Epicondylitis

Calfee RP, Patel A, DaSilva MF, et al. Management of lateral epicondylitis: current concepts. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008;16:19-29. Abstract

Ciccotti MC, Schwartz MA, Ciccotti MG. Diagnosis and treatment of medial epicondylitis of the elbow. Clin Sports Med. 2004 Oct;23(4):693-705, xi. Abstract

American College of Radiology. Practice parameter for the performance and interpretation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the elbow. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

Raman J, MacDermid JC, Grewal R. Effectiveness of different methods of resistance exercises in lateral epicondylosis - a systematic review. J Hand Ther. 2012 Jan-Mar;25(1):5-25. Abstract

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2. Nirschl RP. Elbow tendinosis/tennis elbow. Clin Sports Med. 1992 Oct;11(4):851-70. Abstract

3. Milz S, Tischer T, Buettner A, et al. Molecular composition and pathology of entheses on the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus: a structural basis for epicondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Sep;63(9):1015-21.Full text  Abstract

4. Jobe FW, Ciccotti MG. Lateral and medial epicondylitis of the elbow. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1994 Jan;2(1):1-8. Abstract

5. Shiri R, Viikari-Juntura E, Varonen H, et al. Prevalence and determinants of lateral and medial epicondylitis: a population study. Am J Epidemiol. 2006 Dec 1;164(11):1065-74.Full text  Abstract

6. Jobe FW, Ciccotti MG. Lateral and medial epicondylitis of the elbow. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1994 Jan;2(1):1-8. Abstract

7. Bunata RE, Brown DS, Capelo R. Anatomic factors related to the cause of tennis elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Sep;89(9):1955-63. Abstract

8. Rosenberg N, Soudry M, Stahl S. Comparison of two methods for the evaluation of treatment in medial epicondylitis: pain estimation vs grip strength measurements. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2004 Jul;124(6):363-5. Abstract

9. Descatha A, Leclerc A, Chastang JF, et al; The Study Group on Repetitive Work. Medial epicondylitis in occupational settings: prevalence, incidence and associated risk factors. J Occup Environ Med. 2003 Sep;45(9):993-1001. Abstract

10. Degen RM, Conti MS, Camp CL, et al. Epidemiology and Disease Burden of Lateral Epicondylitis in the USA: Analysis of 85,318 Patients. HSS J. 2018 Feb;14(1):9-14.Full text  Abstract

11. Wiggins AJ, Cancienne JM, Camp CL, et al. Disease Burden of Medial Epicondylitis in the USA Is Increasing: An Analysis of 19,856 Patients From 2007 to 2014. HSS J. 2018 Oct;14(3):233-237.Full text  Abstract

12. Sayampanathan AA, Basha M, Mitra AK. Risk factors of lateral epicondylitis: A meta-analysis. Surgeon. 2020 Apr;18(2):122-128.Full text  Abstract

13. De Smedt T, de Jong A, Van Leemput W, et al. Lateral epicondylitis in tennis: update on aetiology, biomechanics and treatment. Br J Sports Med. 2007 Nov;41(11):816-9. Abstract

14. Kim DH, Gambardella RA, Elattrache NS, et al. Arthroscopic treatment of posterolateral elbow impingement from lateral synovial plicae in throwing athletes and golfers. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:438-444. Abstract

15. Tuite MJ, Kijowski R. Sports-related injuries of the elbow: an approach to MRI interpretation. Clin Sports Med. 2006 Jul;25(3):387-408, v. Abstract

16. O'Dwyer KJ, Howie CR. Medial epicondylitis of the elbow. Int Orthop. 1995;19:69-71. Abstract

17. Grana W. Medial epicondylitis and cubital tunnel syndrome in the throwing athlete. Clin Sports Med. 2001;20:541-548. Abstract

18. Chen FS, Rokito AS, Jobe FW. Medial elbow problems in the overhead-throwing athlete. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001;9:99-113. Abstract

19. Wang Q. Baseball and softball injuries. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2006;5:115-119. Abstract

20. Hume PA, Reid D, Edwards T. Epicondylar injury in sport: epidemiology, type, mechanisms, assessment, management and prevention. Sports Med. 2006;36:151-170. Abstract

21. Jacobson JA, Miller BS, Morag Y. Golf and racquet sports injuries. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2005;9:346-359. Abstract

22. Banks KP, Ly JQ, Beall DP, et al. Overuse injuries of the upper extremity in the competitive athlete: magnetic resonance imaging findings associated with repetitive trauma. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2005;34:127-142. Abstract

23. Rumball JS, Lebrun CM, Di Ciacca SR, et al. Rowing injuries. Sports Med. 2005;35:537-555. Abstract

24. Calfee RP, Patel A, DaSilva MF, et al. Management of lateral epicondylitis: current concepts. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008;16:19-29. Abstract

25. Ciccotti MC, Schwartz MA, Ciccotti MG. Diagnosis and treatment of medial epicondylitis of the elbow. Clin Sports Med. 2004 Oct;23(4):693-705, xi. Abstract

26. Juul-Kristensen B, Lund H, Hansen K, et al. Poorer elbow proprioception in patients with lateral epicondylitis than in healthy controls: a cross-sectional study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2008;17(1 Suppl):72S-81S. Abstract

27. Ciccotti MG, Ramani MN. Medial epicondylitis. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2003 Dec;7(4):190-6. Abstract

28. Ciccotti MC, Schwartz MA, Ciccotti MG. Diagnosis and treatment of medial epicondylitis of the elbow. Clin Sports Med. 2004 Oct;23(4):693-705, xi. Abstract

29. Bauer JA, Murray RD. Electromyographic patterns of individuals suffering from lateral tennis elbow. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 1999 Aug;9(4):245-52. Abstract

30. Tsuji H, Wada T, Oda T, et al. Arthroscopic, macroscopic, and microscopic anatomy of the synovial fold of the elbow joint in correlation with the common extensor origin. Arthroscopy. 2008 Jan;24(1):34-8. Abstract

31. Ruch DS, Papadonikolakis A, Campolattaro RM. The posterolateral plica: a cause of refractory lateral elbow pain. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2006 May-Jun;15(3):367-70. Abstract

32. Bales CP, Placzek JD, Malone KJ, et al. Microvascular supply of the lateral epicondyle and common extensor origin. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007 Jul-Aug;16(4):497-501. Abstract

33. du Toit C, Stieler M, Saunders R, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of Power-Doppler ultrasound in patients with chronic tennis elbow. Br J Sports Med. 2008 Nov;42(11):872-6. Abstract

34. Nirschl RP, Pettrone FA. Tennis elbow. The surgical treatment of lateral epicondylitis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979 Sep;61(6A):832-9. Abstract

35. Kraushaar BS, Nirschl RP. Tendinosis of the elbow (tennis elbow): clinical features and findings of histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopy studies. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999 Feb;81(2):259-78. Abstract

36. Chard MD, Cawston TE, Riley GP, et al. Rotator cuff degeneration and lateral epicondylitis: a comparative histological study. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994 Jan;53(1):30-4.Full text  Abstract

37. Nirschl RP. The etiology and treatment of tennis elbow. J Sports Med. 1974;2:308-323. Abstract

38. Hatch GF 3rd, Pink MM, Mohr KJ, et al. The effect of tennis racket grip size on forearm muscle firing patterns. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:1977-1983. Abstract

39. Whaley AL, Baker CL. Lateral epicondylitis. Clin Sports Med. 2004 Oct;23(4):677-91, x. Abstract

40. Dorf ER, Chhabra AB, Golish SR, et al. Effect of elbow position on grip strength in the evaluation of lateral epicondylitis. J Hand Surg (Am). 2007 Jul-Aug;32(6):882-6. Abstract

41. Smidt N, Assendelft WJ, van der Windt DA, et al. Corticosteroid injections for lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review. Pain. 2002 Mar;96(1-2):23-40. Abstract

42. Pienimäki TT, Siira PT, Vanharanta H. Chronic medial and lateral epicondylitis: a comparison of pain, disability, and function. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002 Mar;83(3):317-21. Abstract

43. Otsuka NY, Hastings DE, Fornasier VL. Osteoid osteoma of the elbow: a report of six cases. J Hand Surg (Am). 1992 May;17(3):458-61. Abstract

44. Timmerman LA, Schwartz ML, Andrews JR. Preoperative evaluation of the ulnar collateral ligament by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography arthrography: evaluation in 25 baseball players with surgical confirmation. Am J Sports Med. 1994 Jan-Feb;22(1):26-31; discussion 32. Abstract

45. Higgins T, Kelly M, Curtin J. Osteoid osteoma of the distal humerus mimicking tennis elbow. Ir Med J. 2002 Sep;95(8):248-9. Abstract

46. Bracker MD, Ralph LP. The numb arm and hand. Am Fam Physician. 1995 Jan;51(1):103-16. Abstract

47. Cannon DE, Dillingham TR, Miao H, et al. Musculoskeletal disorders in referrals for suspected cervical radiculopathy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007 Oct;88(10):1256-9. Abstract

48. Dones VC 3rd, Grimmer K, Thoirs K, et al. The diagnostic validity of musculoskeletal ultrasound in lateral epicondylalgia: a systematic review. BMC Med Imaging. 2014 Mar 3;14:10.Full text  Abstract

49. Latham SK, Smith TO. The diagnostic test accuracy of ultrasound for the detection of lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2014 May;100(3):281-6.Full text  Abstract

50. Shahabpour M, Kichouh M, Laridon E, et al. The effectiveness of diagnostic imaging methods for the assessment of soft tissue and articular disorders of the shoulder and elbow. Eur J Radiol. 2008 Feb;65(2):194-200. Abstract

51. Suresh SP, Ali KE, Jones H, et al. Medial epicondylitis: is ultrasound guided autologous blood injection an effective treatment? Br J Sports Med. 2006 Nov;40(11):935-9; discussion 939. Abstract

52. American College of Radiology. Practice parameter for the performance and interpretation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the elbow. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

53. Henry M, Stutz C. A unified approach to radial tunnel syndrome and lateral tendinosis. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2006 Dec;10(4):200-5. Abstract

54. Stanley J. Radial tunnel syndrome: a surgeon's perspective. J Hand Ther. 2006 Apr-Jun;19(2):180-4. Abstract

55. Cheung EV, Adams R, Morrey BF. Primary osteoarthritis of the elbow: current treatment options. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008 Feb;16(2):77-87. Abstract

56. Dalal S, Bull M, Stanley D. Radiographic changes at the elbow in primary osteoarthritis: a comparison with normal aging of the elbow joint. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007 May-Jun;16(3):358-61. Abstract

57. Salvo JP, Rizio L 3rd, Zvijac JE, et al. Avulsion fracture of the ulnar sublime tubercle in overhead throwing athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2002 May-Jun;30(3):426-31. Abstract

58. Elhassan B, Steinmann SP. Entrapment neuropathy of the ulnar nerve. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007 Nov;15(11):672-81. Abstract

59. Taha A, Galarza M, Zuccarello M, et al. Outcomes of cubital tunnel surgery among patients with absent sensory nerve conduction. Neurosurgery. 2004 Apr;54(4):891-5; discussion 895-6. Abstract

60. Ciccotti MG, Charlton WP. Epicondylitis in the athlete. Clin Sports Med. 2001 Jan;20(1):77-93. Abstract

61. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Chronic elbow pain. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

62. Johnson GW, Cadwallader K, Scheffel SB, et al. Treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Am Fam Physician. 2007 Sep 15;76(6):843-8. Abstract

63. Pattanittum P, Turner T, Green S, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treating lateral elbow pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(5):CD003686.Full text  Abstract

64. Labelle H, Guibert R. Efficacy of diclofenac in lateral epicondylitis of the elbow also treated with immobilization. The University of Montreal Orthopaedic Research Group. Arch Fam Med. 1997 May-Jun;6(3):257-62. Abstract

65. Kroslak M, Pirapakaran K, Murrell GAC. Counterforce bracing of lateral epicondylitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2019 Feb;28(2):288-295.Full text  Abstract

66. Bisset LM, Collins NJ, Offord SS. Immediate effects of 2 types of braces on pain and grip strength in people with lateral epicondylalgia: a randomized controlled trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014 Feb;44(2):120-8. Abstract

67. Chesterton LS, Lewis AM, Sim J, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation as adjunct to primary care management for tennis elbow: pragmatic randomised controlled trial (TATE trial). BMJ. 2013 Sep 2;347:f5160.Full text  Abstract

68. Herd CR, Meserve BB. A systematic review of the effectiveness of manipulative therapy in treating lateral epicondylalgia. J Man Manip Ther. 2008;16(4):225-37.Full text  Abstract

69. Raman J, MacDermid JC, Grewal R. Effectiveness of different methods of resistance exercises in lateral epicondylosis - a systematic review. J Hand Ther. 2012 Jan-Mar;25(1):5-25. Abstract

70. Cullinane FL, Boocock MG, Trevelyan FC. Is eccentric exercise an effective treatment for lateral epicondylitis? A systematic review. Clin Rehabil. 2014 Jan;28(1):3-19. Abstract

71. Olaussen M, Holmedal O, Lindbaek M, et al. Treating lateral epicondylitis with corticosteroid injections or non-electrotherapeutical physiotherapy: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2013 Oct 29;3(10):e003564.Full text  Abstract

72. Peterson M, Butler S, Eriksson M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of eccentric vs. concentric graded exercise in chronic tennis elbow (lateral elbow tendinopathy). Clin Rehabil. 2014 Sep;28(9):862-72. Abstract

73. Long L, Briscoe S, Cooper C, et al. What is the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of conservative interventions for tendinopathy? An overview of systematic reviews of clinical effectiveness and systematic review of economic evaluations. Health Technol Assess. 2015 Jan;19(8):1-134.Full text  Abstract

74. Sayegh ET, Strauch RJ. Does nonsurgical treatment improve longitudinal outcomes of lateral epicondylitis over no treatment? A meta-analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015 Mar;473(3):1093-107.Full text  Abstract

75. Gaujoux-Viala C, Dougados M, Gossec L. Efficacy and safety of steroid injections for shoulder and elbow tendonitis: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Dec;68(12):1843-9.Full text  Abstract

76. Bisset L, Beller E, Jull G, et al. Mobilisation with movement and exercise, corticosteroid injection, or wait and see for tennis elbow: randomised trial. BMJ. 2006 Nov 4;333(7575):939.Full text  Abstract

77. Coombes BK, Bisset L, Brooks P, et al. Effect of corticosteroid injection, physiotherapy, or both on clinical outcomes in patients with unilateral lateral epicondylalgia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2013 Feb 6;309(5):461-9.Full text  Abstract

78. Barr S, Cerisola FL, Blanchard V. Effectiveness of corticosteroid injections compared with physiotherapeutic interventions for lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review. Physiotherapy. 2009 Dec;95(4):251-65. Abstract

79. Coombes BK, Bisset L, Vicenzino B, et al. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2010 Nov 20;376(9754):1751-67. Abstract

80. Buchbinder R, Johnston RV, Barnsley L, et al. Surgery for lateral elbow pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(3):CD003525.Full text  Abstract

81. Bateman M, Littlewood C, Rawson B, et al. Surgery for tennis elbow: a systematic review. Shoulder Elbow. 2019 Feb;11(1):35-44.Full text  Abstract

82. Moradi A, Pasdar P, Mehrad-Majd H, et al. Clinical Outcomes of Open versus Arthroscopic Surgery for Lateral Epicondylitis, Evidence from a Systematic Review. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2019 Mar;7(2):91-104. Abstract

83. Wang W, Chen J, Lou J, et al. Comparison of arthroscopic debridement and open debridement in the management of lateral epicondylitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Nov;98(44):e17668.Full text  Abstract

84. Clark T, McRae S, Leiter J, et al. Arthroscopic Versus Open Lateral Release for the Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. Arthroscopy. 2018 Dec;34(12):3177-3184.Full text  Abstract

85. Dunn JH, Kim JJ, Davis L, et al. Ten- to 14-year follow-up of the Nirschl surgical technique for lateral epicondylitis. Am J Sports Med. 2008 Feb;36(2):261-6. Abstract

86. Coleman B, Quinlan JF, Matheson JA. Surgical treatment for lateral epicondylitis: a long-term follow-up of results. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010 Apr;19(3):363-7.Full text  Abstract

87. Vangsness CT Jr, Jobe FW. Surgical treatment of medial epicondylitis: results in 35 elbows. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991 May;73(3):409-11.Full text  Abstract

88. Kohia M, Brackle J, Byrd K, et al. Effectiveness of physical therapy treatments on lateral epicondylitis. J Sport Rehabil. 2008 May;17(2):119-36. Abstract

89. Xiong Y, Xue H, Zhou W, et al. Shock-wave therapy versus corticosteroid injection on lateral epicondylitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phys Sportsmed. 2019 Sep;47(3):284-289.Full text  Abstract

90. Yao G, Chen J, Duan Y, et al. Efficacy of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Lateral Epicondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:2064781.Full text  Abstract

91. Ahmad Z, Brooks R, Kang SN, et al. The effect of platelet-rich plasma on clinical outcomes in lateral epicondylitis. Arthroscopy. 2013 Nov;29(11):1851-62. Abstract

92. Krogh TP, Bartels EM, Ellingsen T, et al. Comparative effectiveness of injection therapies in lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med. 2013 Jun;41(6):1435-46. Abstract

93. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Autologous blood injection for tendinopathy. January 2013 [internet publication].Full text

94. Houck DA, Kraeutler MJ, Thornton LB, et al. Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis With Autologous Blood, Platelet-Rich Plasma, or Corticosteroid Injections: A Systematic Review of Overlapping Meta-analyses. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019 Mar;7(3):2325967119831052.Full text  Abstract

95. Li A, Wang H, Yu Z, et al. Platelet-rich plasma vs corticosteroids for elbow epicondylitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Dec;98(51):e18358.Full text  Abstract

96. Karjalainen TV, Silagy M, O'Bryan E, et al. Autologous blood and platelet-rich plasma injection therapy for lateral elbow pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Sep 30;9:CD010951. Abstract

97. Wong SM, Hui AC, Tong PY, et al. Treatment of lateral epicondylitis with botulinum toxin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Dec 6;143(11):793-7. Abstract

98. Kalichman LB, Bannuru RR, Severin M, et al. Injection of botulinum toxin for treatment of chronic lateral epicondylitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sem Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Jun;40(6):532-8. Abstract

99. Zhang T, Adatia A, Zarin W, et al. The efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in managing chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review and meta analysis. Inflammopharmacology. 2011 Feb;19(1):21-34. Abstract

100. Lin YC, Wu WT, Hsu YC, et al. Comparative effectiveness of botulinum toxin versus non-surgical treatments for treating lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2018 Feb;32(2):131-145.Full text  Abstract

101. Petrella RJ, Cogliano A, Decaria J, et al. Management of tennis elbow with sodium hyaluronate periarticular injections. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabilit Ther Technol. 2010 Feb 2;2:4.Full text  Abstract

102. Bjordal JM, Lopes-Martins RA, Joensen J, et al. A systematic review with procedural assessments and meta-analysis of low level laser therapy in lateral elbow tendinopathy (tennis elbow). BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008 May 29;9:75.Full text  Abstract

103. Baxter GD, Bleakley C, McDonough S. Clinical effectiveness of laser acupuncture: a systematic review. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2008 Dec;1(2):65-82.Full text  Abstract

104. Chang WD, Wu JH, Yang WJ, et al. Therapeutic effects of low-level laser on lateral epicondylitis from differential interventions of Chinese-Western medicine: systematic review. Photomed Laser Surg. 2010 Jun;28(3):327-36. Abstract

105. Tumilty S, Munn J, McDonough S, et al. Low level laser treatment of tendinopathy: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Photomed Laser Surg. 2010 Feb;28(1):3-16. Abstract

106. Roberts DB, Kruse RJ, Stoll SF. The effectiveness of therapeutic class IV (10 W) laser treatment for epicondylitis. Lasers Surg Med. 2013 Jul;45(5):311-7. Abstract

107. BC Physical Therapy Tendinopathy Task Force. Lateral epicondyle tendinopathy: summary of the evidence for physical therapy interventions. June 2016 [internet publication].Full text

108. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for refractory tennis elbow. August 2009 [internet publication].Full text

109. Beyzadeoglu T, Bekler H, Gokce A. Skin and subcutanous fat atrophy after corticosteroid injection for medial epicondylitis. Orthopedics. 2011 Aug;34(8):570.Full text  Abstract

110. Pace CS, Blanchet NP, Isaacs JE. Soft Tissue Atrophy Related to Corticosteroid Injection: Review of the Literature and Implications for Hand Surgeons. J Hand Surg Am. 2018 Jun;43(6):558-563.Full text  Abstract

111. Dick FD, Graveling RA, Munro W, et al; Guideline Development Group. Workplace management of upper limb disorders: a systematic review. Occup Med (Lond). 2011;61:19-25.Full text  Abstract

112. Bohr PC. Systematic review and analysis of work-related injuries to and conditions of the elbow. Am J Occupat Ther. 2011;65:24-28. Abstract