African trypanosomiasis

References

Key articles

Burri C, Brun R. Human African trypanosomiasis. In: Cook GC, Zumla AI, eds. Manson's tropical diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2009:1307-1325.

World Health Organization. Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis. Technical Report Series 984. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2013.Full text

Chappuis F, Loutan L, Simarro P, et al. Options for the field diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005 Jan;18(1):133-46.Full text  Abstract

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites - African trypanosomiasis (also known as sleeping sickness): resources for health professionals. August 2016 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

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2. World Health Organization. Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis. Technical Report Series 984. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2013.Full text

3. Chappuis F, Loutan L, Simarro P, et al. Options for the field diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005 Jan;18(1):133-46.Full text  Abstract

4. Simarro PP, Jannin J, Cattand P. Eliminating human African trypanosomiasis: where do we stand and what comes next? PLoS Med. 2008 Feb;5(2):e55.Full text  Abstract

5. Stich A, Abel PM, Krishna S. Human African trypanosomiasis. BMJ. 2002 Jul 27;325(7357):203-6. Abstract

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8. Simarro PP, Cecchi G, Franco JR, et al. Estimating and mapping the population at risk of sleeping sickness. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(10):e1859.Full text  Abstract

9. World Health Organization. Trypanosomiasis, human African (sleeping sickness). February 2018. [internet publication].Full text

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11. World Health Organization. WHO outlines criteria to assess elimination of sleeping sickness. July 2018 [internet publication].Full text

12. World Health Organization. Report of a WHO informal consultation on sustainable control of human African trypanososmiasis. Geneva: WHO; 2007.Full text

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32. Lejon V, Reiber H, Legros D, et al. Intrathecal immune response pattern for improved diagnosis of central nervous system involvement in trypanosomiasis. J Infect Dis. 2003 May 1;187(9):1475-83. Abstract

33. Bisser S, Lejon V, Preux PM, et al. Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and intrathecal immunoglobulins compared to field diagnosis of central nervous system involvement in sleeping sickness. J Neurol Sci. 2002 Jan 15;193(2):127-35. Abstract

34. Lejon V, Lardon J, Kenis G, et al. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and IL-10 in serum and CSF of Trypanosoma gambiense sleeping sickness patients before and after treatment. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002 May-Jun;96(3):329-33. Abstract

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36. Courtioux B, Pervieux L, Gedeao V, et al. Increased CXCL-13 levels in human African trypanosomiasis meningo-encephalitis. Trop Med Int Health. 2009 May;14(5):529-34. Abstract

37. Hainard A, Tiberti N, Robin X, et al. A combined CXCL10, CXCL8 and H-FABP panel for the staging of human African trypanosomiasis patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009 Jun 16;3(6):e459.Full text  Abstract

38. Sternberg J. Human African trypanosomiasis: clinical presentation and immune response. Parasite Immunol. 2004 Nov-Dec;26(11-12):469-76. Abstract

39. Kennedy PG. The continuing problem of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). Ann Neurol. 2008 Aug;64(2):116-26. Abstract

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41. Chappuis F, Stivanello E, Adams K, et al. Card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CATT) end-dilution titer and cerebrospinal fluid cell count as predictors of human African trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense) among serologically suspected individuals in Southern Sudan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004 Sep;71(3):313-7.Full text  Abstract

42. Urech K, Neumayr A, Blum J. Sleeping sickness in travelers - do they really sleep? PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Nov;5(11):e1358.Full text  Abstract

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47. Cottle LE, Peters JR, Hall A, et al. Multiorgan dysfunction caused by travel-associated African trypanosomiasis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012 Feb;18(2):287-9.Full text  Abstract

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49. Sullivan L, Wall SJ, Carrington M, et al. Proteomic selection of immunodiagnostic antigens for human African trypanosomiasis and generation of a prototype lateral flow immunodiagnostic device. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(2):e2087.Full text  Abstract

50. Büscher P, Gilleman Q, Lejon V. Rapid diagnostic test for sleeping sickness. N Engl J Med. 2013 Mar 14;368(11):1069-70.Full text  Abstract

51. Büscher P, Mertens P, Leclipteux T, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of HAT Sero-K-SeT, a rapid diagnostic test for serodiagnosis of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: a case-control study. Lancet Glob Health. 2014 Jun;2(6):e359-63.Full text  Abstract

52. Bisser S, Lumbala C, Nguertoum E, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of a prototype rapid diagnostic test for the detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection: a multi-centric prospective study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Apr 8;10(4):e0004608.Full text  Abstract

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54. Lutumba P, Robays J, Miaka C, et al. Validity, cost and feasibility of the mAECT and CTC confirmation tests after diagnosis of African of sleeping sickness [in French]. Trop Med Int Health. 2006 Apr;11(4):470-8. Abstract

55. Camara M, Camara O, Ilboudo H, et al. Sleeping sickness diagnosis: use of buffy coats improves the sensitivity of the mini anion exchange centrifugation test. Trop Med Int Health. 2010 Jul;15(7):796-9.Full text  Abstract

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57. Simarro PP, Ruiz JA, Franco JR, et al. Attitude towards CATT-positive individuals without parasitological conformation in the African trypanosomiasis (T b gambiense) focus of Quiçama (Angola). Trop Med Int Health. 1999 Dec;4(12):858-61.Full text  Abstract

58. Inojosa WO, Augusto I, Bisoffi Z, et al. Diagnosing human African trypanosomiasis in Angola using card agglutination test: observational study of active and passive case finding strategies. BMJ. 2006;332:1479-1483.Full text  Abstract

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62. Tiberti N, Hainard A, Lejon V, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid neopterin as marker of the meningo-encephalitic stage of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness. PLoS One. 2012;7:e40909.Full text  Abstract

63. Amin DN, Mumba Ngoyi D, Nhkwachi GM, et al. Identification of stage biomarkers for human African trypanosomiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010 Jun;82(6):983-90.Full text  Abstract

64. Tiberti N, Lejon V, Hainard A, et al. Neopterin is a cerebrospinal fluid marker for treatment outcome evaluation in patients affected by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(2):e2088.Full text  Abstract

65. Simon F, Mura M, Pagès F, et al. Urban transmission of human African trypanosomiasis, Gabon. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012 Jan;18(1):165-7.Full text  Abstract

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67. Blum JA, Zellweger MJ, Burri C, et al. Cardiac involvement in African and American trypanosomiasis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008 Oct;8(10):631-41. Abstract

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72. Bisser S, Bouteille B, Sarda J, et al. Contribution of biochemical tests in the diagnosis of the nervous phase of human African trypanosomiasis [in French]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1997;90(5):321-6. Abstract

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74. Magnus E, Vervoort T, Van Meirvenne N. A card-agglutination test with stained trypanosomes (C.A.T.T.) for the serological diagnosis of T. b. gambiense trypanosomiasis. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1978;58(3):169-76. Abstract

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97. Mumba Ngoyi D, Menten J, Pyana PP, et al. Stage determination in sleeping sickness: comparison of two cell counting and two parasite detection techniques. Trop Med Int Health. 2013 Jun;18(6):778-82.Full text  Abstract

98. Lejon V, Büscher P. Cerebrospinal fluid in human African trypanosomiasis: a key to diagnosis, therapeutic decision and post-treatment follow-up. Trop Med Int Health. 2005 May;10(5):395-403.Full text  Abstract

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100. Becker S, Franco JR, Simarro PP, et al. Real-time PCR for detection of Trypanosoma brucei in human blood samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004 Nov;50(3):193-9. Abstract

101. Kabiri M, Franco JR, Simarro PP, et al. Detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in sleeping sickness suspects by PCR amplification of expression-site-associated genes 6 and 7. Trop Med Int Health. 1999 Oct;4(10):658-61.Full text  Abstract

102. Deborggraeve S, Claes F, Laurent T, et al. Molecular dipstick test for diagnosis of sleeping sickness. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Aug;44(8):2884-9.Full text  Abstract

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104. Welburn SC, Picozzi K, Fevre EM, et al. Identification of human-infective trypanosomes in animal reservoir of sleeping sickness in Uganda by means of serum-resistance-associated (SRA) gene. Lancet. 2001 Dec 15;358(9298):2017-9. Abstract

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107. Jamonneau V, Solano P, Garcia A, et al. Stage determination and therapeutic decision in human African trypanosomiasis: value of PCR and IgM quantification on the cerebrospinal fluid of sleeping sickness patients in Côte d'Ivoire. Trop Med Int Health. 2003 Jul;8(7):589-94.Full text  Abstract

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109. Truc P, Jamonneau V, Cuny G, et al. Use of polymerase chain reaction in human African trypanosomiasis stage determination and follow-up. Bull World Health Organ. 1999;77(9):745-8.Full text  Abstract

110. Deborggraeve S, Lejon V, Ekangu RA, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of PCR in gambiense sleeping sickness diagnosis, staging and post-treatment follow-up: a 2-year longitudinal study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Feb 22;5(2):e972Full text  Abstract

111. Kuboki N, Inoue N, Sakurai T, et al. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of African trypanosomes. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Dec;41(12):5517-24.Full text  Abstract

112. Njiru ZK, Mikosza AS, Matovu E, et al. African trypanosomiasis: sensitive and rapid detection of the sub-genus Trypanozoon by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of parasite DNA. Int J Parasitol. 2008 Apr;38(5):589-99. Abstract

113. Mugasa CM, Schoone GJ, Ekangu RA, et al. Detection of Trypanosoma brucei parasites in blood samples using real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008 Aug;61(4):440-5. Abstract

114. Matovu E, Mugasa CM, Ekangu RA, et al. Phase II evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of PCR and NASBA followed by oligochromatography for diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis in clinical samples from D.R. Congo and Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010 Jul 6;4(7):e737. Abstract

115. Njiru ZK, Traub R, Ouma JO, et al. Detection of group 1 trypanosoma brucei gambiense by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Apr;49(4):1530-6.Full text  Abstract

116. Wastling SL, Picozzi K, Kakembo AS, et al. LAMP for human African trypanosomiasis: a comparative study of detection formats. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010 Nov 2;4(11):e865.Full text  Abstract

117. González-Andrade P, Camara M, Ilboudo H, et al. Diagnosis of trypanosomatid infections: targeting the spliced leader RNA. J Mol Diagn. 2014 Jul;16(4):400-4. Abstract

118. Deborggraeve S, Büscher P. Molecular diagnostics for sleeping sickness: what is the benefit for the patient? Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Jun;10(6):433-9. Abstract

119. Mugasa CM, Adams ER, Boer KR, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of molecular amplification tests for human African trypanosomiasis - systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012 Jan;6(1):e1438.Full text  Abstract

120. Deborggraeve S, Büscher P. Recent progress in molecular diagnosis of sleeping sickness. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2012 Sep;12(7):719-30. Abstract

121. Mitashi P, Hasker E, Mumba Ngoyi D, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of Loopamp Trypanosoma brucei detection kit for diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis in clinical samples. PLos Negl Trop Dis. 2013 Oct 17;7(10):e2504.Full text  Abstract

122. Lejon V, Sindic C, Van Antwerpen MP, et al. Human African trypanosomiasis: quantitative and qualitative assessment of intrathecal immune response. Eur J Neurol. 2003 Nov;10(6):711-9. Abstract

123. Gillet P, Mumba Ngoyi D, Lukuka A, et al. False positivity of non-targeted infections in malaria rapid diagnostic tests: the case of human African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013 Apr 25;7(4):e2180.Full text  Abstract

124. Priotto G, Pinoges L, Fursa IB, et al. Safety and effectiveness of first line eflornithine for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness in Sudan: cohort study. BMJ. 2008 Mar 29;336(7646):705-8.Full text  Abstract

125. Lejon V, Ngoyi DM, Ilunga M, et al. Low specificities of HIV diagnostic tests caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness. J Clin Microbiol. 2010 Aug;48(8):2836-9. Abstract

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