Tic disorders

Murphy TK, Lewin AB, Storch EA, et al. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013 Dec;52(12):1341-59.Full text  Abstract

Plessen KJ, Bansal R, Peterson BS. Imaging evidence for anatomical disturbances and neuroplastic compensation in persons with Tourette syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2009 Dec;67(6):559-73.Full text  Abstract

Pringsheim T, Okun MS, Müller-Vahl K, et al. Practice guideline recommendations summary: treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology. 2019 May 7;92(19):896-906.Full text  Abstract

Pringsheim T, Holler-Managan Y, Okun MS, et al. Comprehensive systematic review summary: treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology. 2019 May 7;92(19):907-15.Full text  Abstract

Kuo SH, Jimenez-Shahed J. Topiramate in treatment of Tourette syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2010 Jan-Feb;33(1):32-4. Abstract

Bloch MH, Panza KE, Landeros-Weisenberger A, et al. Meta-analysis: treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009 Sep;48(9):884-93.Full text  Abstract

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2. Singer HS. Tourette syndrome and its associated neurobehavioral problems. In: Swaiman KF, Ashwal S, Ferriero DM. Pediatric neurology: principles and practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2006:887-98.

3. Fahn S, Jankovic J. Principles and practice of movement disorders. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2007:409-33.

4. Knight T, Steeves T, Day L, et al. Prevalence of tic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Neurol. 2012 Aug;47(2):77-90. Abstract

5. Leivonen S, Voutilainen A, Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S, et al. A nationwide register study of the characteristics, incidence and validity of diagnosed Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Acta Paediatr. 2014 Sep;103(9):984-90. Abstract

6. Scahill L, Specht M, Page C. The prevalence of tic disorders and clinical characteristics in children. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord. 2014 Oct 1;3(4):394-400.Full text  Abstract

7. Black KJ, Black ER, Greene DJ, et al. Provisional tic disorder: what to tell parents when their child first starts ticcing. F1000Res. 2016 Apr 18;5:696.Full text  Abstract

8. Alves HL, Quagliato EM. The prevalence of tic disorders in children and adolescents in Brazil. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2014 Dec;72(12):942-8.Full text  Abstract

9. Scharf JM, Miller LL, Gauvin CA, et al. Population prevalence of Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2015 Feb;30(2):221-8. Abstract

10. Bitsko RH, Holbrook JR, Visser SN, et al. A national profile of Tourette syndrome, 2011-2012. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2014 Jun;35(5):317-22.Full text  Abstract

11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of diagnosed Tourette syndrome in persons aged 6-17 years – United States, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 Jun 5;58(21):581-5.Full text  Abstract

12. Singer HS. Treatment of tics and Tourette syndrome. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2010 Nov;12(6):539-61. Abstract

13. Murphy TK, Lewin AB, Storch EA, et al. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013 Dec;52(12):1341-59.Full text  Abstract

14. Leckman J, Block M, King R, et al. Phenomenology of tics and natural history of tic disorders. Adv Neurol. 2006;99:1-16. Abstract

15. Murphy TK, Kurlan R, Leckman J. The immunobiology of Tourette's disorder, pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus, and related disorders: a way forward. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2010 Aug;20(4):317-31.Full text  Abstract

16. Centorino MB, Catalano G, Catalano MC. Lamotrigine induced whole body tics: a case report and literature review. Curr Drug Saf. 2016;11(2):189-91. Abstract

17. Shavitt RG, Hounie AG, Rosario Campos MC, et al. Tourette's syndrome. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2006 Jun;29(2):471-86. Abstract

18. Nespoli E, Rizzo F, Boeckers TM, et al. Addressing the complexity of Tourette's syndrome through the use of animal models. Front Neurosci. 2016 Apr 8;10:133.Full text  Abstract

19. Frick L, Pittenger C. Microglial dysregulation in OCD, Tourette syndrome, and PANDAS. J Immunol Res. 2016;2016:8606057.Full text  Abstract

20. Israelashvili M, Bar-Gad I. Corticostriatal divergent function in determining the temporal and spatial properties of motor tics. J Neurosci. 2015 Dec 16;35(50):16340-51.Full text  Abstract

21. Worbe Y, Marrakchi-Kacem L, Lecomte S, et al. Altered structural connectivity of cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic networks in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Brain. 2015 Feb;138(Pt 2):472-82.Full text  Abstract

22. Zapparoli L, Porta M, Gandola M, et al. A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of motor control in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome during imagined and executed movements. Eur J Neurosci. 2016 Feb;43(4):494-508. Abstract

23. Plessen KJ, Bansal R, Peterson BS. Imaging evidence for anatomical disturbances and neuroplastic compensation in persons with Tourette syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2009 Dec;67(6):559-73.Full text  Abstract

24. Greene DJ, Williams Iii AC, Koller JM, et al. Brain structure in pediatric Tourette syndrome. Mol Psychiatry. 2017 Jul;22(7):972-80.Full text  Abstract

25. Zapparoli L, Tettamanti M, Porta M, et al. A tug of war: antagonistic effective connectivity patterns over the motor cortex and the severity of motor symptoms in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Eur J Neurosci. 2017 Sep;46(6):2203-13. Abstract

26. Fernandez TV, Sanders SJ, Yurkiewicz IR, et al. Rare copy number variants in Tourette syndrome disrupt genes in histaminergic pathways and overlap with autism. Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Mar 1;71(5):392-402.Full text  Abstract

27. Rapanelli M, Pittenger C. Histamine and histamine receptors in Tourette syndrome and other neuropsychiatric conditions. Neuropharmacology. 2016 Jul;106:85-90. Abstract

28. Yang X, Liu W, Yi M, et al. Choline acetyltransferase may contribute to the risk of Tourette syndrome: combination of family-based analysis and case-control study. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2017 Feb 14:1-6. Abstract

29. Abdulkadir M, Londono D, Gordon D, et al. Investigation of previously implicated genetic variants in chronic tic disorders: a transmission disequilibrium test approach. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2018 Apr;268(3):301-16.Full text  Abstract

30. Hirschtritt ME, Darrow SM, Illmann C, et al. Genetic and phenotypic overlap of specific obsessive-compulsive and attention-deficit/hyperactive subtypes with Tourette syndrome. Psychol Med. 2018 Jan;48(2):279-93. Abstract

31. Müller-Vahl KR, Loeber G, Kotsiari A, et al. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is associated with hypermethylation of the dopamine D2 receptor gene. J Psychiatr Res. 2017 Mar;86:1-8.Full text  Abstract

32. Dalsgaard S, Waltoft BL, Leckman JF, et al. Maternal history of autoimmune disease and later development of Tourette syndrome in offspring. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015 Jun;54(6):495-501. Abstract

33. Murphy TK, Storch EA, Turner A, et al. Maternal history of autoimmune disease in children presenting with tics and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Neuroimmunol. 2010 Dec 15;229(1-2):243-7.Full text  Abstract

34. Cardona F, Orefici G. Group A streptococcal infections and tic disorders in an Italian pediatric population. J Pediatr. 2001 Jan;138(1):71-5. Abstract

35. Wang HC, Lau CI, Lin CC, et al. Group A streptococcal infections are associated with increased risk of pediatric neuropsychiatric disorders: a Taiwanese population-based cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Jul;77(7):e848-54. Abstract

36. Swedo SE, Leckman JF, Rose NR. From research subgroup to clinical syndrome: modifying the PANDAS criteria to describe PANS (pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome). Pediatr Therapeut. 2012;2:113.Full text

37. Singer HS, Gilbert DL, Wolf DS, et al. Moving from PANDAS to CANS. J Pediatr. 2012 May;160(5):725-31. Abstract

38. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.

39. Janik P, Kalbarczyk A, Sitek M. Clinical analysis of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome based on 126 cases. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2007 Sep-Oct;41(5):381-7. Abstract

40. Mataix-Cols D, Isomura K, Pérez-Vigil A, et al. Familial risks of Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders: a population-based cohort study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015 Aug;72(8):787-93.Full text  Abstract

41. Freeman RD, Fast DK, Burd L, et al. An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: selected findings from 3,500 individuals in 22 countries. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000 Jul;42(7):436-47.Full text  Abstract

42. Khalifa N, von Knorring AL. Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders in a total population of children: clinical assessment and background. Acta Paediatr. 2005 Nov;94(11):1608-14. Abstract

43. Leivonen S, Scharf JM, Mathews CA, et al. Parental psychopathology and Tourette syndrome/chronic tic disorder in offspring: a nationwide case-control study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;56(4):297-303. Abstract

44. Browne HA, Modabbernia A, Buxbaum JD, et al. Prenatal maternal smoking and increased risk for Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016 Sep;55(9):784-91.Full text  Abstract

45. Mathews CA, Bimson B, Lowe TL, et al. Association between maternal smoking and increased symptom severity in Tourette's syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jun;163(6):1066-73. Abstract

46. Hirschtritt ME, Lee PC, Pauls DL, et al; Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for Genetics. Lifetime prevalence, age of risk, and genetic relationships of comorbid psychiatric disorders in Tourette syndrome. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015 Apr;72(4):325-33.Full text  Abstract

47. Brainstorm Consortium, Anttila V, Bulik-Sullivan B, et al. Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain. Science. 2018 Jun 22;360(6395):eaap8757. Abstract

48. Darrow SM, Grados M, Sandor P, et al. Autism spectrum symptoms in a Tourette's disorder sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017 Jul;56(7):610-7.Full text  Abstract

49. Stephens RJ, Chung SA, Jovanovic D, et al. Relationship between polysomnographic sleep architecture and behavior in medication-free children with TS, ADHD, TS and ADHD, and controls. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2013 Nov-Dec;34(9):688-96. Abstract

50. Lee WT, Huang HL, Wong LC, et al. Tourette syndrome as an independent risk factor for subsequent sleep disorders in children: a nationwide population-based case-control study. Sleep. 2017 Mar 1;40(3).Full text  Abstract

51. Greenberg E, Tung ES, Gauvin C, et al. Prevalence and predictors of hair pulling disorder and excoriation disorder in Tourette syndrome. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018 May;27(5):569-79. Abstract

52. Plessen KJ, Bansal R, Peterson BS. Imaging evidence for anatomical disturbances and neuroplastic compensation in persons with Tourette syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2009 Dec;67(6):559-73.Full text  Abstract

53. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tourette syndrome (TS). Diagnosing tic disorders. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

54. Pringsheim T, Okun MS, Müller-Vahl K, et al. Practice guideline recommendations summary: treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology. 2019 May 7;92(19):896-906.Full text  Abstract

55. Rizzo R, Pellico A, Silvestri PR, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing behavioral, educational, and pharmacological treatments in youths with chronic tic disorder or tourette syndrome. Front Psychiatry. 2018 Mar 27;9:100.Full text  Abstract

56. Sukhodolsky DG, Woods DW, Piacentini J, et al. Moderators and predictors of response to behavior therapy for tics in Tourette syndrome. Neurology. 2017 Mar 14;88(11):1029-36.Full text  Abstract

57. Whittington C, Pennant M, Kendall T, et al. Practitioner review: treatments for Tourette syndrome in children and young people - a systematic review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016 Sep;57(9):988-1004. Abstract

58. Bennett SM, Capriotti M, Bauer C, et al. Development and open trial of a psychosocial intervention for young children with chronic tics: the CBIT-JR study. Behav Ther. 2020 Jul;51(4):659-69. Abstract

59. Dutta N, Cavanna AE. The effectiveness of habit reversal therapy in the treatment of Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders: a systematic review. Funct Neurol. 2013 Jan-Mar;28(1):7-12.Full text  Abstract

60. Rizwan M, Shahid NUA, Naguit N, et al. Efficacy of behavioural intervention, antipsychotics, and alpha agonists in the treatment of tics disorder in Tourette's syndrome. Cureus. 2022 Feb;14(2):e22449.Full text  Abstract

61. Fründt O, Woods D, Ganos C. Behavioral therapy for Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurol Clin Pract. 2017 Apr;7(2):148-56. Abstract

62. Hollis C, Hall CL, Jones R, et al. Therapist-supported online remote behavioural intervention for tics in children and adolescents in England (ORBIT): a multicentre, parallel group, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021 Oct;8(10):871-82.Full text  Abstract

63. Ricketts EJ, Gilbert DL, Zinner SH, et al. Pilot testing behavior therapy for chronic tic disorders in neurology and developmental pediatrics clinics. J Child Neurol. 2016 Mar;31(4):444-50. Abstract

64. Frank M, Cavanna AE. Behavioural treatments for Tourette syndrome: an evidence-based review. Behav Neurol. 2013;27(1):105-17.Full text  Abstract

65. McGuire JF, Piacentini J, Brennan EA, et al. A meta-analysis of behavior therapy for Tourette syndrome. J Psychiatr Res. 2014 Mar;50:106-12. Abstract

66. Weisman H, Qureshi IA, Leckman JF. Systematic review: pharmacological treatment of tic disorders - efficacy of antipsychotic and alpha-2 adrenergic agonist agents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013 Jul;37(6):1162-71.Full text  Abstract

67. Waldon K, Hill J, Termine C, et al. Trials of pharmacological interventions for Tourette syndrome: a systematic review. Behav Neurol. 2013;26(4):265-73.Full text  Abstract

68. Pringsheim T, Holler-Managan Y, Okun MS, et al. Comprehensive systematic review summary: treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology. 2019 May 7;92(19):907-15.Full text  Abstract

69. Marras C, Andrews D, Sime E, et al. Botulinum toxin for simple motor tics: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Neurology. 2001 Mar 13;56(5):605-10. Abstract

70. Pandey S, Srivanitchapoom P, Kirubakaran R, et al. Botulinum toxin for motor and phonic tics in Tourette's syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jan 5;1:CD012285.Full text  Abstract

71. Budman CL. The role of atypical antipsychotics for treatment of Tourette's syndrome: an overview. Drugs. 2014 Jul;74(11):1177-93. Abstract

72. Yang C, Hao Z, Zhang LL, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of antipsychotic drugs for tic disorders: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2019 Jan;52(1):7-15.Full text  Abstract

73. Mogwitz S, Buse J, Ehrlich S, et al. Clinical pharmacology of dopamine-modulating agents in Tourette's syndrome. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2013;112:281-349. Abstract

74. Wijemanne S, Wu LJ, Jankovic J. Long-term efficacy and safety of fluphenazine in patients with Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord. 2014 Jan;29(1):126-30. Abstract

75. Kenney C, Kuo SH, Jimenez-Shahed J. Tourette's syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2008 Mar 1;77(5):651-8.Full text  Abstract

76. Preskorn SH. Changes in the product label for pimozide illustrate both the promises and the challenges of personalized medicine. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Sep;73(9):1191-3.Full text  Abstract

77. Kuo SH, Jimenez-Shahed J. Topiramate in treatment of Tourette syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2010 Jan-Feb;33(1):32-4. Abstract

78. Yang CS, Zhang LL, Zeng LN, et al. Topiramate for Tourette's syndrome in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Neurol. 2013 Nov;49(5):344-50. Abstract

79. Pringsheim T, Doja A, Gorman D, et al. Canadian guidelines for the evidence-based treatment of tic disorders: pharmacotherapy. Can J Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;57(3):133-43. Abstract

80. Singer HS, Wendlandt J, Krieger M, et al. Baclofen treatment in Tourette syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Neurology. 2001 Mar 13;56(5):599-604. Abstract

81. Gonce M, Barbeau A. Seven cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: partial relief with clonazepam: a pilot study. Can J Neurol Sci. 1977 Nov;4(4):279-83. Abstract

82. Fasano A, Bentivoglio AR. Tetrabenazine. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009 Dec;10(17):2883-96. Abstract

83. Porta M, Sassi M, Cavallazzi M, et al. Tourette's syndrome and role of tetrabenazine: review and personal experience. Clin Drug Investig. 2008;28(7):443-59. Abstract

84. Guay DR. Tetrabenazine, a monoamine-depleting drug used in the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010 Aug;8(4):331-73. Abstract

85. Farber RH, Angelov A, Kim K, et al. Clinical development of valbenazine for tics associated with Tourette syndrome. Expert Rev Neurother. 2021 Apr;21(4):393-404.Full text  Abstract

86. Rizzo R, Gulisano M, Cali PV, et al. Tourette syndrome and comorbid ADHD: current pharmacological treatment options. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2013 Sep;17(5):421-8. Abstract

87. Osland ST, Steeves TD, Pringsheim T. Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 26;(6):CD007990.Full text  Abstract

88. Bloch MH, Panza KE, Landeros-Weisenberger A, et al. Meta-analysis: treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009 Sep;48(9):884-93.Full text  Abstract

89. Veale D, Miles S, Smallcombe N, et al. Atypical antipsychotic augmentation in SSRI treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 29;14:317.Full text  Abstract

90. Scahill L, Riddle MA, King RA, et al. Fluoxetine has no marked effect on tic symptoms in patients with Tourette's syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1997 Summer;7(2):75-85. Abstract

91. Rua A, Damásio J. Tics induced by sertraline: case report and literature review. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2014 Sep;1(3):243-4.

92. Fernández-Alvarez E. Comorbid disorders associated with tics [in Spanish]. Rev Neurol. 2002 Feb;34 (Suppl 1):S122-9. Abstract

93. Kuhn J, Gründler TO, Lenartz D, et al. Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010 Feb;107(7):105-13.Full text  Abstract

94. Nangunoori R, Tomycz ND, Quigley M, et al. Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric diseases: a pooled analysis of published studies employing disease-specific standardized outcome scales. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2013;91(6):345-54.Full text  Abstract

95. Almeida L, Martinez-Ramirez D, Rossi PJ, et al. Chasing tics in the human brain: development of open, scheduled and closed loop responsive approaches to deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome. J Clin Neurol. 2015 Apr;11(2):122-31.Full text  Abstract

96. Schrock LE, Mink JW, Woods DW, et al; Tourette Syndrome Association International Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Database and Registry Study Group. Tourette syndrome deep brain stimulation: a review and updated recommendations. Mov Disord. 2015 Apr;30(4):448-71. Abstract

97. Gilbert DL, Budman CL, Singer HS, et al. A D1 receptor antagonist, ecopipam, for treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2014 Jan-Feb;37(1):26-30. Abstract

98. Gabbay V, Babb JS, Klein RG, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ω-3 fatty acids in Tourette's disorder. Pediatrics. 2012 Jun;129(6):e1493-500.Full text  Abstract

99. Mantovani A, Lisanby SH, Pieraccini F, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette’s syndrome (TS). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006 Feb;9(1):95-100.Full text  Abstract

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101. Münchau A, Bloem BR, Thilo KV, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for Tourette syndrome. Neurology. 2002 Dec 10;59(11):1789-91. Abstract

102. Landeros-Weisenberger A, Mantovani A, Motlagh MG, et al. Randomized sham controlled double-blind trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for adults with severe Tourette Syndrome. Brain Stimul. 2015 May-Jun;8(3):574-81.Full text  Abstract

103. Kluger B, Triolo P, Jones W, et al. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for movement disorders. Mov Disord. 2015 Mar;30(3):313-27.Full text  Abstract

104. Müller-Vahl KR, Schneider U, Prevedel H, et al. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is effective in the treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome: a 6-week randomized trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 Apr;64(4):459-65. Abstract

105. Müller-Vahl KR, Schneider U, Koblenz A, et al. Treatment of Tourette's syndrome with Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): a randomized crossover trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2002 Mar;35(2):57-61. Abstract

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108. Steeves T, McKinlay BD, Gorman D, et al. Canadian guidelines for the evidence-based treatment of tic disorders: behavioural therapy, deep brain stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Can J Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;57(3):144-51. Abstract

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112. Debes NM, Lange T, Jessen TL, et al. Performance on Wechsler intelligence scales in children with Tourette syndrome. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2011 Mar;15(2):146-54. Abstract

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