Frostbite

McIntosh SE, Freer L, Grissom CK, et al. Wilderness Medical Society clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of frostbite: 2019 update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2019 Dec;30(4s):S19-32.Full text  Abstract

Sheridan RL, Goverman JM, Walker TG. Diagnosis and treatment of frostbite. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jun 9;386(23):2213-20.

Rabold MB. Frostbite and other localized cold-related injuries. In: Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS, et al. Tintinalli's emergency medicine: a comprehensive study guide. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2004.

Roche-Nagle G, Murphy D, Collins A, et al. Frostbite: management options. Eur J Emerg Med. 2008 Jun;15(3):173-5. Abstract

1. Freer L, Handford C, Imray C. Frostbite. In: Auerbach PS. Wilderness medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2017:197.

2. Chaucy E, Chetaille E, Marchand V, et al. Retrospective study of 70 cases of severe frostbite lesions: a proposed new classification scheme. Wilderness Environ Med. 2001 Winter;12(4):248-55.Full text  Abstract

3. Bhatnagar A, Sarker BB, Sawroop K, et al. Diagnosis, characterization and evaluation of treatment response of frostbite using pertechnetate scintigraphy: a prospective study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002 Feb;29(2):170-5. Abstract

4. McIntosh SE, Freer L, Grissom CK, et al. Wilderness Medical Society clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of frostbite: 2019 update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2019 Dec;30(4s):S19-32.Full text  Abstract

5. Sheridan RL, Goverman JM, Walker TG. Diagnosis and treatment of frostbite. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jun 9;386(23):2213-20.

6. Rivlin M, King M, Kruse R, et al. Frostbite in an adolescent football player: a case report. J Athl Train. 2014 Jan-Feb;49(1):97-101.Full text  Abstract

7. Yamamoto T, Yoshinaga T, Sakamoto K, et al. Incidence of adverse effects by cold application after athletic injury – four cases of frostbite which developed after cold application: the need for prevention education. Jpn J Orthopedic Sports Med. 1999;18:337-42.

8. Sarwar U, Tickunas T. Frostbite developing secondary to cryotherapy for viral warts. Br J Gen Pract. 2013 May;63(610):239-40.Full text  Abstract

9. Rabold MB. Frostbite and other localized cold-related injuries. In: Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS, et al. Tintinalli's emergency medicine: a comprehensive study guide. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2004.

10. Urschel JD. Frostbite: predisposing factors and predictors of poor outcome. J Trauma. 1990 Mar;30(3):340-2. Abstract

11. Juopperi K, Hassi J, Ervasti O, et al. Incidence of frostbite and ambient temperature in Finland, 1986-1995: a national study based on hospital admissions. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2002 Nov;61(4):352-62. Abstract

12. Murphy JV, Banwell PE, Roberts AH, et al. Frostbite: pathogenesis and treatment. J Trauma. 2000 Jan;48(1):171-8. Abstract

13. Foray J. Mountain frostbite: current trends in prognosis and treatment (from results concerning 1261 cases). Int J Sports Med. 1992 Oct;13(suppl 1):S193-6. Abstract

14. Handford C, Buxton P, Russell K, et al. Frostbite: a practical approach to hospital management. Extrem Physiol Med. 2014 Apr 22;3:7.Full text  Abstract

15. Ingram BJ, Raymond TJ. Recognition and treatment of freezing and nonfreezing cold injuries. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2013 Mar-Apr;12(2):125-30. Abstract

16. Kiss TL. Critical care for frostbite. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2012 Dec;24(4):581-91. Abstract

17. Anttonen H. Occupational needs and evaluation methods for cold protective clothing. Arctic Med Res. 1993;52(suppl 9):1-76. Abstract

18. Anttonen H, Virokannas H. Assessment of cold stress in outdoor work. Arctic Med Res. 1994 Jan;53(1):40-8. Abstract

19. Holmer I. Work in the cold: review of methods for assessment of cold exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1993;65(3):147-55. Abstract

20. Cheung SS, Daanen HA. Dynamic adaptation of the peripheral circulation to cold exposure. Microcirculation. 2012 Jan;19(1):65-77.Full text  Abstract

21. Fudge J. Preventing and managing hypothermia and frostbite injury. Sports Health. 2016 Mar-Apr;8(2):133-9.Full text  Abstract

22. Pinzur MS, Weaver FM. Is urban frostbite a psychiatric disorder? Orthopedics. 1997 Jan;20(1):43-5. Abstract

23. Pulla PJ, Pickard LJ, Carnett TS. Frostbite: an overview with case presentations. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1994 Jan-Feb;33(1):53-63. Abstract

24. DeFranko MJ, Baker CL 3rd, DaSilva JJ, et al. Environmental issues for team physicians. Am J Sports Med. 2008 Nov;36(11):2226-37. Abstract

25. Su CW, Lohman R, Gottleib LJ. Frostbite of the upper extremity. Hand Clin. 2000 May;16(2):235-47. Abstract

26. McAdams TR, Swenson DR, Miller RA. Frostbite: an orthopedic perspective. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 1999 Jan;28(1):21-6. Abstract

27. Barker JR, Haws MJ, Brown RE, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of severe frostbite. Ann Plast Surg. 1997 Mar;38(3):275-9. Abstract

28. Junila J, Kaarela O, Makarainen H, et al. Assessment of tissue viability by thermography after experimentally produced frostbite of the rabbit ear. Acta Radiol. 1993 Nov;34(6):622-4. Abstract

29. Vano-Galvan S, Martorell A. Chilblains. CMAJ. 2012 Jan 10;184(1):67.Full text  Abstract

30. UK Government Ministry of Defence: Defence and armed forces guidance. JSP539: heat illness and cold injury: medical management part 2 guidance. Feb 2021 [internet publication].Full text

31. Sallis R, Chassay CM. Recognizing and treating common cold-induced injury in outdoor sports. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999 Oct;31(10):1367-73. Abstract

32. Biem J, Koehncke N, Classen D, et al. Out of the cold: management of hypothermia and frostbite. CMAJ. 2003 Feb 4;168(3):305-11.Full text  Abstract

33. Roche-Nagle G, Murphy D, Collins A, et al. Frostbite: management options. Eur J Emerg Med. 2008 Jun;15(3):173-5. Abstract

34. Bruen KJ, Ballard JR, Morris SE, et al. Reduction of the incidence of amputation in frostbite injury with thrombolytic therapy. Arch Surg. 2007 Jun;142(6):546-53.Full text  Abstract

35. Poulakidas S, Cologne K, Kowal-Vern A. Treatment of frostbite with subatmospheric pressure therapy. J Burn Care Res. 2008 Nov-Dec;29(6):1012-4. Abstract

36. Cauchy E, Chetaille E, Lefevre M, et al. The role of bone scanning in severe frostbite of the extremities: a retrospective study of 88 cases. Eur J Nucl Med. 2000 May;27(5):497-502. Abstract

37. Twomey JA, Peltier GL, Zera RT. An open-label study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tissue plasminogen activator in treatment of severe frostbite. J Trauma. 2005 Dec;59(6):1350-5. Abstract

38. Zaramo TZ, Green JK, Janis JE. Practical review of the current management of frostbite injuries. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2022 Oct 24;10(10):e4618.Full text  Abstract

39. Woo EK, Lee JW, Hur GY, et al. Proposed treatment protocol for frostbite: a retrospective analysis of 17 cases based on a 3-year single-institution experience. Arch Plast Surg. 2013 Sep;40(5):510-6.Full text  Abstract

40. Heggers JP, Robson MC, Manavalen K, et al. Experimental and clinical observations on frostbite. Ann Emerg Med. 1987 Sep;16(9):1056-62. Abstract

41. Hallam MJ, Cubison T, Dheansa B, et al. Managing frostbite. BMJ. 2010 Nov 19;341:c5864. Abstract

42. Lindford A, Valtonen J, Hult M, et al. The evolution of the Helsinki frostbite management protocol. Burns. 2017 Nov;43(7):1455-63. Abstract

43. Taylor MS. Lumbar epidural sympathectomy for frostbite injuries of the feet. Mil Med. 1999 Aug;164(8):566-7. Abstract

44. Pasquier M, Ruffinen GZ, Brugger H, et al. Pre-hospital wrist block for digital frostbite injuries. High Alt Med Biol. 2012 Mar;13(1):65-6. Abstract

45. Calder K, Chung B, O'Brien C, et al. Bupivacaine digital blocks: how long is the pain relief and temperature elevation? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013 May;131(5):1098-104. Abstract

46. Chandran GJ, Chung B, Lalonde J, et al. The hyperthermic effect of a distal volar forearm nerve block: a possible treatment of acute digital frostbite injuries? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010 Sep;126(3):946-50. Abstract

47. Folio LR, Arkin K, Butler WP. Frostbite in a mountain climber treated with hyperbaric oxygen: case report. Mil Med. 2007 May;172(5):560-3. Abstract

48. von Heimburg D, Noah EM, Sieckmann UP, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment in deep frostbite of both hands in a boy. Burns. 2001 Jun;27(4):404-8. Abstract

49. Lansdorp CA, Roukema GR, Boonstra O, et al. Delayed treatment of frostbite with hyperbaric oxygen: a report of two cases. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2017 Jul-Aug;44(4):365-9. Abstract

50. Bilgiç S, Ozkan H, Ozenç S, et al. Treating frostbite. Can Fam Physician. 2008 Mar;54(3):361-3.Full text  Abstract

51. Purkayastha SS, Bhaumik G, Chauhen SK, et al. Immediate treatment of frostbite using rapid re-warming in tea decoction followed by combined therapy of pentoxyfylline, aspirin and vitamin C. Indian J Med Res. 2002 Jul;116:29-34. Abstract

52. Hayes DW Jr, Mandracchia VJ, Considine C, et al. Pentoxifylline: adjunctive therapy in the treatment of pedal frostbite. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2000 Oct;17(4):715-22. Abstract

53. Poole A, Gauthier J. Treatment of severe frostbite with iloprost in northern Canada. CMAJ. 2016 Dec 6;188(17-18):1255-8.Full text  Abstract

54. Norheim AJ, Mercer J, Musial F, et al. A new treatment for frostbite sequelae; Botulinum toxin. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2017;76(1):1273677.Full text  Abstract

55. Madry R, Struzyna J, Stachura-Kulach A, et al. Effectiveness of Suprathel® application in partial thickness burns, frostbites and Lyell syndrome treatment. Pol Przegl Chir. 2011 Oct;83(10):541-8. Abstract

56. Castellani JW, Eglin CM, Ikäheimo TM, et al. ACSM expert consensus statement: injury prevention and exercise performance during cold-weather exercise. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2021 Nov 1;20(11):594-607.Full text  Abstract