Febrile neutropenia

Freifeld AG, Bow EJ, Sepkowitz KA, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Feb 15;52(4):e56-93.Full text  Abstract

Smith TJ, Bohlke K, Lyman GH, et al. Recommendations for the use of WBC growth factors: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Oct 1;33(28):3199-212. Abstract

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prevention and treatment of cancer-related infections [internet publication].Full text

Taplitz RA, Kennedy EB, Bow EJ, et al. Outpatient management of fever and neutropenia in adults treated for malignancy. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Feb 20;36(14):1443-53.Full text  Abstract

Klastersky J, de Naurois J, Rolston K, et al. Management of febrile neutropaenia: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2016 Sep;27(5 suppl):v111-8.Full text  Abstract

1. Freifeld AG, Bow EJ, Sepkowitz KA, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Feb 15;52(4):e56-93.Full text  Abstract

2. Talcott JA, Siegel RD, Finberg R, et al. Risk assessment in cancer patients with fever and neutropenia: a prospective, two-center validation of a prediction rule. J Clin Oncol. 1992 Feb;10(2):316-22. Abstract

3. Klastersky J, Paesmans M, Rubenstein EB, et al. The Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer risk index: a multinational scoring system for identifying low-risk febrile neutropenic cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Aug;18(16):3038-51. Abstract

4. Carmona-Bayonas A, Jiménez-Fonseca P, Virizuela Echaburu J, et al. Prediction of serious complications in patients with seemingly stable febrile neutropenia: validation of the Clinical Index of Stable Febrile Neutropenia in a prospective cohort of patients from the FINITE study. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Feb 10;33(5):465-71. Abstract

5. Tai E, Guy GP, Dunbar A, et al. Cost of cancer-related neutropenia or fever hospitalizations, United States, 2012. J Oncol Pract. 2017 Jun;13(6):e552-61.Full text  Abstract

6. Weycker D, Li X, Edelsberg J, et al. Risk and consequences of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in patients with metastatic solid tumors. J Oncol Pract. 2015 Jan;11(1):47-54.Full text  Abstract

7. Lyman GH, Morrison VA, Dale DC, et al. Risk of febrile neutropenia among patients with intermediate-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma receiving CHOP chemotherapy. Leuk Lymphoma. 2003 Dec;44(12):2069-76. Abstract

8. Crawford J, Dale DC, Kuderer NM, et al. Risk and timing of neutropenic events in adult cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: the results of a prospective nationwide study of oncology practice. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2008 Feb;6(2):109-18. Abstract

9. Pettengell R, Bosly A, Szucs TD, et al. Multivariate analysis of febrile neutropenia occurrence in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma: data from the INC-EU Prospective Observational European Neutropenia Study. Br J Haematol. 2009 Mar;144(5):677-85.Full text  Abstract

10. Chao C, Page JH, Yang SJ, et al. History of chronic comorbidity and risk of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in cancer patients not receiving G-CSF prophylaxis. Ann Oncol. 2014 Sep;25(9):1821-9.Full text  Abstract

11. Caggiano V, Weiss RV, Rickert TS, et al. Incidence, cost, and mortality of neutropenia hospitalization associated with chemotherapy. Cancer. 2005 May 1;103(9):1916-24.Full text  Abstract

12. Kuderer NM, Dale DC, Crawford J, et al. Mortality, morbidity, and cost associated with febrile neutropenia in adult cancer patients. Cancer. 2006 May 15;106(10):2258-66.Full text  Abstract

13. Zimmer AJ, Stohs E, Meza J, et al. Bloodstream infections in hematologic malignancy patients with fever and neutropenia: are empirical antibiotic therapies in the United States still effective? Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022 Jul;9(7):ofac240.Full text  Abstract

14. Hakim H, Flynn PM, Knapp KM, et al. Etiology and clinical course of febrile neutropenia in children with cancer. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2009 Sep;31(9):623-9.Full text  Abstract

15. Perez F, Adachi J, Bonomo RA. Antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Nov 15;59(5 suppl):S335-9.Full text  Abstract

16. Mikulska M, Del Bono V, Raiola AM, et al. Blood stream infections in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: reemergence of Gram-negative rods and increasing antibiotic resistance. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2009 Jan;15(1):47-53.Full text  Abstract

17. Wisplinghoff H, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, et al. Current trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial bloodstream infections in patients with hematological malignancies and solid neoplasms in hospitals in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 May 1;36(9):1103-10.Full text  Abstract

18. Robenshtok E, Gafter-Gvili A, Goldberg E, et al. Antifungal prophylaxis in cancer patients after chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Dec 1;25(34):5471-89. Abstract

19. Zimmer AJ, Freifeld AG. Optimal management of neutropenic fever in patients with cancer. J Oncol Pract. 2019 Jan;15(1):19-24.Full text  Abstract

20. van der Velden WJ, Herbers AH, Netea MG, et al. Mucosal barrier injury, fever and infection in neutropenic patients with cancer: introducing the paradigm febrile mucositis. Br J Haematol. 2014 Nov;167(4):441-52.Full text  Abstract

21. Lyman GH, Lyman CH, Agboola O. Risk models for predicting chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Oncologist. 2005 Jun-Jul;10(6):427-37.Full text  Abstract

22. Intragumtornchai T, Sutheesophon J, Sutcharitchan P, et al. A predictive model for life-threatening neutropenia and febrile neutropenia after the first course of CHOP chemotherapy in patients with aggressive Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2000 Apr;37(3-4):351-60. Abstract

23. Lyman GH, Abella E, Pettengell R. Risk factors for febrile neutropenia among patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy: a systematic review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2014 Jun;90(3):190-9. Abstract

24. Lyman GH, Kuderer NM, Crawford J, et al. Predicting individual risk of neutropenic complications in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. Cancer. 2011 May 1;117(9):1917-27.Full text  Abstract

25. Talcott JA, Finberg R, Mayer RJ, et al. The medical course of cancer patients with fever and neutropenia. Clinical identification of a low-risk subgroup at presentation. Arch Intern Med. 1988 Dec;148(12):2561-8. Abstract

26. Silber JH, Fridman M, DiPaola RS, et al. First-cycle blood counts and subsequent neutropenia, dose reduction, or delay in early-stage breast cancer therapy. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Jul;16(7):2392-400. Abstract

27. Kloess M, Wunderlich A, Trumper L, et al. Predicting hematotoxicity in multicycle chemotherapy. Blood. 1999;94(10 Suppl 1):87A (abstract 381).

28. Kubeček O, Paterová P, Novosadová M. Risk Factors for infections, antibiotic therapy, and its impact on cancer therapy outcomes for patients with solid tumors. Life (Basel). 2021 Dec 11;11(12):1387.Full text  Abstract

29. Lyman GH, Dale DC, Friedberg J, et al. Incidence and predictors of low chemotherapy dose-intensity in aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a nationwide study. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Nov 1;22(21):4302-11.Full text  Abstract

30. Thursky KA, Worth LJ, Seymour JF, et al. Spectrum of infection, risk and recommendations for prophylaxis and screening among patients with lymphoproliferative disorders treated with alemtuzumab*. Br J Haematol. 2006 Jan;132(1):3-12.Full text  Abstract

31. Martin SI, Marty FM, Fiumara K, et al. Infectious complications associated with alemtuzumab use for lymphoproliferative disorders. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 1;43(1):16-24.Full text  Abstract

32. Family L, Li Y, Chen LH, et al. A study of novel febrile neutropenia risk factors related to bone marrow or immune suppression, barrier function, and bacterial flora. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2018 Oct;16(10):1201-8.Full text  Abstract

33. Wang L, Baser O, Kutikova L, et al. The impact of primary prophylaxis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factors on febrile neutropenia during chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Support Care Cancer. 2015 Nov;23(11):3131-40.Full text  Abstract

34. Renner P, Milazzo S, Liu JP, et al. Primary prophylactic colony-stimulating factors for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in breast cancer patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Oct 17;(10):CD007913.Full text  Abstract

35. Kuderer NMD. Impact of primary prophylaxis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on febrile neutropenia and mortality in adult cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a systematic review. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jul 20;25(21):3158-67. Abstract

36. Cooper KL, Madan J, Whyte S, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors for febrile neutropenia prophylaxis following chemotherapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 2011 Sep 23;11:404.Full text  Abstract

37. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: hematopoietic growth factors [internet publication].Full text

38. Smith TJ, Bohlke K, Lyman GH, et al. Recommendations for the use of WBC growth factors: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Oct 1;33(28):3199-212. Abstract

39. Aapro MS, Bohlius J, Cameron DA, et al; European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. 2010 update of EORTC guidelines for the use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor to reduce the incidence of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in adult patients with lymphoproliferative disorders and solid tumours. Eur J Cancer. 2011 Jan;47(1):8-32. Abstract

40. Bond TC, Szabo E, Gabriel S, et al. Meta-analysis and indirect treatment comparison of lipegfilgrastim with pegfilgrastim and filgrastim for the reduction of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia-related events. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2018 Sep;24(6):412-23.Full text  Abstract

41. Pfeil AM, Allcott K, Pettengell R, et al. Efficacy, effectiveness and safety of long-acting granulocyte colony-stimulating factors for prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in patients with cancer: a systematic review. Support Care Cancer. 2015 Feb;23(2):525-45. Abstract

42. Schwartzberg LS, Bhat G, Peguero J, et al. Eflapegrastim, a long-acting granulocyte-colony stimulating factor for the management of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia: results of a phase III trial. Oncologist. 2020 Aug;25(8):e1233-41.Full text  Abstract

43. Cobb PW, Moon YW, Mezei K, et al. A comparison of eflapegrastim to pegfilgrastim in the management of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in patients with early-stage breast cancer undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy (RECOVER): a phase 3 study. Cancer Med. 2020 Sep;9(17):6234-43.Full text  Abstract

44. Skoetz N, Bohlius J, Engert A, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics or G(M)-CSF for the prevention of infections and improvement of survival in cancer patients receiving myelotoxic chemotherapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Dec 21;(12):CD007107.Full text  Abstract

45. Taplitz RA, Kennedy EB, Bow EJ, et al. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for adult patients with cancer-related immunosuppression: ASCO and IDSA clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Oct;36(30):3043-54.Full text  Abstract

46. Mikulska M, Averbuch D, Tissot F, et al. Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis in haematological cancer patients with neutropenia: ECIL critical appraisal of previous guidelines. J Infect. 2018 Jan;76(1):20-37. Abstract

47. Groll AH, Pana D, Lanternier F, et al. 8th European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia: 2020 guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of invasive fungal diseases in paediatric patients with cancer or post-haematopoietic cell transplantation. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Jun;22(6):e254-69. Abstract

48. Strojnik K, Mahkovic-Hergouth K, Novakovic BJ, et al. Outcome of severe infections in afebrile neutropenic cancer patients. Radiol Oncol. 2016 Feb 10;50(4):442-8.Full text  Abstract

49. Sickles EA, Greene WH, Wiernik PH. Clinical presentation of infection in granulocytopenic patients. Arch Intern Med. 1975 May;135(5):715-9. Abstract

50. Klaassen IL, de Haas V, van Wijk JA, et al. Pyuria is absent during urinary tract infections in neutropenic patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011 May;56(5):868-70. Abstract

51. Otto CC, Chen LH, He T, et al. Detection of gastrointestinal pathogens in oncology patients by highly multiplexed molecular panels. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017 Sep;36(9):1665-72. Abstract

52. Chang LJ, Hsiao CJ, Chen B, et al. Accuracy and comparison of two rapid multiplex PCR tests for gastroenteritis pathogens: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2021 Feb;8(1):e000553.Full text  Abstract

53. Maschmeyer G, Carratalà J, Buchheidt D, et al. Diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of lung infiltrates in febrile neutropenic patients (allogeneic SCT excluded): updated guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO). Ann Oncol. 2015 Jan;26(1):21-33.Full text  Abstract

54. Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: the Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J. 2015 Nov 21;36(44):3075-128.Full text  Abstract

55. Uys A, Rapoport BL, Anderson R. Febrile neutropenia: a prospective study to validate the Multinational Association of Supportive Care of Cancer (MASCC) risk-index score. Support Care Cancer. 2004 Aug;12(8):555-60. Abstract

56. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prevention and treatment of cancer-related infections [internet publication].Full text

57. Taplitz RA, Kennedy EB, Bow EJ, et al. Outpatient management of fever and neutropenia in adults treated for malignancy. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Feb 20;36(14):1443-53.Full text  Abstract

58. Lehrnbecher T, Robinson P, Fisher B, et al. Guideline for the management of fever and neutropenia in children with cancer and hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation recipients: 2017 update. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 20;35(18):2082-94.Full text  Abstract

59. Klastersky J, de Naurois J, Rolston K, et al. Management of febrile neutropaenia: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2016 Sep;27(5 suppl):v111-8.Full text  Abstract

60. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Neutropenic sepsis: prevention and management in people with cancer. Sep 2012 [internet publication].Full text

61. Bodey GP, Jadeja L, Elting L. Pseudomonas bacteremia. Retrospective analysis of 410 episodes. Arch Intern Med. 1985 Sep;145(9):1621-9. Abstract

62. Koenig C, Schneider C, Morgan JE, et al. Association of time to antibiotics and clinical outcomes in patients with fever and neutropenia during chemotherapy for cancer: a systematic review. Support Care Cancer. 2020 Mar;28(3):1369-83. Abstract

63. Teuffel O, Ethier MC, Alibhai SM, et al. Outpatient management of cancer patients with febrile neutropenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol. 2011 Nov;22(11):2358-65.Full text  Abstract

64. Carstensen M, Sørensen JB. Outpatient management of febrile neutropenia: time to revise the present treatment strategy. J Support Oncol. 2008 May-Jun;6(5):199-208. Abstract

65. Rivas-Ruiz R, Villasis-Keever M, Miranda-Novales G, et al. Outpatient treatment for people with cancer who develop a low-risk febrile neutropaenic event. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 19;(3):CD009031.Full text  Abstract

66. Paul M, Dickstein Y, Schlesinger A, et al. Beta-lactam versus beta-lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy in cancer patients with neutropenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 29;(6):CD003038.Full text  Abstract

67. Harter C, Schulze B, Goldschmidt H, et al. Piperacillin/tazobactam vs ceftazidime in the treatment of neutropenic fever in patients with acute leukemia or following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation: a prospective randomized trial. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006 Feb;37(4):373-9. Abstract

68. Bow EJ, Rotstein C, Noskin GA, et al. A randomized, open-label, multicenter comparative study of the efficacy and safety of piperacillin-tazobactam and cefepime for the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenic episodes in patients with hematologic malignancies. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Aug 15;43(4):447-59. Abstract

69. Bucaneve G, Micozzi A, Picardi M, et al. Results of a multicenter, controlled, randomized clinical trial evaluating the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam and tigecycline in high-risk hematologic patients with cancer with febrile neutropenia. J Clin Oncol. 2014 May 10;32(14):1463-71. Abstract

70. Ram R, Halavy Y, Amit O, et al. Extended vs bolus infusion of broad-spectrum β-lactams for febrile neutropenia: an unblinded, randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Sep 28;67(8):1153-60. Abstract

71. Beyar-Katz O, Dickstein Y, Borok S, et al. Empirical antibiotics targeting gram-positive bacteria for the treatment of febrile neutropenic patients with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 3;(6):CD003914.Full text  Abstract

72. Cometta A, Kern WV, De Bock R, et al. Vancomycin versus placebo for treating persistent fever in patients with neutropenic cancer receiving piperacillin-tazobactam monotherapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Aug 1;37(3):382-9.Full text  Abstract

73. Tong SY, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, et al. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015 Jul;28(3):603-61.Full text  Abstract

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75. Jaksic B, Martinelli G, Perez-Oteyza J, et al. Efficacy and safety of linezolid compared with vancomycin in a randomized, double-blind study of febrile neutropenic patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 1;42(5):597-607. Abstract

76. Escalante CP, Weiser MA, Manzullo E, et al. Outcomes of treatment pathways in outpatient treatment of low risk febrile neutropenic cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2004 Sep;12(9):657-62. Abstract

77. Kern WV, Marchetti O, Drgona L, et al. Oral antibiotics for fever in low-risk neutropenic patients with cancer: a double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial comparing single daily moxifloxacin with twice daily ciprofloxacin plus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination therapy - EORTC infectious diseases group trial XV. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Mar 20;31(9):1149-56.Full text  Abstract

78. Rolston KV, Frisbee-Hume SE, Patel S, et al. Oral moxifloxacin for outpatient treatment of low-risk, febrile neutropenic patients. Support Care Cancer. 2010 Jan;18(1):89-94. Abstract

79. Rusu A, Munteanu AC, Arbănași EM, et al. Overview of side-effects of antibacterial fluoroquinolones: new drugs versus old drugs, a step forward in the safety profile? Pharmaceutics. 2023 Mar 1;15(3):804.Full text  Abstract

80. Elting LS, Rubenstein EB, Rolston K, et al. Time to clinical response: an outcome of antibiotic therapy of febrile neutropenia with implications for quality and cost of care. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Nov 1;18(21):3699-706. Abstract

81. Le Clech L, Talarmin JP, Couturier MA, et al. Early discontinuation of empirical antibacterial therapy in febrile neutropenia: the ANTIBIOSTOP study. Infect Dis (Lond). 2018 Jul;50(7):539-49. Abstract

82. Van de Wyngaert Z, Berthon C, Debarri H, et al. Discontinuation of antimicrobial therapy in adult neutropenic haematology patients: a prospective cohort. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2019 Jun;53(6):781-8. Abstract

83. Verlinden A, Jansens H, Goossens H, et al. Safety and efficacy of antibiotic de-escalation and discontinuation in high-risk hematological patients with febrile neutropenia: a single-center experience. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022 Mar;9(3):ofab624.Full text  Abstract

84. Averbuch D, Orasch C, Cordonnier C, et al. European guidelines for empirical antibacterial therapy for febrile neutropenic patients in the era of growing resistance: summary of the 2011 4th European Conference on Infections in Leukemia. Haematologica. 2013 Dec;98(12):1826-35.Full text  Abstract

85. Aguilar-Guisado M, Espigado I, Martín-Peña A, et al. Optimisation of empirical antimicrobial therapy in patients with haematological malignancies and febrile neutropenia (How Long study): an open-label, randomised, controlled phase 4 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2017 Dec;4(12):e573-83. Abstract

86. Stern A, Carrara E, Bitterman R, et al. Early discontinuation of antibiotics for febrile neutropenia versus continuation until neutropenia resolution in people with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 3;(1):CD012184.Full text  Abstract

87. de Jonge NA, Sikkens JJ, Zweegman S, et al. Short versus extended treatment with a carbapenem in patients with high-risk fever of unknown origin during neutropenia: a non-inferiority, open-label, multicentre, randomised trial. Lancet Haematol. 2022 Aug;9(8):e563-72. Abstract

88. Mhaskar R, Clark OA, Lyman G, et al. Colony-stimulating factors for chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 30;(10):CD003039.Full text  Abstract

89. Bergas A, Albasanz-Puig A, Fernández-Cruz A, et al. Real-life use of ceftolozane/tazobactam for the treatment of bloodstream infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in neutropenic hematologic patients: a matched control study (ZENITH study). Microbiol Spectr. 2022 Jun 29;10(3):e0229221.Full text  Abstract

90. Lehrnbecher T, Averbuch D, Castagnola E, et al. 8th European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia: 2020 guidelines for the use of antibiotics in paediatric patients with cancer or post-haematopoietic cell transplantation. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Jun;22(6):e270-80. Abstract

91. Lyman GH, Kuderer NM. Filgastrim in patients with neutropenia: potential effects on quality of life. Drugs. 2002;62 Suppl 1:65-78. Abstract

92. Lyman GH, Kuderer N, Greene J, et al. The economics of febrile neutropenia: implications for the use of colony-stimulating factors. Eur J Cancer. 1998 Nov;34(12):1857-64. Abstract

93. González-Barca E, Fernández-Sevilla A, Carratalà J, et al. Prognostic factors influencing mortality in cancer patients with neutropenia and bacteremia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999 Aug;18(8):539-44. Abstract

94. Malik I, Hussain M, Yousuf H. Clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcome of patients with febrile neutropenia who present in shock: need for better strategies. J Infect. 2001 Feb;42(2):120-5. Abstract

95. Darmon M, Azoulay E, Alberti C, et al. Impact of neutropenia duration on short-term mortality in neutropenic critically ill cancer patients. Intensive Care Med. 2002 Dec;28(12):1775-80. Abstract

96. Elting LS, Rubenstein EB, Rolston KV, et al. Outcomes of bacteremia in patients with cancer and neutropenia: observations from two decades of epidemiological and clinical trials. Clin Infect Dis. 1997 Aug;25(2):247-59. Abstract

97. Carratalà J, Rosón B, Fernández-Sevilla A, et al. Bacteremic pneumonia in neutropenic patients with cancer: causes, empirical antibiotic therapy, and outcome. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Apr 27;158(8):868-72.Full text  Abstract

98. Lyman GH, Kuderer NM. Cost-effectiveness of myeloid growth factors in cancer chemotherapy. Curr Hematol Rep. 2003 Nov;2(6):471-9. Abstract