulinum toxin treatment of muscle cramps: a clinical and neurophysiological study. Ann Neurol. 1997;41:181-186. Resumen

132. Minaker KL, Flier JS, Landsberg L, et al. Phenytoin-induced improvement in muscle cramping and insulin action in three patients with the syndrome of insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans, and acral hypertrophy. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:981-985. Resumen

133. Zisfein J, Sivak M, Aron AM, et al. Isaacs' syndrome with muscle hypertrophy reversed by phenytoin therapy. Arch Neurol. 1983;40:241-242. Resumen

134. Chang YJ, Wu CL, Chen RS, et al. Case of Isaacs syndrome successfully treated with phenytoin. J Formos Med Assoc. 1993;92:1010-1012. Resumen

135. Phoenix J, Hopkins P, Bartram C, et al. Effect of vitamin B6 supplementation in McArdle's disease: a strategic case study. Neuromuscul Disord. 1998;8:210-212. Resumen

136. Serrao M, Cardinali P, Rossi P, et al. A case of myokymia-cramp syndrome successfully treated with gabapentin. Acta Neurol Scand. 1998;98:458-460. Resumen

137. Medeiros BC, Lipton JH. Chlordiazepoxide for imatinib-induced muscular cramps. Eur J Haematol. 2006;77:538. Resumen

138. Shewman DA, Craig JM. Creatine supplementation prevents statin-induced muscle toxicity. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153:690-692. Resumen

139. Pasternak RC, Smith SC Jr, Bairey-Merz CN, et al. ACC/AHA/NHLBI clinical advisory on the use and safety of statins. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:567-572.Texto completo  Resumen

140. Chinyanga HM, Vartanian GA, Okai EA, et al. Chloroquine-induced depression of neuromuscular transmission. Eur J Pharmacol. 1972;18:256-260. Resumen

141. Ayitey-Smith E, Vartanian GA. Dual action of chloroquine on frog's skeletal muscle contraction. Eur J Pharmacol. 1975;30:29-35. Resumen

142. Sever MS, Kocak N. Chloroquine phosphate reduces the frequency of muscle cramps during maintenance hemodialysis. Nephron. 1990;56:443. Resumen

143. Ahmad S, Robertson HT, Golper TA, et al. Multicenter trial of L-carnitine in maintenance hemodialysis patients. II. Clinical and biochemical effects. Kidney Int. 1990;38:912-918.Texto completo  Resumen

144. Rathod R, Baig MS, Khandelwal PN, et al. Results of a single blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial to study the effect of intravenous L-carnitine supplementation on health-related quality of life in Indian patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Indian J Med Sci. 2006;60:143-153. Resumen

145. Matsuzaki Y, Tanaka N, Osuga T. Is taurine effective for treatment of painful muscle cramps in liver cirrhosis? Am J Gastroenterol. 1993;88:1466-1467. Resumen

146. Yamamoto S. Oral taurine therapy for painful muscle cramp in liver cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994;89:457-458. Resumen

147. Woloson SK, Littooy FN. Superficial femoral artery branch avulsion after severe muscle cramping. J Vasc Surg. 1999;30:954-956. Resumen

148. Saskin P, Welton C, Moldofsky H, et al. Sleep and nocturnal leg cramps. Sleep. 1988;11:307-308. Resumen