Functional neurological and somatic symptom disorders

References

Key articles

Perez DL, Aybek S, Popkirov S, et al; American Neuropsychiatric Association Committee for Research. A review and expert opinion on the neuropsychiatric assessment of motor functional neurological disorders. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2021 Winter;33(1):14-26.Full text  Abstract

Löwe B, Levenson J, Depping M, et al. Somatic symptom disorder: a scoping review on the empirical evidence of a new diagnosis. Psychol Med. 2022 Mar;52(4):632-48.Full text  Abstract

Stone J, Burton C, Carson A. Recognising and explaining functional neurological disorder. BMJ. 2020 Oct 21;371:m3745.

Bennett K, Diamond C, Hoeritzauer I, et al. A practical review of functional neurological disorder (FND) for the general physician. Clin Med (Lond). 2021 Jan;21(1):28-36.Full text  Abstract

den Boeft M, Claassen-van Dessel N, van der Wouden JC. How should we manage adults with persistent unexplained physical symptoms? BMJ. 2017 Feb 8;356:j268. Abstract

Henningsen P, Zipfel S, Herzog W. Management of functional somatic syndromes. Lancet. 2007 Mar 17;369(9565):946-55. Abstract

Reference articles

1. Stone J, Zeman A, Sharpe M. Functional weakness and sensory disturbance. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 Sep;73(3):241-5.Full text  Abstract

2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed, text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.

3. Perez DL, Aybek S, Popkirov S, et al; American Neuropsychiatric Association Committee for Research. A review and expert opinion on the neuropsychiatric assessment of motor functional neurological disorders. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2021 Winter;33(1):14-26.Full text  Abstract

4. Binzer M, Andersen PM, Kullgren G. Clinical characteristics of patients with motor disability due to conversion disorder: a prospective control group study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997 Jul;63(1):83-8.Full text  Abstract

5. Ford CV, Folks DG. Conversion disorders: an overview. Psychosomatics. 1985 May;26(5):371-4, 380-3. Abstract

6. Lazare A. Current concepts in psychiatry: conversion symptoms. N Engl J Med. 1981 Sep 24;305(13):745-8. Abstract

7. Löwe B, Levenson J, Depping M, et al. Somatic symptom disorder: a scoping review on the empirical evidence of a new diagnosis. Psychol Med. 2022 Mar;52(4):632-48.Full text  Abstract

8. Wissel BD, Dwivedi AK, Merola A, et al. Functional neurological disorders in Parkinson disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018 Jun;89(6):566-71. Abstract

9. Walzl D, Solomon AJ, Stone J. Functional neurological disorder and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of misdiagnosis and clinical overlap. J Neurol. 2022 Feb;269(2):654-63.Full text  Abstract

10. Kutlubaev MA, Xu Y, Hackett ML, et al. Dual diagnosis of epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: systematic review and meta-analysis of frequency, correlates, and outcomes. Epilepsy Behav. 2018 Dec;89:70-8. Abstract

11. McKenzie PS, Oto M, Graham CD, et al. Do patients whose psychogenic non-epileptic seizures resolve, 'replace' them with other medically unexplained symptoms? Medically unexplained symptoms arising after a diagnosis of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011 Sep;82(9):967-9. Abstract

12. Barsky AJ, Peekna HM, Borus JF. Somatic symptom reporting in women and men. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Apr;16(4):266-75.Full text  Abstract

13. Tomasson K, Kent D, Coryell W. Somatization and conversion disorders: comorbidity and demographics at presentation. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1991 Sep;84(3):288-93. Abstract

14. Guz H, Doganay Z, Ozkan A, et al. Conversion and somatization disorders: dissociative symptoms and other characteristics. J Psychosom Res. 2004 Mar;56(3):287-91. Abstract

15. Aybek S, Perez DL. Diagnosis and management of functional neurological disorder. BMJ. 2022 Jan 24;376:o64.Full text  Abstract

16. Carson AJ, Ringbauer B, Stone J, et al. Do medically unexplained symptoms matter? A prospective cohort study of 300 new referrals to neurology outpatient clinics. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000 Feb;68(2):207-10.Full text  Abstract

17. Factor SA, Podskalny GD, Molho ES. Psychogenic movement disorders: frequency, clinical profile, and characteristics. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995 Oct;59(4):406-12.Full text  Abstract

18. Benbadis SR, Allen Hauser W. An estimate of the prevalence of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Seizure. 2000 Jun;9(4):280-1. Abstract

19. Krumholz A, Ting T. Coexisting epilepsy and nonepileptic seizures. In: Kaplan PW, Fisher RS, eds. Imitators of epilepsy. New York, NY: Demos Medical Publishing; 2005:261-76.

20. Kozlowska K, Nunn KP, Rose D, et al. Conversion disorder in Australian pediatric practice. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Jan;46(1):68-75. Abstract

21. Stone J, Smyth R, Carson A, et al. Systematic review of misdiagnosis of conversion symptoms and "hysteria". BMJ. 2005 Oct 29;331(7523):989.Full text  Abstract

22. Wittchen HU, Jacobi F, Rehm J, et al. The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011 Sep;21(9):655-79. Abstract

23. Creed FH, Davies I, Jackson J, et al. The epidemiology of multiple somatic symptoms. J Psychosom Res. 2012 Apr;72(4):311-7. Abstract

24. Dimsdale JE, Creed F, Escobar J, et al. Somatic symptom disorder: an important change in DSM. J Psychosom Res. 2013 Sep;75(3):223-8. Abstract

25. Creed F, Barsky A. A systematic review of the epidemiology of somatisation disorder and hypochondriasis. J Psychosom Res. 2004 Apr;56(4):391-408. Abstract

26. Kirmayer LJ, Robbins JM. Three forms of somatization in primary care: prevalence, co-occurrence, and sociodemographic characteristics. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1991 Nov;179(11):647-55. Abstract

27. Kurlansik SL, Maffei MS. Somatic symptom disorder. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Jan 1;93(1):49-54.Full text  Abstract

28. van Geelen SM, Rydelius PA, Hagquist C. Somatic symptoms and psychological concerns in a general adolescent population: exploring the relevance of DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Oct;79(4):251-8. Abstract

29. Rask CU, Olsen EM, Elberling H, et al. Functional somatic symptoms and associated impairment in 5-7-year-old children: the Copenhagen Child Cohort 2000. Eur J Epidemiol. 2009;24(10):625-34. Abstract

30. Ludwig L, Pasman JA, Nicholson T, et al. Stressful life events and maltreatment in conversion (functional neurological) disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018 Apr;5(4):307-20. Abstract

31. Stone J, Carson A, Aditya H, et al. The role of physical injury in motor and sensory conversion symptoms: a systematic and narrative review. J Psychosom Res. 2009 May;66(5):383-90. Abstract

32. Pareés I, Kojovic M, Pires C, et al. Physical precipitating factors in functional movement disorders. J Neurol Sci. 2014 Mar 15;338(1-2):174-7. Abstract

33. Mewes R. Recent developments on psychological factors in medically unexplained symptoms and somatoform disorders. Front Public Health. 2022 Nov;10:1033203.Full text  Abstract

34. Scamvougeras A, Howard A. Somatic symptom disorder, medically unexplained symptoms, somatoform disorders, functional neurological disorder: how DSM-5 got it wrong. Can J Psychiatry. 2020 May;65(5):301-5.Full text

35. Raynor G, Baslet G. A historical review of functional neurological disorder and comparison to contemporary models. Epilepsy Behav Rep. 2021;16:100489.Full text  Abstract

36. Paras ML, Murad MH, Chen LP, et al. Sexual abuse and lifetime diagnosis of somatic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009 Aug 5;302(5):550-61. Abstract

37. Afari N, Ahumada SM, Wright LJ, et al. Psychological trauma and functional somatic syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2014 Jan;76(1):2-11.Full text  Abstract

38. Drane DL, Fani N, Hallett M, et al. A framework for understanding the pathophysiology of functional neurological disorder. CNS Spectr. 2020 Sep 4;1-7. Abstract

39. Demartini B, Petrochilos P, Ricciardi L, et al. The role of alexithymia in the development of functional motor symptoms (conversion disorder). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014 Oct;85(10):1132-7.Full text  Abstract

40. Maurer CW, LaFaver K, Ameli R, et al. Impaired self-agency in functional movement disorders: a resting-state fMRI study. Neurology. 2016 Aug 9;87(6):564-70.Full text  Abstract

41. Edwards MJ, Adams RA, Brown H, et al. A Bayesian account of 'hysteria'. Brain. 2012 Nov;135(pt 11):3495-512.Full text  Abstract

42. Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Hallett M, Jankovic J. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders. Neurobiol Dis. 2019 Jul;127:32-44. Abstract

43. Perez DL, Edwards MJ, Nielsen G, et al. Decade of progress in motor functional neurological disorder: continuing the momentum. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2021 Jun;92(6):668.Full text  Abstract

44. Nowak DA, Fink GR. Psychogenic movement disorders: aetiology, phenomenology, neuroanatomical correlates and therapeutic approaches. Neuroimage. 2009 Sep;47(3):1015-25. Abstract

45. Baslet G. Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: a model of their pathogenic mechanism. Seizure. 2011 Jan;20(1):1-13.Full text  Abstract

46. Black DN, Seritan AL, Taber KH, et al. Conversion hysteria: lessons from functional imaging. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004 Summer;16(3):245-51. Abstract

47. Voon V, Brezing C, Gallea C, et al. Emotional stimuli and motor conversion disorder. Brain. 2010 May;133(Pt 5):1526-36. Abstract

48. van der Kruijs SJ, Bodde NM, Vaessen MJ, et al. Functional connectivity of dissociation in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;83(3):239-47. Abstract

49. Geisser ME, Strader Donnell C, Petzke F, et al. Comorbid somatic symptoms and functional status in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome: sensory amplification as a common mechanism. Psychosomatics. 2008 May-Jun;49(3):235-42. Abstract

50. Browning M, Fletcher P, Sharpe M. Can neuroimaging help us to understand and classify somatoform disorders? A systematic and critical review. Psychosom Med. 2011 Fab-Mar;73(2):173-84.Full text  Abstract

51. Dimsdale JE, Dantzer R. A biological substrate for somatoform disorders: importance of pathophysiology. Psychosom Med. 2007 Dec;69(9):850-4. Abstract

52. Dantzer R, Kelley KW. Twenty years of research on cytokine-induced sickness behavior. Brain Behav Immun. 2007 Feb;21(2):153-60.Full text  Abstract

53. Yunus MB. Central sensitivity syndromes: a new paradigm and group nosology for fibromyalgia and overlapping conditions, and the related issue of disease versus illness. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Jun;37(6):339-52. Abstract

54. Fiszman A, Alves-Leon SV, Nunes RG, et al. Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: a critical review. Epilepsy Behav. 2004 Dec;5(6):818-25. Abstract

55. Roelofs K, Keijsers GP, Hooqduin KA, et al. Childhood abuse in patients with conversion disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Dec;5(6):818-25. Abstract

56. Spitzer C, Barnow S, Gau K, et al. Childhood maltreatment in patients with somatization disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2008 Apr;42(4):335-41. Abstract

57. Schulte IE, Petermann F. Familial risk factors for the development of somatoform symptoms and disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2011 Oct;42(5):569-83. Abstract

58. Edwards VJ, Holden GW, Felitti VJ, et al. Relationship between multiple forms of childhood maltreatment and adult mental health in community respondents: results from the Adverse Childhood Experiences study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Aug;160(8):1453-60.Full text  Abstract

59. Choi J, Jeong B, Rohan ML, et al. Preliminary evidence for white matter tract abnormalities in young adults exposed to parental verbal abuse. Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Feb 1;65(3):227-34. Abstract

60. De Gucht V, Heiser W. Alexithymia and somatisation: quantitative review of the literature. J Psychosom Res. 2003 May;54(5):425-34. Abstract

61. Mattila AK, Kronholm E, Jula A, et al. Alexithymia and somatization in general population. Psychosom Med. 2008 Jul;70(6):716-22. Abstract

62. De Gucht V. Stability of neuroticism and alexithymia in somatization. Compr Psychiatry. 2003 Nov-Dec;44(6):466-71. Abstract

63. Noyes R Jr, Holt CS, Kathol RG. Somatization: diagnosis and management. Arch Fam Med. 1995 Sep;4(9):790-5. Abstract

64. Agarwal V, Srivastava C, Sitholey P. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of somatoform disorders in children and adolescents. Indian J Psychiatry. 2019 Jan;61(suppl 2):241-6.Full text  Abstract

65. Morsy SK, Aybek S, Carson A, et al. The relationship between types of life events and the onset of functional neurological (conversion) disorder in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2022 Feb;52(3):401-18. Abstract

66. Stone J, Burton C, Carson A. Recognising and explaining functional neurological disorder. BMJ. 2020 Oct 21;371:m3745.

67. McWhirter L, Ritchie C, Stone J, et al. Functional cognitive disorders: a systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 Feb;7(2):191-207. Abstract

68. Ball HA, McWhirter L, Ballard C, et al. Functional cognitive disorder: dementia's blind spot. Brain. 2020 Oct 1;143(10):2895-903.Full text  Abstract

69. Alluri PR, Solit J, Leveroni CL, et al. Cognitive complaints in motor functional neurological (conversion) disorders: a focused review and clinical perspective. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2020 Jun;33(2):77-89. Abstract

70. Burke MJ. "It's all in your head" - medicine's silent epidemic. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76(12):1417-8. Abstract

71. Bennett K, Diamond C, Hoeritzauer I, et al. A practical review of functional neurological disorder (FND) for the general physician. Clin Med (Lond). 2021 Jan;21(1):28-36.Full text  Abstract

72. Hallet M, Cloninger CR, Fahn S, et al. Psychogenic movement disorders: neurology and neuropsychiatry. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.

73. Avbersek A, Sisodiya S. Does the primary literature provide support for clinical signs used to distinguish psychogenic nonepileptic seizures from epileptic seizures? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010 Jul;81(7):719-25. Abstract

74. Espay AJ, Aybek S, Carson A, et al. Current concepts in diagnosis and treatment of functional neurological disorders. JAMA Neurol. 2018 Sep 1;75(9):1132-41. Abstract

75. Abubakr A, Kablinger A, Caldito G. Psychogenic seizures: clinical features and psychological analysis. Epilepsy Behav. 2003 Jun;4(3):241-5. Abstract

76. Tolchin B, Martino S, Hirsch LJ. Treatment of patients with psychogenic nonepileptic attacks. JAMA. 2019 May 28;321(20):1967-8. Abstract

77. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, et al. The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010 Jul-Aug;32(4):345-59. Abstract

78. Bagby RM, Parker JD, Taylor GJ. The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale - I: item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. J Psychosom Res. 1994 Jan;38(1):23-32. Abstract

79. Bagby RM, Taylor GJ, Parker JD. The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale - II: convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. J Psychosom Res. 1994 Jan;38(1):33-40. Abstract

80. Taylor GJ, Bagby RM, Parker JD. The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale - IV: reliability and factorial validity in different languages and cultures. J Psychosom Res. 2003 Sep;55(3):277-83. Abstract

81. Lane RD, Quinlan DM, Schwartz GE, et al. The Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale: a cognitive-developmental measure of emotion. J Pers Assess. 1990;55(1-2):124-34. Abstract

82. Binder LM, Campbell KA. Medically unexplained symptoms and neuropsychological assessment. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2004 May;26(3):369-92. Abstract

83. Drane DL, Williamson DJ, Stroup ES, et al. Cognitive impairment is not equal in patients with epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsia. 2006 Nov;47(11):1879-86.Full text  Abstract

84. Locke DE, Berry DT, Fakhoury TA, et al. Relationship of indicators of neuropathology, psychopathology, and effort to neuropsychological results in patients with epilepsy or psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2006 Apr;28(3):325-40. Abstract

85. Hathaway SR, McKinley. MMPI-2: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2: manual for administration and scoring. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press; 1989.

86. Morey LC. Personality assessment inventory. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1991.

87. Millon T. Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II: manual for the MCM-II. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems; 1994.

88. Cragar DE, Schmitt FA, Berry DT, et al. A comparison of MMPI-2 decision rules in the diagnosis of nonepileptic seizures. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2003 Sep;25(6):793-804. Abstract

89. Stonnington CM, Locke DE, Hsu CH, et al. Somatization is associated with deficits in affective theory of mind. J Psychosom Res. 2013 Jun;74(6):479-85. Abstract

90. Nonnekes J, Růžička E, Serranová T, et al. Functional gait disorders: a sign-based approach. Neurology. 2020 Jun 16;94(24):1093-9.Full text  Abstract

91. Schuster JP, Mouchabac S, LeStrat Y, et al. Hysterical mutism [in French]. Encephale. 2011 Oct;37(5):339-44. Abstract

92. Baker J, Barnett C, Cavalli L, et al. Management of functional communication, swallowing, cough and related disorders: consensus recommendations for speech and language therapy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2021 Oct;92(10):1112-25.Full text  Abstract

93. Salkovskis PM, Rimes KA, Warwick HM, et al. The health anxiety inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychol Med. 2002 Jul;32(5):843-53. Abstract

94. Stone J, Reuber M, Carson A. Functional symptoms in neurology: mimics and chameleons. Pract Neurol. 2013 Apr;13(2):104-13. Abstract

95. Perez DL, Hunt A, Sharma N, et al. Cautionary notes on diagnosing functional neurologic disorder as a neurologist-in-training. Neurol Clin Pract. 2020 Dec;10(6):484-7.Full text  Abstract

96. Benaderette S, Zanotti Fregonara P, Apartis E, et al. Psychogenic parkinsonism: a combination of clinical, electrophysiological, and [(123)I]-FP-CIT SPECT scan explorations improves diagnostic accuracy. Mov Disord. 2006 Mar;21(3):310-7. Abstract

97. van der Feltz-Cornelis CM, Hoedeman R, Keuter EJ, et al. Presentation of the multidisciplinary guideline Medically Unexplained Physical Symptoms (MUPS) and Somatoform Disorder in the Netherlands: disease management according to risk profiles. J Psychosom Res. 2012 Feb;72(2):168-9. Abstract

98. Stewart M, Brown JB, Weston WW, et al. Patient-centered medicine: transforming the clinical method. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1995.

99. Carson A, Lehn A, Ludwig L, et al. Explaining functional disorders in the neurology clinic: a photo story. Pract Neurol. 2016 Feb;16(1):56-61. Abstract

100. Drane DL, LaRoche SM, Ganesh GA, et al. A standardized diagnostic approach and ongoing feedback improves outcome in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2016 Jan 1;54:34-9.Full text  Abstract

101. Stone J, Edwards M. Trick or treat? Showing patients with functional (psychogenic) motor symptoms their physical signs. Neurology. 2012 Jul 17;79(3):282-4. Abstract

102. Nielsen G, Buszewicz M, Stevenson F, et al. Randomised feasibility study of physiotherapy for patients with functional motor symptoms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 Jun;88(6):484-90.Full text  Abstract

103. Nicholson C, Edwards MJ, Carson AJ, et al. Occupational therapy consensus recommendations for functional neurological disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020 Oct;91(10):1037-45.Full text  Abstract

104. Nielsen G, Stone J, Matthews A, et al. Physiotherapy for functional motor disorders: a consensus recommendation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015 Oct;86(10):1113-9.Full text  Abstract

105. Czarnecki K, Thompson JM, Seime R, et al. Functional movement disorders: successful treatment with a physical therapy rehabilitation protocol. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012 Mar;18(3):247-51. Abstract

106. Jordbru AA, Smedstad LM, Klungsøyr O, et al. Psychogenic gait disorder: a randomized controlled trial of physical rehabilitation with one-year follow-up. J Rehabil Med. 2014 Feb;46(2):181-7.Full text  Abstract

107. Nielsen G, Ricciardi L, Demartini B, et al. Outcomes of a 5-day physiotherapy programme for functional (psychogenic) motor disorders. J Neurol. 2015 Mar;262(3):674-81. Abstract

108. Sharpe M, Walker J, Williams C, et al. Guided self-help for functional (psychogenic) symptoms: a randomized controlled efficacy trial. Neurology. 2011 Aug 9;77(6):564-72.Full text  Abstract

109. Ganslev CA, Storebø OJ, Callesen HE, et al. Psychosocial interventions for conversion and dissociative disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jul 17;(7):CD005331.Full text  Abstract

110. Gutkin M, McLean L, Brown R, et al. Systematic review of psychotherapy for adults with functional neurological disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2021 Jan;92(1):36.Full text  Abstract

111. Goldstein LH, Robinson EJ, Mellers JDC, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy for adults with dissociative seizures (CODES): a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 Jun;7(6):491-505.Full text  Abstract

112. van Dessel N, den Boeft M, van der Wouden JC, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Nov 1;(11):CD011142.Full text  Abstract

113. LaFrance WC Jr, Baird GL, Barry JJ, et al; NES Treatment Trial (NEST-T) Consortium. Multicenter pilot treatment trial for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014 Sep;71(9):997-1005.Full text  Abstract

114. Hedman E, Axelsson E, Görling A, et al. Internet-delivered exposure-based cognitive-behavioural therapy and behavioural stress management for severe health anxiety: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2014 Oct;205(4):307-14.Full text  Abstract

115. Zonneveld LN, van Rood YR, Timman R, et al. Effective group training for patients with unexplained physical symptoms: a randomized controlled trial with a non-randomized one-year follow-up. PLoS One. 2012 Aug 7;7(8):e42629. [Erratum in: PLoS One. 2013 May 13;8(5).]Full text  Abstract

116. Fjorback LO. Mindfulness and bodily distress. Dan Med J. 2012 Nov;59(11):B4547.Full text  Abstract

117. Fjorback LO, Arendt M, Ornbøl E, et al. Mindfulness therapy for somatization disorder and functional somatic syndromes: randomized trial with one-year follow-up. J Psychosom Res. 2013 Jan;74(1):31-40. Abstract

118. Abbass A, Kisely S, Kroenke K. Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for somatic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Psychother Psychosom. 2009;78(5):265-74. Abstract

119. Erceg-Hurn DM. Psychodynamic therapy for somatic disorder meta-analysis raises more questions than answers. Psychother Psychosom. 2011 Mar 9;80(3):182-3. Abstract

120. Abbass AA, Kisely SR, Town JM, et al. Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapies for common mental disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jul 1;(7):CD004687.Full text  Abstract

121. Kleinstauber M, Witthöft M, Hiller W. Efficacy of short-term psychotherapy for multiple medically unexplained physical symptoms: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011 Feb;31(1):146-60. Abstract

122. Martlew J, Pulman J, Marson AG. Psychological and behavioural treatments for adults with non-epileptic attack disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Feb 11;(2):CD006370.Full text  Abstract

123. Kisely SR, Campbell LA, Yelland MJ, et al. Psychological interventions for symptomatic management of non-specific chest pain in patients with normal coronary anatomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 30;(6):CD004101.Full text  Abstract

124. Moene FC, Spinhoven P, Hoogduin KA, et al. A randomised controlled clinical trial on the additional effect of hypnosis in a comprehensive treatment programme for in-patients with conversion disorder of the motor type. Psychother Psychosom. 2002 Mar-Apr;71(2):66-76. Abstract

125. Moene FC, Spinhoven P, Hoogduin KA, et al. A randomized controlled clinical trial of a hypnosis-based treatment for patients with conversion disorder, motor type. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2003 Jan;51(1):29-50. Abstract

126. Schade N, Torres P, Beyebach M. Cost-efficiency of a brief family intervention for somatoform patients in primary care. Fam Syst Health. 2011 Sep;29(3):197-205. Abstract

127. Griffith JL, Polles A, Griffith ME. Pseudoseizures, families, and unspeakable dilemmas. Psychosomatics. 1998 Mar-Apr;39(2):144-53. Abstract

128. Wagner AW, Rizvi SL, Harned MS. Applications of dialectical behavior therapy to the treatment of complex trauma-related problems: when one case formulation does not fit all. J Trauma Stress. 2007 Aug;20(4):391-400. Abstract

129. Jacob AE, Kaelin DL, Roach AR, et al. Motor retraining (MoRe) for functional movement disorders: outcomes from a 1-week multidisciplinary rehabilitation program. PM R. 2018 Nov;10(11):1164-72. Abstract

130. McCormack R, Moriarty J, Mellers JD, et al. Specialist inpatient treatment for severe motor conversion disorder: a retrospective comparative study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014 Aug;85(8):895-900. Abstract

131. Saifee TA, Kassavetis P, Pareés I, et al. Inpatient treatment of functional motor symptoms: a long-term follow-up study. J Neurol. 2012 Sep;259(9):1958-63. Abstract

132. Demartini B, Batla A, Petrochilos P, et al. Multidisciplinary treatment for functional neurological symptoms: a prospective study. J Neurol. 2014 Dec;261(12):2370-7.Full text  Abstract

133. Aybek S, Lidstone SC, Nielsen G, et al. What Is the role of a specialist assessment clinic for FND? Lessons from three national referral centers. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020 Winter;32(1):79-84.Full text  Abstract

134. Prigatano GP, Stonnington CM, Fisher RS. Psychological factors in the genesis and management of nonepileptic seizures: clinical observations. Epilepsy Behav. 2002 Aug;3(4):343-9. Abstract

135. Drake ME Jr, Pakalnis A, Phillips BB. Neuropsychological and psychiatric correlates of intractable pseudoseizures. Seizure. 1992 Mar;1(1):11-3. Abstract

136. Marazziti D, Dell'Osso B. Effectiveness of risperidone in psychogenic stiff neck. CNS Spectr. 2005 Jun;10(6):443-4. Abstract

137. Persinger MA. Seizure suggestibility may not be an exclusive differential indicator between psychogenic and partial complex seizures: the presence of a third factor. Seizure. 1994 Sep;3(3):215-9. Abstract

138. Dabholkar PD. Use of ECT in hysterical catatonia: a case report and discussion. Br J Psychiatry. 1988 Aug;153:246-7. Abstract

139. Daniel WF, Crovitz HF. ECT-induced alteration of psychogenic amnesia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1986 Sep;74(3):302-3. Abstract

140. Edwards JG. Electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of bizarre psychogenic movements. Br J Psychiatry. 1969 Sep;115(526):1065-7. Abstract

141. Chastan N, Parain D, Verin E, et al. Psychogenic aphonia: spectacular recovery after motor cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009 Jan;80(1):94. Abstract

142. Geraldes R, Coelho M, Rosa MM, et al. Abnormal transcranial magnetic stimulation in a patient with presumed psychogenic paralysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 Dec;79(12):1412-3. Abstract

143. Schonfeldt-Lecuona C, Connemann BJ, Spitzer M, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the reversal of motor conversion disorder. Psychother Psychosom. 2003 Sep-Oct;72(5):286-8. Abstract

144. Oriuwa C, Mollica A, Feinstein A, et al. Neuromodulation for the treatment of functional neurological disorder and somatic symptom disorder: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2022 Mar;93(3):280-90. Abstract

145. Page LA, Wessely S. Medically unexplained symptoms: exacerbating factors in the doctor-patient encounter. J R Soc Med. 2003 May;96(5):223-7.Full text  Abstract

146. Gordon-Elliott JS, Muskin PR. An approach to the patient with multiple physical symptoms or chronic disease. Med Clin North Am. 2010 Nov;94(6):1207-16, xi. Abstract

147. Croicu C, Chwastiak L, Katon W. Approach to the patient with multiple somatic symptoms. Med Clin North Am. 2014 Sep;98(5):1079-95. Abstract

148. den Boeft M, Claassen-van Dessel N, van der Wouden JC. How should we manage adults with persistent unexplained physical symptoms? BMJ. 2017 Feb 8;356:j268. Abstract

149. Smith GR Jr, Monson RA, Ray DC. Psychiatric consultation in somatization disorder: a randomized controlled study. N Engl J Med. 1986 May 29;314(22):1407-13. Abstract

150. Hoedeman R, Blankenstein AH, van der Feltz-Cornelis CM, et al. Consultation letters for medically unexplained physical symptoms in primary care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Dec 8;(12):CD006524.Full text  Abstract

151. Henningsen P. Management of somatic symptom disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2018 Mar;20(1):23-31. Abstract

152. Henningsen P, Zipfel S, Herzog W. Management of functional somatic syndromes. Lancet. 2007 Mar 17;369(9565):946-55. Abstract

153. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Myalgic encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy)/chronic fatigue syndrome: diagnosis and management. Oct 2021 [internet publication].Full text

154. Kleinstäuber M, Witthöft M, Steffanowski A, et al. Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Nov 7;(11):CD010628.Full text  Abstract

155. Sumathipala A. What is the evidence for the efficacy of treatments for somatoform disorders? A critical review of previous intervention studies. Psychosom Med. 2007 Dec;69(9):889-900. Abstract

156. Kroenke K. Efficacy of treatment for somatoform disorders: a review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med. 2007 Dec;69(9):881-8. Abstract

157. O'Malley PG, Jackson JL, Santoro J, et al. Antidepressant therapy for unexplained symptoms and symptom syndromes. J Fam Pract. 1999 Dec;48(12):980-90. Abstract

158. LaFrance WC Jr, Miller IW, Ryan CE, et al. Behavioral therapy for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2009 Apr;14(4):591-6. Abstract

159. LaFrance WC Jr, Barry JJ. Update on treatments of psychological nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2005 Nov;7(3):364-74. Abstract

160. Poole NA, Wuerz A, Agrawal N. Abreaction for conversion disorder: systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2010 Aug;197(2):91-5.Full text  Abstract

161. Hafeiz HB. Hysterical conversion: a prognostic study. Br J Psychiatry. 1980 Jun;136:548-51. Abstract

162. Gelauff JM, Carson A, Ludwig L, et al. The prognosis of functional limb weakness: a 14-year case-control study. Brain. 2019 Jul 1;142(7):2137-48.Full text  Abstract

163. Robins LN, Regier DA, eds. Psychiatric disorders in America. New York, NY: Free Press; 1991:220-57.

164. Bass CM, Murphy MR. Somatization disorder: critique of the concept and suggestions for future research. In: Bass CM, ed. Somatization: physical symptoms and psychological illness. Oxford, UK: Blackwell; 1990.

165. Zwaigenbaum L, Szatmari P, Boyle MH, et al. Highly somatizing young adolescents and the risk of depression. Pediatrics. 1999 Jun;103(6 Pt 1):1203-9. Abstract

166. Williams C, Smith S, Sharpe M, et al. Overcoming functional neurological symptoms: a five areas approach. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2011.

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer