Gangrena

Kihiczak GG, Schwartz RA, Kapila R. Necrotizing fasciitis: a deadly infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006 Apr;20(4):365-9.Texto completo  Resumen

Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.Texto completo  Resumen

Nicolasora N, Kaul DR. Infectious disease emergencies. Med Clin North Am. 2008 Mar;92(2):427-41. Resumen

Bradbury AW, Adam DJ, Bell J, et al; BASIL trial Participants. Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg (BASIL) trial: an intention-to-treat analysis of amputation-free and overall survival in patients randomized to a bypass surgery-first or a balloon angioplasty-first revascularization strategy. J Vasc Surg. 2010 May;51(5 Suppl):5-17S. Resumen

Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, et al.; TASC II Working Group. Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg. 2007 Jan;45 Suppl S:S5-67.Texto completo  Resumen

1. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2005.

2. Green RJ, Dafoe DC, Raffin TA. Necrotizing fasciitis. Chest. 1996 Jul;110(1):219-29. Resumen

3. Endorf FW, Cancio LC, Klein MB. Necrotizing soft-tissue infections: clinical guidelines. J Burn Care Res. 2009 Sep-Oct;30(5):769-75. Resumen

4. Morpurgo E, Galandiuk S. Fournier's gangrene. Surg Clin North Am. 2002 Dec;82(6):1213-24. Resumen

5. Cohen J, Powderly WG, Berkley SF, et al. Cohen and Powderly: infectious diseases. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2004.

6. Lu J, Wu XT, Kong XF, et al. Gas gangrene without wound: both lower extremities affected simultaneously. Am J Emerg Med. 2008 Oct;26(8):970.e3-4. Resumen

7. Schröpfer E, Rauthe S, Meyer T. Diagnosis and misdiagnosis of necrotizing soft tissue infections: three case reports. Cases J. 2008 Oct 20;1(1):252.Texto completo  Resumen

8. De A, Varaiya A, Mathur M, et al. Bacteriological studies of gas gangrene and related infections. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2003 Jul-Sep;21(3):202-4.Texto completo  Resumen

9. Santilli JD, Santilli SM. Chronic critical limb ischemia: diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Am Fam Physician. 1999 Apr 1;59(7):1899-908.Texto completo  Resumen

10. Dormandy J, Verstraete M, Andreani D, et al. Second European consensus document on chronic critical leg ischemia. Circulation. 1991 Nov;84(4 Suppl):IV1-26. Resumen

11. Dhawan SS, Wang BW. Four-extremity gangrene associated with crack cocaine abuse. Ann Emerg Med. 2007 Feb;49(2):186-9. Resumen

12. Sartelli M, Guirao X, Hardcastle TC, et al. 2018 WSES/SIS-E consensus conference: recommendations for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2018 Dec 14;13:58.Texto completo  Resumen

13. Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Martone WJ, et al. CDC definitions of nosocomial surgical site infections, 1992: a modification of CDC definitions of surgical wound infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1992 Oct;13(10):606-8.Texto completo  Resumen

14. Hafner J, Keusch G, Wahl C, et al. Calciphylaxis: a syndrome of skin necrosis and acral gangrene in chronic renal failure. Vasa. 1998 Aug;27(3):137-43. Resumen

15. Kihiczak GG, Schwartz RA, Kapila R. Necrotizing fasciitis: a deadly infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006 Apr;20(4):365-9.Texto completo  Resumen

16. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.Texto completo  Resumen

17. Delbridge MS, Turton EP, Kester RC. Spontaneous fulminant gas gangrene. Emerg Med J. 2005 Jul;22(7):520-1.Texto completo  Resumen

18. Canale ST, Beatty JH, eds. Campbell's operative orthopaedics. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2007.

19. Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ. Blue (or purple) toe syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009 Jan;60(1):1-20. Resumen

20. Baker WF Jr., Bick RL. The clinical spectrum of antiphospholipid syndrome. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am. 2008 Feb;22(1):33-52, v-vi. Resumen

21. Catenacci MH, King K. Severe sepsis and septic shock: improving outcomes in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2008 Aug;26(3):603-23, vii. Resumen

22. Headley AJ. Necrotizing soft tissue infections: a primary care review. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Jul 15;68(2):323-8.Texto completo  Resumen

23. Frykberg RG, Zgonis T, Armstrong DG, et al. Diabetic foot disorders: a clinical practice guideline (2006 revision). J Foot Ankle Surg. 2006 Sep-Oct;45(5 Suppl):S1-66.Texto completo  Resumen

24. Edwards J, Stapley S. Debridement of diabetic foot ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD003556.Texto completo  Resumen

25. Abbott RD, Brand FN, Kannel WB. Epidemiology of some peripheral arterial findings in diabetic men and women: experiences from the Framingham Study. Am J Med. 1990 Apr;88(4):376-81. Resumen

26. Siafaka A, Angelopoulos E, Kritikos K, et al. Acute effects of smoking on skeletal muscle microcirculation monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy. Chest. 2007 May;131(5):1479-85. Resumen

27. Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA. Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. JAMA. 2005 Jan 12;293(2):217-28.Texto completo  Resumen

28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Soft tissue infections among injection drug users - San Francisco, California, 1996-2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001 May 18;50(19):381-4.Texto completo  Resumen

29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: Clostridium novyi and unexplained illness among injecting-drug users - Scotland, Ireland, and England, April-June 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000 Jun 23;49(24):543-5.Texto completo  Resumen

30. Cohen S, Callahan J. The diagnosis and treatment of drug and alcohol abuse. New York, NY: Haworth Press; 1986.

31. Zenda T, Kobayashi T, Miyamoto S, et al. Severe alcoholic hepatitis accompanied by Fournier's gangrene. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 Apr;15(4):419-22. Resumen

32. Leal J, Gregson DB, Ross T, et al. Epidemiology of Clostridium species bacteremia in Calgary, Canada, 2000-2006. J Infect. 2008 Sep;57(3):198-203. Resumen

33. Hasham S, Matteucci P, Stanley PR, et al. Necrotising fasciitis. BMJ. 2005 Apr 9;330(7495):830-3. [Erratum in: BMJ. 2005 May 14;330(7500):1143.] Resumen

34. Stevens DL, Aldape MJ, Bryant AE. Necrotizing fasciitis, gas gangrene, myositis and myonecrosis. In: Cohen J, Powderly WG, Opal SM, eds. Infectious diseases. 4th ed, vol.1. London: Elsevier; 2017:95-103.e1.

35. Keung EZ, Liu X, Nuzhad A, et al. Immunocompromised status in patients with necrotizing soft-tissue infection. JAMA Surg. 2013 May;148(5):419-26.Texto completo  Resumen

36. Tahmaz L, Erdemir F, Kibar Y, et al. Fournier's gangrene: report of thirty-three cases and a review of the literature. Int J Urol. 2006 Jul;13(7):960-7. Resumen

37. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. PICO negative pressure wound dressings for closed surgical incisions. May 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

38. Nicolasora N, Kaul DR. Infectious disease emergencies. Med Clin North Am. 2008 Mar;92(2):427-41. Resumen

39. Adams EM, Gudmundsson S, Yocum DE, et al. Streptococcal myositis. Arch Intern Med. 1985 Jun;145(6):1020-3. Resumen

40. Svane S. Peracute spontaneous streptococcal myositis: a report on 2 fatal cases with review of literature. Acta Chir Scand. 1971;137(2):155-63. Resumen

41. Wong CH, Khin LW, Heng KS, et al. The LRINEC (Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) score: a tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections. Crit Care Med. 2004 Jul;32(7):1535-41. Resumen

42. Chan T, Yaghoubian A, Rosing D, et al. Low sensitivity of physical examination findings in necrotizing soft tissue infection is improved with laboratory values: a prospective study. Am J Surg. 2008 Dec;196(6):926-30. Resumen

43. Wong CH, Yam AK, Tan AB. Approach to debridement in necrotizing fasciitis. Am J Surg. 2008 Sep;196(3):e19-24. Resumen

44. Tisi PV, Than MM. Type of incision for below knee amputation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Apr 8;(4):CD003749.Texto completo  Resumen

45. Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, et al. Management of patients with peripheral artery disease (compilation of 2005 and 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline recommendations): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Apr 2;127(13):1425-43.Texto completo  Resumen

46. Lan SH, Lai CC, Lu LC, et al. Efficacy and safety of delafloxacin in the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Infect Drug Resist. 2019 May 27;2019(12):1415-23.Texto completo  Resumen

47. Kingsley J, Mehra P, Lawrence LE, et al. A randomized, double-blind, phase 2 study to evaluate subjective and objective outcomes in patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections treated with delafloxacin, linezolid or vancomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016 Mar;71(3):821-9.Texto completo  Resumen

48. European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

49. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Fluoroquinolone antibiotics: new restrictions and precautions for use due to very rare reports of disabling and potentially long-lasting or irreversible side effects. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

50. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA advises restricting fluoroquinolone antibiotic use for certain uncomplicated infections; warns about disabling side effects that can occur together. May 2016 [internet publication].Texto completo

51. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns about increased risk of ruptures or tears in the aorta blood vessel with fluoroquinolone antibiotics in certain patients. Dec 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

52. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA reinforces safety information about serious low blood sugar levels and mental health side effects with fluoroquinolone antibiotics; requires label changes. Jul 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

53. Carapetis JR, Jacoby P, Carville K, et al. Effectiveness of clindamycin and intravenous immunoglobulin, and risk of disease in contacts, in invasive group A streptococcal infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Aug 1;59(3):358-65.Texto completo  Resumen

54. Linnér A, Darenberg J, Sjölin J, et al. Clinical efficacy of polyspecific intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a comparative observational study. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Sep 15;59(6):851-7.Texto completo  Resumen

55. Kaul R, McGeer A, Norrby-Teglund A, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome - a comparative observational study. The Canadian Streptococcal Study Group. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Apr;28(4):800-7. Resumen

56. Darenberg J, Ihendyane N, Sjölin J, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a European randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Aug 1;37(3):333-40.Texto completo  Resumen

57. Kadri SS, Swihart BJ, Bonne SL, et al. Impact of intravenous immunoglobulin on survival in necrotizing fasciitis with vasopressor-dependent shock: a propensity score-matched analysis from 130 US hospitals. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Apr 1;64(7):877-85.Texto completo  Resumen

58. Hua C, Bosc R, Sbidian E, et al. Interventions for necrotizing soft tissue infections in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 31;(5):CD011680.Texto completo  Resumen

59. Soh CR, Pietrobon R, Freiberger JJ, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in necrotising soft tissue infections: a study of patients in the United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Intensive Care Med. 2012 Jul;38(7):1143-51. Resumen

60. Stevens DL, Maier KA, Laine BM, et al. Comparison of clindamycin, rifampin, tetracycline, metronidazole, and penicillin for efficacy in prevention of experimental gas gangrene due to Clostridium perfringens. J Infect Dis. 1987 Feb;155(2):220-8. Resumen

61. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, et al. Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease. Int Angiol. 2007 Jun;26(2):81-157. Resumen

62. Sobel M, Verhaeghe R. Antithrombotic therapy for peripheral artery occlusive disease: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edn.). Chest. 2008 Jun;133(6 Suppl):815-43S. Resumen

63. Bradbury AW, Adam DJ, Bell J, et al; BASIL trial Participants. Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg (BASIL) trial: an intention-to-treat analysis of amputation-free and overall survival in patients randomized to a bypass surgery-first or a balloon angioplasty-first revascularization strategy. J Vasc Surg. 2010 May;51(5 Suppl):5-17S. Resumen

64. Adam DJ, Beard JD, Cleveland T, et al; Bypass versus angioplasty in severe ischaemia of the leg (BASIL): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005 Dec 3;366(9501):1925-34. Resumen

65. Tardy B, Moulin N, Mismetti P, et al. Intravenous thrombolytic therapy in patients with phlegmasia caerulea dolens. Haematologica. 2006 Feb;91(2):281-2.Texto completo  Resumen

66. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, et al.; TASC II Working Group. Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg. 2007 Jan;45 Suppl S:S5-67.Texto completo  Resumen

67. Gallagher JC. Omadacycline: a modernized tetracycline. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Aug 1;69(suppl 1):S1-5.Texto completo  Resumen

68. Lan SH, Lin WT, Chang SP, et al. Novel tetracyclines versus alternative antibiotics for treating acute bacterial infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Antibiotics (Basel). 2019 Nov 22;8(4):10.3390/antibiotics8040233.Texto completo  Resumen

69. O'Riordan W, Green S, Overcash JS, et al. Omadacycline for acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections. N Engl J Med. 2019 Feb 7;380(6):528-38.Texto completo  Resumen

70. O'Riordan W, Cardenas C, Shin E, et al; OASIS-2 Investigators. Once-daily oral omadacycline versus twice-daily oral linezolid for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (OASIS-2): a phase 3, double-blind, multicentre, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019 Oct;19(10):1080-90. Resumen

71. Vietto V, Franco JV, Saenz V, et al. Prostanoids for critical limb ischaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jan 10;(1):CD006544.Texto completo  Resumen

72. Huang P, Li S, Han M, et al. Autologous transplantation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells improves critical limb ischemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005 Sep;28(9):2155-60.Texto completo  Resumen

73. Pasternack MS, Swartz MN. Cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and subcutaneous tissue infections. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2015:1194-215.

74. Anaya DA, McMahon K, Nathens AB, et al. Predictors of mortality and limb loss in necrotizing soft tissue infections. Arch Surg. 2005 Feb;140(2):151-7.Texto completo  Resumen

75. Huang KF, Hung MH, Lin YS, et al. Independent predictors of mortality for necrotizing fasciitis: a retrospective analysis in a single institution. J Trauma. 2011 Aug;71(2):467-73. Resumen

76. Dormandy J, Heeck L, Vig S. The fate of patients with critical leg ischemia. Semin Vasc Surg. 1999 Jun;12(2):142-7. Resumen

77. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016 Feb 23;315(8):801-10.Texto completo  Resumen

78. Davis MD, Dy KM, Nelson S. Presentation and outcome of purpura fulminans associated with peripheral gangrene in 12 patients at Mayo Clinic. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Dec;57(6):944-56. Resumen