Retinopatía diabética

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 30;329(14):977-86.Texto completo  Resumen

UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ. 1998 Sep 12;317(7160):703-13.Texto completo  Resumen

American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2023. January 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern: diabetic retinopathy. Oct 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Clinical application of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) findings, DRS report number 8. Ophthalmology. 1981 Jul;88(7):583-600. Resumen

Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Clinical application of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) findings, DRS report number 8. Ophthalmology. 1981 Jul;88(7):583-600. Resumen

1. Wilkinson CP, Ferris FL 3rd, Klein RE, et al. Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales. Ophthalmology. 2003 Sep;110(9):1677-82. Resumen

2. Bakri SJ, Wolfe JD, Regillo CD, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for management of diabetic macular edema. J Vitreoretin Dis. 2019 April 24; 2(3):145-52.

3. Scanlon PH. The English National Screening Programme for diabetic retinopathy 2003-2016. Acta Diabetol. 2017 Jun;54(6):515-25.Texto completo  Resumen

4. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th edn. Brussels, Belgium: 2021.Texto completo

5. Yang W, Lu J, Weng J, et al. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 25;362(12):1090-101.Texto completo  Resumen

6. Shen X, Vaidya A, Wu S, et al. The diabetes epidemic in China: an integrated review of national surveys. Endocr Pract. 2016 Sep;22(9):1119-29. Resumen

7. Yau JW, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, et al. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2012 Mar;35(3):556-64.Texto completo  Resumen

8. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984 Apr;102(4):520-6. Resumen

9. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. III. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984 Apr;102(4):527-32. Resumen

10. Wong TY, Mwamburi M, Klein R,et al. Rates of progression in diabetic retinopathy during different time periods: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2009 Dec;32(12):2307-13.Texto completo  Resumen

11. Sabanayagam C, Banu R, Chee ML, et al. Incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019 Feb;7(2):140-9. Resumen

12. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. IX. Four-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989 Feb;107(2):237-43. Resumen

13. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. X. Four-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 years or more. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989 Feb;107(2):244-9. Resumen

14. Scanlon PH, Stratton IM, Histed M, et al. The influence of background diabetic retinopathy in the second eye on rates of progression of diabetic retinopathy between 2005 and 2010. Acta Ophthalmol. 2013 Aug;91(5):e335-9.Texto completo  Resumen

15. Cinar Y, Senyol AM, Duman K. Blood viscosity and blood pressure: role of temperature and hyperglycemia. Am J Hypertens. 2001;14:433-438. Resumen

16. Pecsvarady Z, Fisher TC, Darwin CH, et al. Decreased polymorphonuclear leucocyte deformability in NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1994 Jan;17(1):57-63. Resumen

17. Vaidyula VR, Boden G, Rao AK. Platelet and monocyte activation by hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in healthy subjects. Platelets. 2006;17:577-585. Resumen

18. Forrester JV. Mechanisms of new vessel formation in the retina. Diabet Med. 1987;4:423-430. Resumen

19. Rassam SM, Patel V, Kohner EM. The effect of experimental hypertension on retinal vascular autoregulation in humans: a mechanism for the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Exp Physiol. 1995;80:53-68.Texto completo  Resumen

20. van Dijk HW, Kok PH, Garvin M, et al. Selective loss of inner retinal layer thickness in type 1 diabetic patients with minimal diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009 Jul;50(7):3404-9.Texto completo  Resumen

21. Sohn EH, van Dijk HW, Jiao C, et al. Retinal neurodegeneration may precede microvascular changes characteristic of diabetic retinopathy in diabetes mellitus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 May 10;113(19):E2655-64.Texto completo  Resumen

22. Pescosolido N, Barbato A, Stefanucci A, et al. Role of electrophysiology in the early diagnosis and follow-up of diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Res. 2015;2015:319692.Texto completo  Resumen

23. McAnany JJ, Park JC. Reduced contrast sensitivity is associated with elevated equivalent intrinsic noise in type 2 diabetics who have mild or no retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018 May 1;59(6):2652-8.Texto completo  Resumen

24. Drasdo N, Chiti Z, Owens DR, et al. Effect of darkness on inner retinal hypoxia in diabetes. Lancet. 2002 Jun 29;359(9325):2251-3. Resumen

25. Hietala K, Forsblom C, Summanen P, et al. Heritability of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes. 2008 Aug;57(8):2176-80.Texto completo  Resumen

26. Arar NH, Freedman BI, Adler SG, et al. Heritability of the severity of diabetic retinopathy: the FIND-Eye study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Sep;49(9):3839-45.Texto completo  Resumen

27. Skol AD, Jung SC, Sokovic AM, et al. Integration of genomics and transcriptomics predicts diabetic retinopathy susceptibility genes. Elife. 2020 Nov 9;9:e59980.Texto completo  Resumen

28. Steinle JJ. Retinal endothelial cell apoptosis. Apoptosis. 2012 Dec;17(12):1258-60. Resumen

29. Romeo G, Liu WH, Asnaghi V, et al. Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB induced by diabetes and high glucose regulates a proapoptotic program in retinal pericytes. Diabetes. 2002 Jul;51(7):2241-8.Texto completo  Resumen

30. Huang H, He J, Johnson D, et al. Deletion of placental growth factor prevents diabetic retinopathy and is associated with Akt activation and HIF1α-VEGF pathway inhibition. Diabetes. 2015 Jan;64(1):200-12.Texto completo  Resumen

31. Lupo G, Motta C, Giurdanella G, et al. Role of phospholipases A2 in diabetic retinopathy: in vitro and in vivo studies. Biochem Pharmacol. 2013 Dec 1;86(11):1603-13.Texto completo  Resumen

32. Antonetti DA, Barber AJ, Hollinger LA, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor induces rapid phosphorylation of tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occluden 1. A potential mechanism for vascular permeability in diabetic retinopathy and tumors. J Biol Chem. 1999 Aug 13;274(33):23463-7.Texto completo  Resumen

33. Rousseau S, Houle F, Landry J, et al. p38 MAP kinase activation by vascular endothelial growth factor mediates actin reorganization and cell migration in human endothelial cells. Oncogene. 1997 Oct;15(18):2169-77. Resumen

34. Patel JI, Hykin PG, Gregor ZJ, et al. Angiopoietin concentrations in diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005 Apr;89(4):480-3.Texto completo  Resumen

35. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network, Wells JA, Glassman AR, et al. Aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema. N Engl J Med. 2015 Mar 26;372(13):1193-203.Texto completo  Resumen

36. Maturi RK, Glassman AR, Josic K, et al. Effect of intravitreous anti-vascular endothelial growth factor vs sham treatment for prevention of vision-threatening complications of diabetic retinopathy: the Protocol W randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021 Jul 1;139(7):701-12.Texto completo  Resumen

37. Nicolò M, Ferro Desideri L, Vagge A, et al. Faricimab: an investigational agent targeting the Tie-2/angiopoietin pathway and VEGF-A for the treatment of retinal diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2021 Mar;30(3):193-200. Resumen

38. Barouch FC, Miyamoto K, Allport JR, et al. Integrin-mediated neutrophil adhesion and retinal leukostasis in diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000 Apr;41(5):1153-8. Resumen

39. Suzuki Y, Nakazawa M, Suzuki K, et al. Expression profiles of cytokines and chemokines in vitreous fluid in diabetic retinopathy and central retinal vein occlusion. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2011 May;55(3):256-63. Resumen

40. Crane IJ, Liversidge J. Mechanisms of leukocyte migration across the blood-retina barrier. Semin Immunopathol. 2008 Apr;30(2):165-77.Texto completo  Resumen

41. Boss JD, Singh PK, Pandya HK, et al. Assessment of neurotrophins and inflammatory mediators in vitreous of patients with diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017 Oct 1;58(12):5594-603.Texto completo  Resumen

42. Abcouwer SF. Müller Cell-microglia cross talk drives neuroinflammation in diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes. 2017 Feb;66(2):261-3.Texto completo  Resumen

43. Reinders ME, Sho M, Izawa A, et al. Proinflammatory functions of vascular endothelial growth factor in alloimmunity. J Clin Invest. 2003 Dec;112(11):1655-65.Texto completo  Resumen

44. Boyer DS, Yoon YH, Belfort R Jr, et al; Ozurdex MEAD Study Group. Three-year, randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2014 Oct;121(10):1904-14.Texto completo  Resumen

45. Cunha-Vaz J, Ashton P, Iezzi R, et al. Sustained delivery fluocinolone acetonide vitreous implants: long-term benefit in patients with chronic diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2014 Oct;121(10):1892-903.Texto completo  Resumen

46. Abu-El-Asrar AM, Dralands L, Missotten L, et al. Expression of apoptosis markers in the retinas of human subjects with diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004 Aug;45(8):2760-6.Texto completo  Resumen

47. Sasaki M, Ozawa Y, Kurihara T, et al. Neurodegenerative influence of oxidative stress in the retina of a murine model of diabetes. Diabetologia. 2010 May;53(5):971-9.Texto completo  Resumen

48. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998 Sep 12;352(9131):837-53. Resumen

49. Chew EY, Davis MD, Danis RP, et al. The effects of medical management on the progression of diabetic retinopathy in persons with type 2 diabetes: the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2014 Dec;121(12):2443-51.Texto completo  Resumen

50. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 30;329(14):977-86.Texto completo  Resumen

51. Perais J, Agarwal R, Evans JR, et al. Prognostic factors for the development and progression of proliferative diabetic retinopathy in people with diabetic retinopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Feb 22;2(2):CD013775.Texto completo  Resumen

52. Shi R, Zhao L, Wang F, et al. Effects of lipid-lowering agents on diabetic retinopathy: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Int J Ophthalmol. 2018;11(2):287-95.Texto completo  Resumen

53. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ. 1998 Sep 12;317(7160):703-13.Texto completo  Resumen

54. ACCORD Study Group; Chew EY, Ambrosius WT, Davis MD, et al. Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 15;363(3):233-44.Texto completo  Resumen

55. Klein R, Moss SE, Klein BE. Is gross proteinuria a risk factor for the incidence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy? Ophthalmology. 1993;100:1140-1146. Resumen

56. Mathiesen ER, Ronn B, Storm B, et al. The natural course of microalbuminuria in insulin-dependent diabetes: a 10-year prospective study. Diabet Med. 1995;12:482-487. Resumen

57. Kotlarsky P, Bolotin A, Dorfman K, et al. Link between retinopathy and nephropathy caused by complications of diabetes mellitus type 2. Int Ophthalmol. 2015 Feb;35(1):59-66.Texto completo  Resumen

58. Wong TY, Klein R, Islam FM, et al. Diabetic retinopathy in a multi-ethnic cohort in the United States. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006 Mar;141(3):446-55. Resumen

59. Sivaprasad S, Gupta B, Gulliford MC, et al. Ethnic variations in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in people with diabetes attending screening in the United Kingdom (DRIVE UK). PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e32182.Texto completo  Resumen

60. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Effect of pregnancy on microvascular complications in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1084-1091.Texto completo  Resumen

61. American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2023. January 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

62. Jeng CJ, Hsieh YT, Yang CM, et al. Development of diabetic retinopathy after cataract surgery. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0202347.Texto completo  Resumen

63. Dowler JG, Sehmi KS, Hykin PG, et al. The natural history of macular edema after cataract surgery in diabetes. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:663-668. Resumen

64. Hykin PG, Gregson RM, Stevens JD, et al. Extracapsular cataract extraction in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:394-399. Resumen

65. Mozaffarian D, Afshin A, Benowitz NL, et al. Population approaches to improve diet, physical activity, and smoking habits: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012 Sep 18;126(12):1514-63.Texto completo  Resumen

66. Gale R, Scanlon PH, Evans M, et al. Action on diabetic macular oedema: achieving optimal patient management in treating visual impairment due to diabetic eye disease. Eye (Lond). 2017 May;31(s1):S1-S20.Texto completo  Resumen

67. Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centred approach. Update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia. 2015 Mar;58(3):429-42.Texto completo  Resumen

68. Chaturvedi N, Porta M, Klein R, et al. Effect of candesartan on prevention (DIRECT-Prevent 1) and progression (DIRECT-Protect 1) of retinopathy in type 1 diabetes: randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet. 2008 Oct 18;372(9647):1394-402. Resumen

69. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern: diabetic retinopathy. Oct 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

70. Samara WA, Shahlaee A, Adam MK, et al. Quantification of diabetic macular ischemia using optical coherence tomography angiography and its relationship with visual acuity. Ophthalmology. 2017 Feb;124(2):235-44. Resumen

71. Klein R, Meuer SM, Moss SE, et al. The relationship of retinal microaneurysm counts to the 4-year progression of diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989 Dec;107(12):1780-5. Resumen

72. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Fundus photographic risk factors for progression of diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS report number 12. Ophthalmology. 1991 May;98(5 Suppl):823-33. Resumen

73. Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Clinical application of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) findings, DRS report number 8. Ophthalmology. 1981 Jul;88(7):583-600. Resumen

74. Mizener JB, Podhajsky P, Hayreh SS. Ocular ischemic syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1997 May;104(5):859-64. Resumen

75. Claster S, Vichinsky EP. Managing sickle cell disease. BMJ. 2003 Nov 15;327(7424):1151-5. Resumen

76. Leitão Guerra RL, Leitão Guerra CL, Bastos MG, et al. Sickle cell retinopathy: what we now understand using optical coherence tomography angiography. A systematic review. Blood Rev. 2019 May;35:32-42. Resumen

77. Public Health England. Diabetic eye screening: commission and provide. April 2017 [internet publication].Texto completo

78. Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Clinical application of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) findings, DRS report number 8. Ophthalmology. 1981 Jul;88(7):583-600. Resumen

79. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Treatment techniques and clinical guidelines for photocoagulation of diabetic macular edema. ETDRS report number 2. Ophthalmology. 1987 Jul;94(7):761-74. Resumen

80. Javitt JC, Aiello LP. Cost-effectiveness of detecting and treating diabetic retinopathy. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Jan 1;124(1 Pt 2):164-9. Resumen

81. Singer DE, Nathan DM, Fogel HA, et al. Screening for diabetic retinopathy. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Apr 15;116(8):660-71. Resumen

82. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Treatment techniques and clinical guidelines for photocoagulation of diabetic macular edema. ETDRS report number 2. Ophthalmology. 1987 Jul;94(7):761-74. Resumen

83. Bailey CC, Sparrow JM, Grey RH, et al. The National Diabetic Retinopathy Laser Treatment Audit. III. Clinical outcomes. Eye. 1999 Apr;13 ( Pt 2):151-9. Resumen

84. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs: an extension of the modified Airlie House classification. ETDRS report number 10. Ophthalmology. 1991 May;98(5 Suppl):786-806. Resumen

85. Solomon SD, Chew E, Duh EJ, et al. Diabetic retinopathy: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2017 Mar;40(3):412-18.Texto completo  Resumen

86. Coney JM, Scott AW. Racial disparities in the screening and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. J Natl Med Assoc. 2022 Apr;114(2):171-81. Resumen

87. Thomas CG, Channa R, Prichett L, et al. Racial/ethnic disparities and barriers to diabetic retinopathy screening in youths. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021 Jul 1;139(7):791-5. Resumen

88. Mitchell P, Bandello F, Schmidt-Erfurth U, et al. The RESTORE Study: Ranibizumab Monotherapy or Combined with Laser versus Laser Monotherapy for Diabetic Macular Edema. Ophthalmology. 2011 Apr;118(4):615-25. Resumen

89. Nguyen QD, Brown DM, Marcus DM, et al. Ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema: results from 2 phase III randomized trials: RISE and RIDE. Ophthalmology. 2012 Apr;119(4):789-801.Texto completo  Resumen

90. Do DV, Nguyen QD, Boyer D, et al; da Vinci Study Group. One-year outcomes of the da Vinci Study of VEGF Trap-Eye in eyes with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2012 Aug;119(8):1658-65. Resumen

91. Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Research Group. Early vitrectomy for severe vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy. Two-year results of a randomized clinical trial. Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study report 2. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985 Nov;103(11):1644-52. Resumen

92. Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Research Group. Early vitrectomy for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy in eyes with useful vision. Results of a randomized trial: Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study report 3. Ophthalmology. 1988 Oct;95(10):1307-20. Resumen

93. Public Health England. Diabetic eye screening: commission and provide. April 2017 [internet publication].Texto completo

94. Baker CW, Glassman AR, Beaulieu WT, et al. Effect of initial management with aflibercept vs laser photocoagulation vs observation on vision loss among patients with diabetic macular edema involving the center of the macula and good visual acuity: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 May 21;321(19):1880-94.Texto completo  Resumen

95. Wells JA, Glassman AR, Ayala AR, et al. Aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema: two-year results from a comparative effectiveness randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmology. 2016 Jun;123(6):1351-9. Resumen

96. Cheung CS, Wong AW, Lui A, et al. Incidence of endophthalmitis and use of antibiotic prophylaxis after intravitreal injections. Ophthalmology. 2012 Aug;119(8):1609-14. Resumen

97. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS report number 9. Ophthalmology. 1991 May;98(5 Suppl):766-85. Resumen

98. Hercules BL, Gayed II, Lucas SB, et al. Peripheral retinal ablation in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a three-year interim report of a randomised, controlled study using the argon laser. Br J Ophthalmol. 1977 Sep;61(9):555-63.Texto completo  Resumen

99. Ferris F. Early photocoagulation in patients with either type I or type II diabetes. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1996;94:505-37.Texto completo  Resumen

100. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: the second report of diabetic retinopathy study findings. Ophthalmology. 1978 Jan;85(1):82-106.Texto completo  Resumen

101. Jacobson DR, Murphy RP, Rosenthal AR. The treatment of angle neovascularization with panretinal photocoagulation. Ophthalmology. 1979 Jul;86(7):1270-7. Resumen

102. Korobelnik JF, Do DV, Schmidt-Erfurth U, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2014 Nov;121(11):2247-54.Texto completo  Resumen

103. Rice TA, Michels RG, Rice EF. Vitrectomy for diabetic traction retinal detachment involving the macula. Am J Ophthalmol. 1983 Jan;95(1):22-33. Resumen

104. Thompson JT, de Bustros S, Michels RG, Rice TA. Results and prognostic factors in vitrectomy for diabetic traction-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987 Apr;105(4):503-7. Resumen

105. Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Group. Early vitrectomy for severe vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy. Four-year results of a randomized trial. Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study report 5. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990 Jul;108(7):958-64. Resumen

106. Berrocal MH, Acaba-Berrocal L. Early pars plana vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: update and review of current literature. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2021 May 1;32(3):203-8. Resumen

107. Zhao LQ, Zhu H, Zhao PQ, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcomes of vitrectomy with or without intravitreal bevacizumab pretreatment for severe diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011 Sep;95(9):1216-22.Texto completo  Resumen

108. Tan Y, Fukutomi A, Sun MT, et al. Anti-VEGF crunch syndrome in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: A review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2021 Nov-Dec;66(6):926-932.Texto completo  Resumen

109. Wykoff CC, Le RT, Khurana RN, et al. Outcomes with as-needed aflibercept and macular laser following the phase III VISTA DME trial: ENDURANCE 12-month extension study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017 Jan;173:56-63.Texto completo  Resumen

110. Dascalu AM, Rizzo M, Rizvi AA, et al. Safety and outcomes of intravitreal aflibercept in diabetic macular edema - a systematic review. Curr Pharm Des. 2022;28(21):1758-68. Resumen

111. Korobelnik JF, Kleijnen J, Lang SH, et al. Systematic review and mixed treatment comparison of intravitreal aflibercept with other therapies for diabetic macular edema (DME). BMC Ophthalmol. 2015 May 15;15:52.Texto completo  Resumen

112. Wykoff CC, Abreu F, Adamis AP, et al. Efficacy, durability, and safety of intravitreal faricimab with extended dosing up to every 16 weeks in patients with diabetic macular oedema (YOSEMITE and RHINE): two randomised, double-masked, phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2022 Feb 19;399(10326):741-55. Resumen

113. Watkins C, Paulo T, Bührer C, et al. Comparative efficacy, durability and safety of faricimab in the treatment of diabetic macular edema: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis. Adv Ther. 2023 Dec;40(12):5204-21. Resumen

114. Writing Committee for the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network, Fong DS, Strauber SF, et al. Comparison of the modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study and mild macular grid laser photocoagulation strategies for diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007 Apr;125(4):469-80.Texto completo  Resumen

115. Campochiaro PA, Brown DM, Pearson A, et al. Sustained delivery fluocinolone acetonide vitreous inserts provide benefit for at least 3 years in patients with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2012 Oct;119(10):2125-32.Texto completo  Resumen

116. Rittiphairoj T, Mir TA, Li T, et al. Intravitreal steroids for macular edema in diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 17;11(11):CD005656.Texto completo  Resumen

117. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant for treating chronic diabetic macular oedema in phakic eyes after an inadequate response to previous therapy. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

118. Bahadir M, Ertan A, Mertoğlu O. Visual acuity comparison of vitrectomy with and without internal limiting membrane removal in the treatment of diabetic macular edema. Int Ophthalmol. 2005 Feb-Apr;26(1-2):3-8.Texto completo  Resumen

119. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice patterns: retina summary benchmarks. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

120. Jackson ML, Virgili G, Shepherd JD, et al. Vision Rehabilitation Preferred Practice Pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P271-335.Texto completo

121. Codina CJ, Rhodes M. Low vision services provision throughout NHS Trusts in the UK. Br Ir Orthopt J. 2023;19(1):64-70.Texto completo  Resumen

122. Writing Committee for the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Panretinal photocoagulation vs intravitreous ranibizumab for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. JAMA. 2015 Nov 24;314(20):2137-46. Resumen

123. Sivaprasad S, Prevost AT, Vasconcelos JC, et al. Clinical efficacy of intravitreal aflibercept versus panretinal photocoagulation for best corrected visual acuity in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy at 52 weeks (CLARITY): a multicentre, single-blinded, randomised, controlled, phase 2b, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2017 Jun 3;389(10085):2193-203.Texto completo  Resumen

124. Brown DM, Wykoff CC, Boyer D, et al. Evaluation of intravitreal aflibercept for the treatment of severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy: results from the PANORAMA randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021 Sep 1;139(9):946-55.Texto completo  Resumen

125. Dugel PU, Koh A, Ogura Y, et al. HAWK and HARRIER: Phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-masked trials of Brolucizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2020 Jan;127(1):72-84.Texto completo  Resumen

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