Encefalopatía hepática

Vilstrup H, Amodio P, Bajaj J, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the European Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatology. 2014 Aug;60(2):715-35.Texto completo  Resumen

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol. 2022 Sep;77(3):807-24.Texto completo  Resumen

Bajaj JS, O'Leary JG, Lai JC, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure clinical guidelines. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Feb 1;117(2):225-52.Texto completo  Resumen

1. Vilstrup H, Amodio P, Bajaj J, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the European Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatology. 2014 Aug;60(2):715-35.Texto completo  Resumen

2. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol. 2022 Sep;77(3):807-24.Texto completo  Resumen

3. Jepsen P, Ott P, Andersen PK, et al. Clinical course of alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a Danish population-based cohort study. Hepatology. 2010 May;51(5):1675-82.Texto completo  Resumen

4. Elsaid MI, Rustgi VK. Epidemiology of hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Liver Dis. 2020 May;24(2):157-74. Resumen

5. Sharma BC, Sharma P, Agrawal A, et al. Secondary prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy: an open-label randomized controlled trial of lactulose versus placebo. Gastroenterology. 2009 Sep;137(3):885-91.Texto completo  Resumen

6. Tarantino G, Citro V, Esposito P, et al. Blood ammonia levels in liver cirrhosis: a clue for the presence of portosystemic collateral veins. BMC Gastroenterol. 2009 Mar 17;9:21.Texto completo  Resumen

7. Haj M, Rockey DC. Ammonia levels do not guide clinical management of patients with hepatic encephalopathy caused by cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020 May;115(5):723-8. Resumen

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10. Wijdicks EF. Hepatic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2016 Oct 27;375(17):1660-70. Resumen

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12. Schafer DF, Jones EA. Hepatic encephalopathy and the gamma-aminobutyric-acid neurotransmitter system. Lancet. 1982 Jan 2;1(8262):18-20. Resumen

13. Bajaj JS, Heuman DM, Hylemon PB, et al. Altered profile of human gut microbiome is associated with cirrhosis and its complications. J Hepatol. 2014 May;60(5):940-7.Texto completo  Resumen

14. Acharya C, Sahingur SE, Bajaj JS. Microbiota, cirrhosis, and the emerging oral-gut-liver axis. JCI Insight. 2017 Oct 5;2(19).Texto completo  Resumen

15. Horowitz ME, Schafer DF, Molnar P, et al. Increased blood-brain transfer in a rabbit model of acute liver failure. Gastroenterology. 1983 May;84(5 Pt 1):1003-11. Resumen

16. Mas A. Hepatic encephalopathy: from pathophysiology to treatment. Digestion. 2006;73 Suppl 1:86-93. Resumen

17. Häussinger D, Schliess F. Pathogenetic mechanisms of hepatic encephalopathy. Gut. 2008 Aug;57(8):1156-65. Resumen

18. Guevara M, Baccaro ME, Torre A, et al. Hyponatremia is a risk factor of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: a prospective study with time-dependent analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Jun;104(6):1382-9. Resumen

19. Bajaj JS, O'Leary JG, Lai JC, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure clinical guidelines. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Feb 1;117(2):225-52.Texto completo  Resumen

20. Kalaitzakis E, Björnsson E. Renal function and cognitive impairment in patients with liver cirrhosis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007 Oct;42(10):1238-44. Resumen

21. Ninan J, Feldman L. Ammonia levels and hepatic encephalopathy in patients with known chronic liver disease. J Hosp Med. 2017 Aug;12(8):659-61. Resumen

22. Deutsch-Link S, Moon AM, Jiang Y, et al. Serum ammonia in cirrhosis: clinical impact of hyperammonemia, utility of testing, and national testing trends. Clin Ther. 2022 Mar;44(3):e45-57.Texto completo  Resumen

23. Amodio P, Montagnese S. Lights and shadows in hepatic encephalopathy diagnosis. J Clin Med. 2021 Jan 18;10(2):341.Texto completo  Resumen

24. Kumar S, Modi R, Bhandari BM, et al. A head CT is unnecessary in the initial evaluation of a cirrhotic patient with recurrent hepatic encephalopathy. Ann Hepatol. 2018 Aug 24;17(5):810-4. Resumen

25. Bajaj JS, Tandon P, O'Leary JG, et al. Admission serum metabolites and thyroxine predict advanced hepatic encephalopathy in a multicenter inpatient cirrhosis cohort. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Apr 15 [Epub ahead of print]. Resumen

26. Manzo G, De Gennaro A, Cozzolino A, et al. MR imaging findings in alcoholic and nonalcoholic acute Wernicke's encephalopathy: a review. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:503596.Texto completo  Resumen

27. Horst D, Grace ND, Conn HO, et al. Comparison of dietary protein with an oral, branched chain-enriched amino acid supplement in chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology. 1984 Mar-Apr;4(2):279-87. Resumen

28. Córdoba J, López-Hellín J, Planas M, et al. Normal protein diet for episodic hepatic encephalopathy: results of a randomized study. J Hepatol. 2004 Jul;41(1):38-43. Resumen

29. Gluud LL, Vilstrup H, Morgan MY. Non-absorbable disaccharides versus placebo/no intervention and lactulose versus lactitol for the prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 6;(5):CD003044.Texto completo  Resumen

30. Patidar KR, Bajaj JS. Antibiotics for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis. 2013 Jun;28(2):307-12.Texto completo  Resumen

31. McPherson S, Thompson A; British Society of Gastroenterology. Management of hepatic encephalopathy: beyond the acute episode. Dec 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

32. Kimer N, Krag A, Møller S, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the effects of rifaximin in hepatic encephalopathy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Jul;40(2):123-32.Texto completo  Resumen

33. Wang Z, Chu P, Wang W. Combination of rifaximin and lactulose improves clinical efficacy and mortality in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2019 Dec 17;13:1-11.Texto completo  Resumen

34. Leevy CB, Phillips JA. Hospitalizations during the use of rifaximin versus lactulose for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Dig Dis Sci. 2007 Mar;52(3):737-41. Resumen

35. Goh ET, Stokes CS, Sidhu SS, et al. L-ornithine L-aspartate for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 15;(5):CD012410.Texto completo  Resumen

36. Butterworth RF, Kircheis G, Hilger N, et al. Efficacy of l-ornithine l-aspartate for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia in cirrhosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2018 Sep;8(3):301-13.Texto completo  Resumen

37. Zhu GQ, Shi KQ, Huang S, et al. Systematic review with network meta-analysis: the comparative effectiveness and safety of interventions in patients with overt hepatic encephalopathy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Apr;41(7):624-35.Texto completo  Resumen

38. Gluud LL, Dam G, Les I, et al. Branched-chain amino acids for people with hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 18;(5):CD001939.Texto completo  Resumen

39. Bass NM, Mullen KD, Sanyal A, et al. Rifaximin treatment in hepatic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 25;362(12):1071-81.Texto completo  Resumen

40. Kamath PS, Wiesner RH, Malinchoc M, et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology. 2001 Feb;33(2):464-70.Texto completo  Resumen

41. Biggins SW, Kim WR, Terrault NA, et al. Evidence-based incorporation of serum sodium concentration into MELD. Gastroenterology. 2006 May;130(6):1652-60.Texto completo  Resumen

42. Laleman W, Simon-Talero M, Maleux G, et al; EASL-CLIF-Consortium. Embolization of large spontaneous portosystemic shunts for refractory hepatic encephalopathy: a multicenter survey on safety and efficacy. Hepatology. 2013 Jun;57(6):2448-57.Texto completo  Resumen

43. Philips CA, Kumar L, Augustine P. Shunt occlusion for portosystemic shunt syndrome related refractory hepatic encephalopathy - a single-center experience in 21 patients from Kerala. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2017 Sep;36(5):411-9. Resumen

44. Shehata HH, Elfert AA, Abdin AA, et al. Randomized controlled trial of polyethylene glycol versus lactulose for the treatment of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Dec;30(12):1476-81. Resumen

45. Rahimi RS, Singal AG, Cuthbert JA, et al. Lactulose vs polyethylene glycol 3350-electrolyte solution for treatment of overt hepatic encephalopathy: the HELP randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Nov;174(11):1727-33.Texto completo  Resumen

46. Hassanein TI, Tofteng F, Brown RS Jr, et al. Randomized controlled study of extracorporeal albumin dialysis for hepatic encephalopathy in advanced cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007 Dec;46(6):1853-62.Texto completo  Resumen

47. Heemann U, Treichel U, Loock J, et al. Albumin dialysis in cirrhosis with superimposed acute liver injury: a prospective, controlled study. Hepatology. 2002 Oct;36(4 Pt 1):949-58.Texto completo  Resumen

48. Dalal R, McGee RG, Riordan SM, et al. Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Feb 23;(2):CD008716.Texto completo  Resumen

49. Bajaj JS, Kassam Z, Fagan A, et al. Fecal microbiota transplant from a rational stool donor improves hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized clinical trial. Hepatology. 2017 Dec;66(6):1727-38.Texto completo  Resumen

50. Bajaj JS, Salzman NH, Acharya C, et al. Fecal microbial transplant capsules are safe in hepatic encephalopathy: a phase 1, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 2019 Nov;70(5):1690-703. Resumen

51. Jalan R, Wright G, Davies NA, et al. L-ornithine phenylacetate (OP): a novel treatment for hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy. Med Hypotheses. 2007;69(5):1064-9. Resumen

52. Ventura-Cots M, Arranz JA, Simón-Talero M, et al. Safety of ornithine phenylacetate in cirrhotic decompensated patients: an open-label, dose-escalating, single-cohort study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2013 Nov-Dec;47(10):881-7. Resumen

53. Zacharias HD, Zacharias AP, Gluud LL, et al. Pharmacotherapies that specifically target ammonia for the prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in adults with cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jun 17;(6):CD012334.Texto completo  Resumen

54. Bustamante J, Rimola A, Ventura PJ, et al. Prognostic significance of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 1999 May;30(5):890-5. Resumen

55. Stewart CA, Malinchoc M, Kim WR, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy as a predictor of survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Liver Transpl. 2007 Oct;13(10):1366-71.Texto completo  Resumen

56. Bajaj JS, Schubert CM, Heuman DM, et al. Persistence of cognitive impairment after resolution of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology. 2010 Jun;138(7):2332-40.Texto completo  Resumen

57. Bajaj JS, Wade JB, Gibson DP, et al. The multi-dimensional burden of cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy on patients and caregivers. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Sep;106(9):1646-53.Texto completo  Resumen

58. Bajaj JS, Hafeezullah M, Zadvornova Y, et al. The effect of fatigue on driving skills in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Apr;104(4):898-905. Resumen

59. Ezaz G, Murphy SL, Mellinger J, et al. Increased morbidity and mortality associated with falls among patients with cirrhosis. Am J Med. 2018 Jun;131(6):645-50. Resumen

60. Tapper EB, Halbert B, Mellinger J. Rates of and reasons for hospital readmissions in patients with cirrhosis: a multistate population-based cohort study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Aug;14(8):1181-8.Texto completo  Resumen

61. Joshi D, O'Grady J, Patel A, et al. Cerebral oedema is rare in acute-on-chronic liver failure patients presenting with high-grade hepatic encephalopathy. Liver Int. 2014 Mar;34(3):362-6. Resumen

62. Garrido M, Turco M, Formentin C, et al. An educational tool for the prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2017;4(1):e000161.Texto completo  Resumen

63. Kircheis G, Knoche A, Hilger N, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy and fitness to drive. Gastroenterology. 2009 Nov;137(5):1706-15.e1-9.Texto completo  Resumen

64. Volk ML, Tocco RS, Bazick J, et al. Hospital readmissions among patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012 Feb;107(2):247-52.Texto completo  Resumen