Referencias
Artículos principales
American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023 Jan;46(Suppl 1):S1-291.Texto completo
Ruospo M, Saglimbene VM, Palmer SC, et al. Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 8;(6):CD010137.Texto completo Resumen
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Diabetes Work Group. KDIGO 2022 Clinical practice guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2022 Nov;102(5s):S1-127.Texto completo Resumen
National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for diabetes and CKD: 2012 Update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012 Nov;60(5):850-86.Texto completo Resumen
Lo C, Toyama T, Wang Y, et al. Insulin and glucose-lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Sep 24;9:CD011798.Texto completo Resumen
Artículos de referencia
1. American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023 Jan;46(Suppl 1):S1-291.Texto completo
2. Afkarian M, Zelnick LR, Hall YN, et al. Clinical manifestations of kidney disease among US adults with diabetes, 1988-2014. JAMA. 2016 Aug 9;316(6):602-10.Texto completo Resumen
3. Hull RP, Goldsmith DJ. Nephrotic syndrome in adults. BMJ. 2008 May 24;336(7654):1185-9.Texto completo Resumen
4. Alicic RZ, Rooney MT, Tuttle KR. Diabetic kidney disease: challenges, progress, and possibilities. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 May 18;12(12):2032-45.Texto completo Resumen
5. Orchard TJ, Dorman JS, Maser RE, et al. Prevalence of complications in IDDM by sex and duration. Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study II. Diabetes. 1990 Sep;39(9):1116-24. Resumen
6. Costacou T, Orchard TJ, et al. Cumulative kidney complication risk by 50 years of type 1 diabetes: the effects of sex, age, and calendar year at onset. Diabetes Care. 2018 Mar;41(3):426-33. Resumen
7. Ritz E, Orth SR. Nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1999 Oct 7;341(15):1127-33. Resumen
8. Kahkoska AR, Isom S, Divers J, et al. The early natural history of albuminuria in young adults with youth-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2018 Oct 4;32(12):1160-8. Resumen
9. GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018 Nov 8;392(10159):1789-858.Texto completo Resumen
10. Perkins BA, Bebu I, de Boer IH, et al. Risk factors for kidney disease in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2019 Mar 4;42(5):883-90. Resumen
11. Bakris GL, Williams M, Dworkin L, et al. Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: a consensus approach. National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Group. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000 Sep;36(3):646-61. Resumen
12. Xie X, Atkins E, Lv J, et al. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2015 Nov 7;387(10017):435-43. Resumen
13. Radcliffe NJ, Seah JM, Clarke M, et al. Clinical predictive factors in diabetic kidney disease progression. J Diabetes Investig. 2016 Jun 8;8(1):6-18.Texto completo Resumen
14. Sulaiman MK. Diabetic nephropathy: recent advances in pathophysiology and challenges in dietary management. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2019 Jan 23;11:7.Texto completo Resumen
15. Li M, Pezzolesi MG. Advances in understanding the genetic basis of diabetic kidney disease. Acta Diabetol. 2018 Aug 6;55(11):1093-104. Resumen
16. Freedman BI, Bostrom M, Daeihagh P, et al. Genetic factors in diabetic nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Nov;2(6):1306-16.Texto completo Resumen
17. Persson F, Rossing P, Hovind P, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation predict development of diabetic nephropathy in the Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria (IRMA 2) study. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2008;68(8):731-8. Resumen
18. Shumway JT, Gambert SR. Diabetic nephropathy - pathophysiology and management. Int Urol Nephrol. 2002;34(2):257-64. Resumen
19. Chapter 1: Definition and classification of CKD. Kidney Int Suppl (2011). 2013 Jan;3(1):19-62.Texto completo Resumen
20. Wisse BE. The inflammatory syndrome: the role of adipose tissue cytokines in metabolic disorders linked to obesity. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004 Nov;15(11):2792-800.Texto completo Resumen
21. Howden EJ, Coombes JS, Strand H, et al. Exercise training in CKD: efficacy, adherence, and safety. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015 Apr;65(4):583-91. Resumen
22. Leehey DJ, Collins E, Kramer HJ, et al. Structured exercise in obese diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Nephrol. 2016 Jul 7;44(1):54-62. Resumen
23. Palmer SC, Craig JC, Navaneethan SD, et al. Benefits and harms of statin therapy for persons with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012 Aug 21;157(4):263-75.Texto completo Resumen
24. Geng Q, Ren J, Song J, et al. Meta-analysis of the effect of statins on renal function. Am J Cardiol. 2014 Aug 15;114(4):562-70. Resumen
25. Hansen HP, Tauber-Lassen E, Jensen BR, et al. Effect of dietary protein restriction on prognosis in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2002 Jul;62(1):220-8. Resumen
26. Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, et al. Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report. Diabetes Care. 2019 Apr 18;42(5):731-4.Texto completo Resumen
27. Ruospo M, Saglimbene VM, Palmer SC, et al. Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 8;(6):CD010137.Texto completo Resumen
28. Norris KC, Smoyer KE, Rolland C, et al. Albuminuria, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate as predictors of cardio-renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and kidney disease: a systematic literature review. BMC Nephrol. 2018 Feb 9;19(1):36.Texto completo Resumen
29. Fox CS, Matsushita K, Woodward M, et al; Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium. Associations of kidney disease measures with mortality and end-stage renal disease in individuals with and without diabetes: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012 Nov 10;380(9854):1662-73.Texto completo Resumen
30. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Diabetes Work Group. KDIGO 2022 Clinical practice guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2022 Nov;102(5s):S1-127.Texto completo Resumen
31. Johnson DW, Jones GR, Mathew TH, et al; Australasian Proteinuria Consensus Working Group. Chronic kidney disease and measurement of albuminuria or proteinuria: a position statement. Med J Aust. 2012 Aug 20;197(4):224-5. Resumen
32. ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media. ACR manual on contrast media. 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo
33. The Royal College of Radiologists. Guidance on gadolinium-based contrast agent administration to adult patients. Apr 2019 [internet publication.Texto completo
34. Li L, Zhang X, Li Z, et al. Renal pathological implications in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with renal involvement. J Diabetes Complications. 2016 Oct 26;31(1):114-21. Resumen
35. Bataille R, Harousseau JL. Multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jun 5;336(23):1657-64. Resumen
36. Safian RD, Textor SC. Renal-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2001 Feb 8;344(6):431-42. Resumen
37. Komenda P, Ferguson TW, Macdonald K, et al. Cost-effectiveness of primary screening for CKD: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014 May;63(5):789-97. Resumen
38. Borch-Johnsen K, Andersen PK, Deckert T. The effect of proteinuria on relative mortality in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1985 Aug;28(8):590-6. Resumen
39. Nelson RG, Pettitt DJ, Carraher MJ, et al. Effect of proteinuria on mortality in NIDDM. Diabetes. 1988 Nov;37(11):1499-504. Resumen
40. Neuen BL, Young T, Heerspink HJL, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for the prevention of kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019 Nov;7(11):845-54. Resumen
41. Siu AL; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for abnormal blood glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Dec 1;163(11):861-8.Texto completo Resumen
42. Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care, Pottie K, Jaramillo A, et al. Recommendations on screening for type 2 diabetes in adults. CMAJ. 2012 Oct 16;184(15):1687-96.Texto completo Resumen
43. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 2 diabetes: prevention in people at high risk. Sep 2017 [internet publication].Texto completo
44. de Boer IH, Khunti K, Sadusky T, et al. Diabetes management in chronic kidney disease: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Diabetes Care. 2022 Dec 1;45(12):3075-90.Texto completo Resumen
45. Powers MA, Bardsley J, Cypress M, et al. Diabetes self-management education and support in type 2 diabetes: a joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Clin Diabetes. 2016 Apr;34(2):70-80.Texto completo Resumen
46. Diabetes Australia, Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, Australian Diabetes Society, et al. National evidence based guideline for patient education in type 2 diabetes. Jun 2009 [internet publication].Texto completo
47. National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for diabetes and CKD: 2012 Update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012 Nov;60(5):850-86.Texto completo Resumen
48. Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2022 Nov 1;45(11):2753-86.Texto completo Resumen
49. Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, et al. Comparison of the effects of glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for prevention of major adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2019 Apr 23;139(17):2022-31. Resumen
50. Lo C, Toyama T, Wang Y, et al. Insulin and glucose-lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Sep 24;9:CD011798.Texto completo Resumen
51. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA revises warnings regarding use of the diabetes medicine metformin in certain patients with reduced kidney function. Apr 2016 [internet publication].Texto completo
52. Augusto GA, Cassola N, Dualib PM, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: an overview of 46 systematic reviews. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021 Oct;23(10):2289-302. Resumen
53. Alicic RZ, Neumiller JJ, Johnson EJ, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition and diabetic kidney disease. Diabetes. 2019 Feb;68(2):248-57. Resumen
54. Heerspink HJ, Desai M, Jardine M, et al. Canagliflozin slows progression of renal function decline independently of glycemic effects. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Jan;28(1):368-75.Texto completo Resumen
55. Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet. 2018 Nov 10;393(10166):31-9. Resumen
56. Herrington WG, Preiss D, Haynes R, et al. The potential for improving cardio-renal outcomes by sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibition in people with chronic kidney disease: a rationale for the EMPA-KIDNEY study. Clin Kidney J. 2018 Oct 25;11(6):749-61.Texto completo Resumen
57. Cherney DZI, Zinman B, Inzucchi SE, et al. Effects of empagliflozin on the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease: an exploratory analysis from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017 Aug;5(8):610-21. Resumen
58. Petrykiv S, Sjöström CD, Greasley PJ, et al. Differential effects of dapagliflozin on cardiovascular risk factors at varying degrees of renal function. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Mar 16;12(5):751-9.Texto completo Resumen
59. Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017 Aug 17;377(7):644-57.Texto completo Resumen
60. Yale JF, Bakris G, Cariou B, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin over 52 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014 Oct;16(10):1016-27. Resumen
61. Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jun 13;380(24):2295-306.Texto completo Resumen
62. Neuen BL, Oshima M, Perkovic V, et al. Effects of canagliflozin on serum potassium in people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the CREDENCE trial. Eur Heart J. 2021 Dec 21;42(48):4891-901.Texto completo Resumen
63. Heerspink HJL, Stefánsson BV, Correa-Rotter R, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 8;383(15):1436-46.Texto completo Resumen
64. Navaneethan SD, Zoungas S, Caramori ML, et al. Diabetes management in chronic kidney disease: synopsis of the KDIGO 2022 clinical practice guideline update. Ann Intern Med. 2023 Mar;176(3):381-7.Texto completo Resumen
65. EMPA-KIDNEY Collaborative Group, Herrington WG, Staplin N, et al. Empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2023 Jan 12;388(2):117-27. Resumen
66. Yau K, Dharia A, Alrowiyti I, et al. Prescribing SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With CKD: Expanding Indications and Practical Considerations. Kidney Int Rep. 2022 Jul;7(7):1463-1476.Texto completo Resumen
67. Htike ZZ, Zaccardi F, Papamargaritis D, et al. Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and mixed-treatment comparison analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017 Apr;19(4):524-36. Resumen
68. Mann JFE, Ørsted DD, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017 Aug 31;377(9):839-48.Texto completo Resumen
69. Kawai Y, Uneda K, Yamada T, et al. Comparison of effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with/without albuminuria: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022 Jan;183:109146. Resumen
70. Kristensen SL, Rørth R, Jhund PS, et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019 Oct;7(10):776-85. Resumen
71. Leehey DJ, Rahman MA, Borys E, et al. Acute kidney injury associated with semaglutide. Kidney Med. 2021 Mar-Apr;3(2):282-5.Texto completo Resumen
72. Shaman AM, Bain SC, Bakris GL, et al. Effect of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists semaglutide and liraglutide on kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: pooled analysis of SUSTAIN 6 and LEADER. Circulation. 2022 Feb 22;145(8):575-85.Texto completo Resumen
73. Triozzi JL, Parker Gregg L, Virani SS, et al. Management of type 2 diabetes in chronic kidney disease. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2021 Jul;9(1):e002300.Texto completo Resumen
74. Mega C, Teixeira-de-Lemos E, Fernandes R, et al. Renoprotective effects of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin: a review in type 2 diabetes.J Diabetes Res. 2017;2017:5164292.Texto completo Resumen
75. Daza-Arnedo R, Rico-Fontalvo JE, Pájaro-Galvis N, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and diabetic kidney disease: a narrative review. Kidney Med. 2021 Nov-Dec;3(6):1065-73.Texto completo Resumen
76. Hatorp V. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(7):471-83. Resumen
77. Sarafidis PA, Stafylas PC, Georgianos PI, et al. Effect of thiazolidinediones on albuminuria and proteinuria in diabetes: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010 May;55(5):835-47. Resumen
78. Coca SG, Ismail-Beigi F, Haq N, et al. Role of intensive glucose control in development of renal end points in type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 2012 May 28;172(10):761-9.Texto completo Resumen
79. Fullerton B, Jeitler K, Seitz M, et al. Intensive glucose control versus conventional glucose control for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Feb 14;(2):CD009122.Texto completo Resumen
80. The Diabetes Control and Complications (DCCT) Research Group. Effect of intensive therapy on the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Kidney Int. 1995 Jun;47(6):1703-20. Resumen
81. Reichard P, Nilsson BY, Rosenqvist U. The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993 Jul 29;329(5):304-9. Resumen
82. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998 Sep 12;352(9131):837-53. Resumen
83. Sandbæk A, Griffin SJ, Sharp SJ, et al. Effect of early multifactorial therapy compared with routine care on microvascular outcomes at 5 years in people with screen-detected diabetes: a randomized controlled trial: the ADDITION-Europe Study. Diabetes Care. 2014 Jul;37(7):2015-23. Resumen
84. Shichiri M, Kishikawa H, Ohkubo Y, et al. Long-term results of the Kumamoto Study on optimal diabetes control in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2000 Apr;23 Suppl 2:B21-9. Resumen
85. Levin SR, Coburn JW, Abraira C, et al; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Glycemic Control and Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Feasibility Trial Investigators. Effect of intensive glycemic control on microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000 Oct;23(10):1478-85.Texto completo Resumen
86. Zoungas S, de Galan BE, Ninomiya T, et al; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Combined effects of routine blood pressure lowering and intensive glucose control on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: New results from the ADVANCE trial. Diabetes Care. 2009 Nov;32(11):2068-74.Texto completo Resumen
87. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 12;358(24):2560-72.Texto completo Resumen
88. Poulter NR. Blood pressure and glucose control in subjects with diabetes: new analyses from ADVANCE. J Hypertens Suppl. 2009 May;27(1):S3-8. Resumen
89. Joshi R, de Galan BE, Chalmers J, et al. Routine blood pressure lowering and intensive glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes: the ADVANCE trial. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2009;4:111-8.
90. Wong MG, Perkovic V, Chalmers J, et al. Long-term benefits of intensive glucose control for preventing end-stage kidney disease: ADVANCE-ON. Diabetes Care. 2016 May;39(5):694-700.Texto completo Resumen
91. Mattila TK, de Boer A. Influence of intensive versus conventional glucose control on microvascular and macrovascular complications in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2010 Dec 3;70(17):2229-45. Resumen
92. Ismail-Beigi F, Craven T, Banerji MA, et al; ACCORD trial group. Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial. Lancet. 2010 Aug 7;376(9739):419-30. [Erratum in: Lancet. 2010 Oct 30;376(9751):1466.] Resumen
93. Ismail-Beigi F, Craven TE, O'Connor PJ, et al. Combined intensive blood pressure and glycemic control does not produce an additive benefit on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients. Kidney Int. 2012 Mar;81(6):586-94. Resumen
94. Agrawal L, Azad N, Emanuele NV, et al. Observation on renal outcomes in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial. Diabetes Care. 2011 Sep;34(9):2090-4.Texto completo Resumen
95. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 2 diabetes in adults: management. Jun 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo
96. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Management of adults with diabetes on dialysis. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo
97. Tuttle KR, Bakris GL, Bilous RW, et al. Diabetic kidney disease: a report from an ADA Consensus Conference. Diabetes Care. 2014 Oct;37(10):2864-83.Texto completo Resumen
98. Lv J, Ehteshami P, Sarnak MJ, et al. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on the progression of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2013 Aug 6;185(11):949-57.Texto completo Resumen
99. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018 Jun;71(6):1269-324.Texto completo Resumen
100. Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Reddy SS, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline: developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan-2022 update. Endocr Pract. 2022 Oct;28(10):923-1049.Texto completo Resumen
101. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Blood Pressure Work Group. KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2021 Mar;99(3s):S1-87.Texto completo Resumen
102. Cheung AK, Chang TI, Cushman WC, et al. Executive summary of the KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2021 Mar;99(3):559-69.Texto completo Resumen
103. Bress AP, King JB, Kreider KE, et al. Effect of intensive versus standard blood pressure treatment according to baseline prediabetes status: a post hoc analysis of a randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2017 Aug 9;40(10):1401-8.Texto completo Resumen
104. Beddhu S, Chertow GM, Greene T, et al. Effects of intensive systolic blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on standard glycemic control and in those without diabetes mellitus: reconciling results from ACCORD BP and SPRINT. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018 Sep 18;7(18):e009326.Texto completo Resumen
105. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic kidney disease: assessment and management. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo
106. de Boer IH, Bangalore S, Benetos A, et al. Diabetes and hypertension: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2017 Sep;40(9):1273-84.Texto completo Resumen
107. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo
108. Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, et al; ONTARGET Investigators. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008 Apr 10;358(15):1547-59.Texto completo Resumen
109. Mann JF, Schmieder RE, McQueen M, et al; ONTARGET investigators. Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2008 Aug 16;372(9638):547-53. Resumen
110. Viberti G, Mogensen CE, Groop LC, et al. Effect of captopril on progression to clinical proteinuria in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria. European Microalbuminuria Captopril Study Group. JAMA. 1994 Jan 26;271(4):275-9. Resumen
111. Ravid M, Lang R, Rachmani R, et al. Long-term renoprotective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A 7-year follow-up study. Arch Intern Med. 1996 Feb 12;156(3):286-9. Resumen
112. Agha A, Amer W, Anwar E, et al. Reduction of microalbuminuria by using losartan in normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2009 May;20(3):429-35. Resumen
113. de Galan BE, Perkovic V, Ninomiya T, et al. Lowering blood pressure reduces renal events in type 2 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Apr;20(4):883-92.Texto completo Resumen
114. Sarafidis PA, Stafylas PC, Kanaki AI, et al. Effects of renin-angiotensin system blockers on renal outcomes and all-cause mortality in patients with diabetic nephropathy: an updated meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens. 2008 Aug;21(8):922-9. Resumen
115. Bangalore S, Fakheri R, Toklu B, et al. Diabetes mellitus as a compelling indication for use of renin angiotensin system blockers: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. BMJ. 2016 Feb 11;352:i438.Texto completo Resumen
116. Maione A, Navaneethan SD, Graziano G, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and combined therapy in patients with micro- and macroalbuminuria and other cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011 Sep;26(9):2827-47.Texto completo Resumen
117. Pham JT, Schmitt BP, Leehey DJ. Effects of dual blockade of the renin angiotensin system in diabetic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nephrol Therapeut. 2012;(suppl 2):003.Texto completo
118. Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ, et al; ALTITUDE Investigators. Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012 Dec 6;367(23):2204-13.Texto completo Resumen
119. Fried LF, Emanuele N, Zhang JH, et al. Combined angiotensin inhibition for treatment of diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2013 Nov 14;369(20):1892-903.Texto completo Resumen
120. Grossman A, Grossman E. Blood pressure control in type 2 diabetic patients. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017 Jan 6;16(1):3.Texto completo Resumen
121. Schroeder EB, Chonchol M, Shetterly SM, et al. Add-on antihypertensive medications to angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers in diabetes: a comparative effectiveness study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018 Mar 23;13(5):727-34.Texto completo Resumen
122. Agarwal R, Sinha AD, Cramer AE, et al. Chlorthalidone for hypertension in advanced chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2021 Dec 30;385(27):2507-19.Texto completo Resumen
123. Lambers Heerspink HJ, Holtkamp FA, Parving HH, et al. Moderation of dietary sodium potentiates the renal and cardiovascular protective effects of angiotensin receptor blockers. Kidney Int. 2012 Aug;82(3):330-7.Texto completo Resumen
124. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Finerenone for treating chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo
125. Rossing P, Burgess E, Agarwal R, et al. Finerenone in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes according to baseline HbA1c and insulin use: an analysis from the FIDELIO-DKD study. Diabetes Care. 2022 Apr 1;45(4):888-97.Texto completo Resumen
126. Agarwal R, Filippatos G, Pitt B, et al. Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes with finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the FIDELITY pooled analysis. Eur Heart J. 2022 Feb 10;43(6):474-84.Texto completo Resumen
127. Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Anker SD, et al. Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 3;383(23):2219-29.Texto completo Resumen
128. Filippatos G, Anker SD, Agarwal R, et al. Finerenone reduces risk of incident heart failure in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes: analyses from the FIGARO-DKD trial. Circulation. 2022 Feb 8;145(6):437-47.Texto completo Resumen
129. Wang H, Zhang GL, Zhang QB, et al. Spironolactone for diabetic nephropathy: a systematic review. Chin J Evid Based Med. 2009;9(1):71-75.
130. Mehdi UF, Adams-Huet B, Raskin P, et al. Addition of angiotensin receptor blockade or mineralocorticoid antagonism to maximal angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Dec;20(12):2641-50.Texto completo Resumen
131. Epstein M, Williams GH, Weinberger M, et al. Selective aldosterone blockade with eplerenone reduces albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Sep;1(5):940-51.Texto completo Resumen
132. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol. Circulation. 2018 Nov 10:CIR0000000000000625. Resumen
133. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Lipid Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for lipid management in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3:259-305.Texto completo
134. Newman CB, Blaha MJ, Boord JB, et al. Lipid management in patients with endocrine disorders: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Dec 1;105(12):3613-82.Texto completo Resumen
135. Jun M, Zhu B, Tonelli M, et al. Effects of fibrates in kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Nov 13;60(20):2061-71. Resumen
136. Tonelli M, Keech A, Shepherd J, et al. Effect of pravastatin in people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Dec;16(12):3748-54.Texto completo Resumen
137. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN; CARDS Investigators. Effects of atorvastatin on kidney outcomes and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: an analysis from the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS). Am J Kidney Dis. 2009 Nov;54(5):810-9. Resumen
138. Wanner C, Krane V, Marz W, et al. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jul 21;353(3):238-48. Resumen
139. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, et al; SHARP Investigators. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011 Jun 25;377(9784):2181-92. Resumen
140. Orth SR, Ritz E. The renal risks of smoking: an update. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2002 Sep;11(5):483-8. Resumen
141. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (American Dietetic Association). 2015 diabetes types 1 and 2 evidence-based nutrition practice guideline. 2015 [internet publication].Texto completo
142. Pan Y, Guo LL, Jin HM. Low-protein diet for diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Sep;88(3):660-6.Texto completo Resumen
143. Robertson L, Waugh N, Robertson A. Protein restriction for diabetic renal disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;(4):CD002181.Texto completo Resumen
144. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, et al; DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jan 4;344(1):3-10.Texto completo Resumen
145. Hodson EM, Cooper TE. Altered dietary salt intake for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jan 16;1(1):CD006763.Texto completo Resumen
146. House AA, Eliasziw M, Cattran DC, et al. Effect of B-vitamin therapy on progression of diabetic nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010 Apr 28;303(16):1603-9.Texto completo Resumen
147. Ollinger R, Margreiter C, Bösmüller C, et al. Evolution of pancreas transplantation: long-term results and perspectives from a high-volume center. Ann Surg. 2012 Nov;256(5):780-6; discussion 786-7. Resumen
148. Kandaswamy R, Skeans MA, Gustafson SK, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2013 annual data report: pancreas. Am J Transplant. 2015 Jan;15 Suppl 2:1-20.Texto completo Resumen
149. MacLeod JM, Lutale J, Marshall SM. Albumin excretion and vascular deaths in NIDDM. Diabetologia. 1995 May;38(5):610-6. Resumen
150. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Bröchner-Mortensen J, et al; Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria Study Group. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001 Sep 20;345(12):870-8.Texto completo Resumen
151. Barnett AH, Bain SC, Bouter P, et al. Angiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme inhibition in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2004 Nov 4;351(19):1952-61. Resumen
152. Levin NW, Kotanko P, Eckardt KU, et al. Blood pressure in chronic kidney disease stage 5D-report from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes controversies conference. Kidney Int. 2009 Dec 16;77(4):273-84.Texto completo Resumen
153. Lee HF, See LC, Chan YH, et al. End-stage renal disease patients using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may reduce the risk of mortality: a Taiwanese Nationwide cohort study. Intern Med J. 2018 Sep;48(9):1123-32. Resumen
154. Shan D, Wu HM, Yuan QY, et al. Pentoxifylline for diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 15;(2):CD006800.Texto completo Resumen
155. Navarro-González JF, Mora-Fernández C, Muros de Fuentes M, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline on renal function and urinary albumin excretion in patients with diabetic kidney disease: the PREDIAN trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015 Jan;26(1):220-9. Resumen
156. Leehey DJ, Carlson K, Reda DJ, et al. Pentoxifylline in diabetic kidney disease (VA PTXRx): protocol for a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2021 Aug 16;11(8):e053019.Texto completo Resumen
157. Shepler B, Nash C, Smith C, et al. Update on potential drugs for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease. Clin Ther. 2012 Jun;34(6):1237-46. Resumen
158. de Zeeuw D, Agarwal R, Amdahl M, et al. Selective vitamin D receptor activation with paricalcitol for reduction of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes (VITAL study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010 Nov 6;376(9752):1543-51. Resumen
159. Parvanova A, Trillini M, Podestà MA, et al. Moderate salt restriction with or without paricalcitol in type 2 diabetes and losartan-resistant macroalbuminuria (PROCEED): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 Jan;6(1):27-40. Resumen
160. Vlassara H, Uribarri J, Cai W, et al. Effects of sevelamer on HbA1c, inflammation, and advanced glycation end products in diabetic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jun;7(6):934-42.Texto completo Resumen
161. Simpson K, Wonnacott A, Fraser DJ, et al. MicroRNAs in diabetic nephropathy: from biomarkers to therapy. Curr Diab Rep. 2016 Mar;16(3):35.Texto completo Resumen
162. Cefalo CMA, Cinti F, Moffa S, et al. Sotagliflozin, the first dual SGLT inhibitor: current outlook and perspectives. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019 Feb 28;18(1):20.Texto completo Resumen
163. Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Pitt B, et al. Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2021 Jan 14;384(2):129-39.Texto completo Resumen
164. Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Steg PG, et al. Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and recent worsening heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2021 Jan 14;384(2):117-28.Texto completo Resumen
165. Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M, et al. Efficacy and safety of dual SGLT 1/2 inhibitor sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2019 Apr 9;365:l1328.Texto completo Resumen
166. Huang W, Chen YY, Li ZQ, et al. Recent advances in the emerging therapeutic strategies for diabetic kidney diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Sep 17;23(18):10882.Texto completo Resumen
167. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of GMA301 in subjects with pulmonary arterial hypertension. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04503733. Jan 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo
168. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study to investigate safe and tolerable dose of GMA301 injection in healthy volunteers. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04505137. Sep 2021 [internet publication].
169. Leiter LA, Teoh H, Kallend D, et al. Inclisiran lowers LDL-C and PCSK9 irrespective of diabetes status: the ORION-1 randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2019 Jan;42(1):173-6.Texto completo Resumen
170. Skupien J, Smiles AM, Valo E, et al. Variations in risk of end-stage renal disease and risk of mortality in an international study of patients with type 1 diabetes and advanced nephropathy. Diabetes Care. 2018 Nov 19;42(1):93-101.Texto completo Resumen
171. Finne P, Groop PH, Arffman M, et al. Cumulative risk of end-stage renal disease among patients with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide inception cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2019 Jan 28;42(4):539-44. Resumen
172. Galindo RJ, Ali MK, Funni SA, et al. Hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic crises among U.S. adults with diabetes and end-stage kidney disease: population-based study, 2013-2017. Diabetes Care. 2022 Jan 1;45(1):100-7. Resumen
173. Dinneen SF, Gerstein HC. The association of microalbuminuria and mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A systematic overview of the literature. Arch Intern Med. 1997 Jul 14;157(13):1413-8. Resumen
174. Baigent C, Landray M, Leaper C, et al. First United Kingdom Heart and Renal Protection (UK-HARP-I) study: biochemical efficacy and safety of simvastatin and safety of low-dose aspirin in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005 Mar;45(3):473-84. Resumen
175. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Work Group. KDIGO 2017 clinical practice guideline update for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl. 2017;7:1-59.Texto completo
176. Pei Y, Hercz G, Greenwood C, et al. Renal osteodystrophy in diabetic patients. Kidney Int. 1993 Jul;44(1):159-64. Resumen
177. Drueke TB, Locatelli F, Clyne N, et al. Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 16;355(20):2071-84. Resumen
178. Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL, et al. Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 16;355(20):2085-98. Resumen
179. Ritz E, Laville M, Bilous RW, et al. Target level for hemoglobin correction in patients with diabetes and CKD: primary results of the Anemia Correction in Diabetes (ACORD) study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007 Feb;49(2):194-207. Resumen
180. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, et al. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 1993 Nov 11;329(20):1456-62.Texto completo Resumen
181. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001 Sep 20;345(12):861-9.Texto completo Resumen
182. Lee SW, Kim WJ, Kim YH, et al. Preventive strategies of renal insufficiency in patients with diabetes undergoing intervention or arteriography (the PREVENT Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2011 May 15;107(10):1447-52. Resumen
183. Han Y, Zhu G, Han L, et al. Short-term rosuvastatin therapy for prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Jan 7-14;63(1):62-70.Texto completo Resumen
El uso de este contenido está sujeto a nuestra cláusula de exención de responsabilidad