Trachoma

References

Key articles

World Health Organization. Trachoma control: a guide for programme managers. Jul 2006 [internet publication].Full text

World Health Organization. Report of the 4th global scientific meeting on trachoma, Geneva, 27-29 November 2018. Jun 2019. [internet publication].Full text

Evans JR, Solomon AW, Kumar R, et al. Antibiotics for trachoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Sep 26;9:CD001860.Full text  Abstract

Ejere HO, Alhassan MB, Rabiu M. Face washing promotion for preventing active trachoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 20;(2):CD003659.Full text  Abstract

Burton M, Habtamu E, Ho D, et al. Interventions for trachoma trichiasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 13;(11):CD004008.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. World Health Organization. Trachoma: fact sheet. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

2. Polack S, Brooker S, Kuper H, et al. Mapping the global distribution of trachoma. Bull World Health Organ. 2005 Dec;83(12):913-9.Full text  Abstract

3. World Health Organization. WHO Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma: progress report on elimination of trachoma, 2022. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text

4. Allen SK, Semba RD. The trachoma menace in the United States, 1897-1960. Surv Ophthalmol. 2002 Sep-Oct;47(5):500-9. Abstract

5. West SK, Munoz B, Mkocha H, et al. Progression of active trachoma to scarring in a cohort of Tanzanian children. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2001 Jul;8(2-3):137-44. Abstract

6. Bowman RJ, Jatta B, Cham B, et al. Natural history of trachomatous scarring in the Gambia: results of a 12-year longitudinal follow-up. Ophthalmology. 2001 Dec;108(12):2219-24. Abstract

7. Munoz B, Aron J, Turner V, et al. Incidence estimates of late stages of trachoma among women in a hyperendemic area of central Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health. 1997 Nov;2(11):1030-8.Full text  Abstract

8. Ramadhani AM, Derrick T, Holland MJ, et al. Blinding trachoma: systematic review of rates and risk factors for progressive disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Aug;10(8):e0004859.Full text  Abstract

9. WoldeKidan E, Daka D, Legesse D, et al. Prevalence of active trachoma and associated factors among children aged 1 to 9 years in rural communities of Lemo district, southern Ethiopia: community based cross sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2019 Oct 24;19(1):886.Full text  Abstract

10. Ketema K, Tiruneh M, Woldeyohannes D, et al. Active trachoma and associated risk factors among children in Baso Liben District of East Gojjam, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2012 Dec 22;12:1105.Full text  Abstract

11. Schemann JF, Sacko D, Malvy D, et al. Risk factors for trachoma in Mali. Int J Epidemiol. 2002 Feb;31(1):194-201.Full text  Abstract

12. West SK, Munoz B, Lynch M, et al. Risk factors for constant, severe trachoma among preschool children in Kongwa, Tanzania. Am J Epidemiol. 1996 Jan 1;143(1):73-8.Full text  Abstract

13. Abebe TA, Tucho GT. The impact of access to water supply and sanitation on the prevalence of active trachoma in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021 Sep;15(9):e0009644.Full text  Abstract

14. Courtright P, West SK. Contribution of sex-linked biology and gender roles to disparities with trachoma. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Nov;10(11):2012-6.Full text  Abstract

15. Burton MJ, Mabey DC. The global burden of trachoma: a review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009 Oct 27;3(10):e460.Full text  Abstract

16. Wright HR, Turner A, Taylor HR. Trachoma and poverty: unnecessary blindness further disadvantages the poorest people in the poorest countries. Clin Exp Optom. 2007 Nov;90(6):422-8.Full text  Abstract

17. Habtamu E, Wondie T, Aweke S, et al. Trachoma and relative poverty: a case-control study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Nov 23;9(11):e0004228.Full text  Abstract

18. Emerson PM, Lindsay SW, Alexander N, et al. Role of flies and provision of latrines in trachoma control: cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Apr 3;363(9415):1093-8. Abstract

19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Water, sanitation, and environmentally related hygiene (WASH): trachoma. Jun 2022 [internet publication].Full text

20. Emerson PM, Lindsay SW, Walraven GE, et al. Effect of fly control on trachoma and diarrhoea. Lancet. 1999 Apr 24;353(9162):1401-3. Abstract

21. World Health Organization​. Ending the neglect to attain the sustainable development goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021-2030. Jan 2021 [internet publication].Full text

22. World Health Organization. Report of the 2nd global scientific meeting on trachoma. Aug 2003 [internet publication].Full text

23. Oldenburg CE. One size does not fit all: achieving trachoma control by 2030. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019 Dec;101(6):1189-90.Full text  Abstract

24. Renneker KK, Abdala M, Addy J, et al. Global progress toward the elimination of active trachoma: an analysis of 38 countries. Lancet Glob Health. 2022 Apr;10(4):e491-500.Full text  Abstract

25. Harding-Esch EM, Holland MJ, Schémann JF, et al. Impact of a single round of mass drug administration with azithromycin on active trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence and circulating strains in The Gambia and Senegal. Parasit Vectors. 2019 Oct 22;12(1):497.Full text  Abstract

26. Xiong T, Yue Y, Li WX, et al. Effectiveness of azithromycin mass drug administration on trachoma: a systematic review. Chin Med J (Engl). 2021 Sep 16;134(24):2944-53.Full text  Abstract

27. Stewart AEP, Zerihun M, Gessese D, et al. Progress to Eliminate Trachoma as a Public Health Problem in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia: results of 152 population-based surveys. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019 Dec;101(6):1286-95.Full text  Abstract

28. Nash SD, Chernet A, Weiss P, et al. Prevalence of ocular chlamydia trachomatis infection in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, after 8 years of trachoma control interventions. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2023 Feb 1;108(2):261-7.Full text  Abstract

29. Aragie S, Wittberg DM, Tadesse W, et al. Water, sanitation, and hygiene for control of trachoma in Ethiopia (WUHA): a two-arm, parallel-group, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2022 Jan;10(1):e87-95.Full text  Abstract

30. World Health Organization. Trachoma control: a guide for programme managers. Jul 2006 [internet publication].Full text

31. World Health Organization. Report of the 4th global scientific meeting on trachoma, Geneva, 27-29 November 2018. Jun 2019. [internet publication].Full text

32. Solomon AW, Foster A, Mabey DC. Clinical examination versus Chlamydia trachomatis assays to guide antibiotic use in trachoma control programmes. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006 Jan;6(1):5-6. Abstract

33. Harding-Esch EM, Holland MJ, Schémann JF, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a prototype point-of-care test for ocular Chlamydia trachomatis under field conditions in The Gambia and Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Aug;5(8):e1234.Full text  Abstract

34. Derrick TR, Sandetskaya N, Pickering H, et al. DjinniChip: evaluation of a novel molecular rapid diagnostic device for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in trachoma-endemic areas. Parasit Vectors. 2020 Oct 27;13(1):533.Full text  Abstract

35. Gwyn S, Nute AW, Sata E, et al. The performance of immunoassays to measure antibodies to the chlamydia trachomatis antigen Pgp3 in different epidemiological settings for trachoma. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Aug 16;105(5):1362-7.Full text  Abstract

36. World Health Organization. Report of the 3rd global scientific meeting on trachoma. Jul 2010 [internet publication].Full text

37. Stelmach RD, Flueckiger RM, Shutt J, et al. The costs of monitoring trachoma elimination: Impact, surveillance, and trachomatous trichiasis (TT)-only surveys. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019 Sep;13(9):e0007605.Full text  Abstract

38. Negrel AD, Taylor HR, West S. Guidelines for rapid assessment for blinding trachoma. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization and International Trachoma Initiative; 2001.Full text

39. Senyonjo L, Aboe A, Bailey R, et al. Operational adaptations of the trachoma pre-validation surveillance strategy employed in Ghana: a qualitative assessment of successes and challenges. Infect Dis Poverty. 2019 Aug 27;8(1):78.Full text  Abstract

40. Liu B, Cowling C, Hayen A, et al. Relationship between community drug administration strategy and changes in trachoma prevalence, 2007 to 2013. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Jul 6;10(7):e0004810.Full text  Abstract

41. West SK, Bailey R, Munoz B, et al. A randomized trial of two coverage targets for mass treatment with azithromycin for trachoma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013 Aug 29;7(8):e2415.Full text  Abstract

42. Yohannan J, Munoz B, Mkocha H, et al. Can we stop mass drug administration prior to 3 annual rounds in communities with low prevalence of trachoma?: PRET Ziada trial results. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013 Apr;131(4):431-6.Full text  Abstract

43. Bella AL, Einterz E, Huguet P, et al. Effectiveness and safety of azithromycin 1.5% eye drops for mass treatment of active trachoma in a highly endemic district in Cameroon. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2020;5(1):e000531.Full text  Abstract

44. Hu VH, Harding-Esch EM, Burton MJ, et al. Epidemiology and control of trachoma: systematic review. Trop Med Int Health. 2010 Jun;15(6):673-91.Full text  Abstract

45. Khandekar R, Ton TK, Do Thi P. Impact of face washing and environmental improvements on reduction of active trachoma in Vietnam - a public health intervention study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2006 Feb;13(1):43-52. Abstract

46. House JI, Ayele B, Porco TC, et al. Assessment of herd protection against trachoma due to repeated mass antibiotic distributions: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2009 Mar 28;373(9669):1111-8. Abstract

47. Amza A, Kadri B, Nassirou B, et al. A cluster-randomized trial to assess the efficacy of targeting trachoma treatment to children. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Mar 15;64(6):743-50.Full text  Abstract

48. Evans JR, Solomon AW, Kumar R, et al. Antibiotics for trachoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Sep 26;9:CD001860.Full text  Abstract

49. Porco TC, Gebre T, Ayele B, et al. Effect of mass distribution of azithromycin for trachoma control on overall mortality in Ethiopian children: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2009 Sep 2;302(9):962-8.Full text  Abstract

50. O'Brien KS, Emerson P, Hooper PJ, et al. Antimicrobial resistance following mass azithromycin distribution for trachoma: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019 Jan;19(1):e14-25. Abstract

51. Rolfe RJ, Shaikh H, Tillekeratne LG. Mass drug administration of antibacterials: weighing the evidence regarding benefits and risks. Infect Dis Poverty. 2022 Jun 30;11(1):77.Full text  Abstract

52. Oldenburg CE, Arzika AM, Amza A, et al. Mass azithromycin distribution to prevent childhood mortality: a pooled analysis of cluster-randomized trials. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019 Mar;100(3):691-5.Full text  Abstract

53. Gebre T, Ayele B, Zerihun M, et al. Comparison of annual versus twice-yearly mass azithromycin treatment for hyperendemic trachoma in Ethiopia: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2012 Jan 14;379(9811):143-51. Abstract

54. International Coalition for Trachoma Control.​ Preferred practices for zithromax mass drug administration​. Sep 2013 [internet publication].Full text

55. Ejere HO, Alhassan MB, Rabiu M. Face washing promotion for preventing active trachoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 20;(2):CD003659.Full text  Abstract

56. Czerniewska A, Versteeg A, Shafi O, et al. Comparison of face washing and face wiping methods for trachoma control: a pilot study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020 Apr;102(4):740-3.Full text  Abstract

57. Abdou A, Munoz BE, Nassirou B, et al. How much is not enough? A community randomized trial of a Water and Health Education programme for trachoma and ocular C. trachomatis infection in Niger. Trop Med Int Health. 2010 Jan;15(1):98-104.Full text  Abstract

58. West SK, Emerson PM, Mkocha H, et al. Intensive insecticide spraying for fly control after mass antibiotic treatment for trachoma in a hyperendemic setting: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2006 Aug 12;368(9535):596-600. Abstract

59. Frick KD, Melia BM, Buhrmann RR, et al. Trichiasis and disability in a trachoma-endemic area of Tanzania. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001 Dec;119(12):1839-44.Full text  Abstract

60. Dhaliwal P, Nagpal G, Bhatia MS. Health-related quality of life in patients with trachomatous trichiasis or entropion. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2006 Feb;13(1):59-66. Abstract

61. Bowman RJ, Faal H, Myatt M, et al. Longitudinal study of trachomatous trichiasis in the Gambia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002 Mar;86(3):339-43.Full text  Abstract

62. Habtamu E, Wondie T, Aweke S, et al. Posterior lamellar versus bilamellar tarsal rotation surgery for trachomatous trichiasis in Ethiopia: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2016 Mar;4(3):e175-84.Full text  Abstract

63. Habtamu E, Wondie T, Tadesse Z et al. Posterior lamellar versus bilamellar tarsal rotation surgery for trachomatous trichiasis: Long-term outcomes from a randomised controlled trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2019 Nov 1 [Epub ahead of print].Full text

64. West SK, West ES, Alemayehu W, et al. Single-dose azithromycin prevents trichiasis recurrence following surgery: randomized trial in Ethiopia. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006 Mar;124(3):309-14. Abstract

65. Woreta F, Munoz B, Gower E, et al. Three-year outcomes of the surgery for trichiasis, antibiotics to prevent recurrence trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012 Apr;130(4):427-31.Full text  Abstract

66. Zhang H, Kandel RP, Atakari HK, et al. Impact of oral azithromycin on recurrence of trachomatous trichiasis in Nepal over 1 year. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006 Aug;90(8):943-8.Full text  Abstract

67. Burton M, Habtamu E, Ho D, et al. Interventions for trachoma trichiasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 13;(11):CD004008.Full text  Abstract

68. Adafrie Y, Redae G, Zenebe D, et al. Uptake of trachoma trichiasis surgery and associated factors among trichiasis-diagnosed clients in Southern Tigray, Ethiopia. Clin Ophthalmol. 2021;15:1939-48.Full text  Abstract

69. Mahande M, Tharaney M, Kirumbi E, et al. Uptake of trichiasis surgical services in Tanzania through two village-based approaches. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007 Feb;91(2):139-42.Full text  Abstract

70. West ES, Munoz B, Imeru A, et al. The association between epilation and corneal opacity in eye with trachomatous trichiasis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006 Feb;90(2):171-4.Full text  Abstract

71. Rajak SN, Habtamu E, Weiss HA, et al. Surgery versus epilation for the treatment of minor trichiasis in Ethiopia: a randomised controlled noninferiority trial. PLoS Med. 2011 Dec;8(12):e1001136.Full text  Abstract

72. Habtamu E, Rajak SN, Tadesse Z, et al. Epilation for minor trachomatous trichiasis: four-year results of a randomised controlled trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Mar 13;9(3):e0003558.Full text  Abstract

73. Rajak SN, Habtamu E, Weiss HA, et al. Absorbable versus silk sutures for surgical treatment of trachomatous trichiasis in Ethiopia: a randomised controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2011 Dec;8(12):e1001137.Full text  Abstract

74. Miller K, Pakpour N, Yi E, et al. Pesky trachoma suspect finally caught. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004 Jun;88(6):750-1.Full text  Abstract

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