Anemia of chronic disease

KDIGO Anemia Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for anemia in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2(4):279-335.Full text

Bohlius J, Bohlke K, Castelli R, et al. Management of cancer-associated anemia with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents: ASCO/ASH clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Apr 10;37(15):1336-51.Full text  Abstract

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: hematopoietic growth factors [internet publication].Full text

Aapro M, Beguin Y, Bokemeyer C, et al. Management of anaemia and iron deficiency in patients with cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2018 Oct 1;29(suppl 4):iv271.

1. Roy CN. Anemia of inflammation. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2010;2010:276-80.Full text  Abstract

2. Papadaki HA, Kritikos HD, Valatas V, et al. Anemia of chronic disease in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with increased apoptosis of bone marrow erythroid cells: improvement following anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody therapy. Blood. 2002 Jul 15;100(2):474-82.Full text  Abstract

3. Niepel D, Klag T, Malek NP, et al. Practical guidance for the management of iron deficiency in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2018;11:1756284818769074.Full text  Abstract

4. Dignass AU, Gasche C, Bettenworth D, et al. European consensus on the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency and anaemia in inflammatory bowel diseases. J Crohns Colitis. 2015 Mar;9(3):211-22.Full text  Abstract

5. Weiss G, Ganz T, Goodnough LT. Anemia of inflammation. Blood. 2019 Jan 3;133(1):40-50.Full text  Abstract

6. Markoulaki D, Kostikas K, Papatheodorou G, et al. Hemoglobin, erythropoietin and systemic inflammation in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Intern Med. 2011 Feb;22(1):103-7.Full text  Abstract

7. Boutou AK, Pitsiou GG, Stanopoulos I, et al. Levels of inflammatory mediators in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with anemia of chronic disease: a case-control study. QJM. 2012 Jul;105(7):657-63.Full text  Abstract

8. Adamson JW. The anemia of inflammation/malignancy: mechanisms and management. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2008:159-65.Full text  Abstract

9. Guralnik JM, Eisenstaedt RS, Ferrucci L, et al. Prevalence of anemia in persons 65 years and older in the United States: Evidence for a high rate of unexplained anemia. Blood. 2004 Oct 15;104(8):2263-8.Full text  Abstract

10. Dore RK, Antonova JN, Burudpakdee C, et al. The incidence, prevalence, and associated costs of anemia, malignancy, venous thromboembolism, major adverse cardiovascular events, and infections in rheumatoid arthritis patients by treatment history in the United States. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2022 Jun;4(6):473-82.Full text  Abstract

11. Paul SK, Montvida O, Best JH, et al. Effectiveness of biologic and non-biologic antirheumatic drugs on anaemia markers in 153,788 patients with rheumatoid arthritis: new evidence from real-world data. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2018 Feb;47(4):478-84.Full text  Abstract

12. Chaparro CM, Suchdev PS. Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2019 Aug;1450(1):15-31.Full text  Abstract

13. Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. Guidance on anaemia: migrant health guide. May 2021 [internet publication].Full text

14. World Health Organization. Anaemia. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

15. Warner MA, Hanson AC, Frank RD, et al. Prevalence of and recovery from anemia following hospitalization for critical illness among adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Sep 1;3(9):e2017843.Full text  Abstract

16. Prakash D. Anemia in the ICU: anemia of chronic disease versus anemia of acute illness. Crit Care Clin. 2012 Jul;28(3):333-43, v. Abstract

17. Weiss G, Goodnough LT. Anemia of chronic disease. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 10;352(10):1011-23. Abstract

18. Moldawer LL, Marano MA, Wei H, et al. Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor-alpha alters red blood cell kinetics and induces anemia in vivo. FASEB J. 1989 Mar;3(5):1637-43. Abstract

19. Price EA, Schrier SL. Unexplained aspects of anemia of inflammation. Adv Hematol. 2010;2010:508739.Full text  Abstract

20. Roy CN, Andrews NC. Anemia of inflammation: the hepcidin link. Curr Opin Hematol. 2005 Mar;12(2):107-11. Abstract

21. Lee P, Peng H, Gelbart T, et al. Regulation of hepcidin transcription by interleukin-1 and interleukin-6. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Feb 8;102(6):1906-10.Full text  Abstract

22. Torti FM, Torti SV. Regulation of ferritin genes and protein. Blood. 2002 May 15;99(10):3505-16.Full text  Abstract

23. Ludwiczek S, Aigner E, Theurl I, et al. Cytokine-mediated regulation of iron transport in human monocytic cells. Blood. 2003 May 15;101(10):4148-54.Full text  Abstract

24. Nemeth E, Rivera S, Gabayan V, et al. IL-6 mediates hypoferremia of inflammation by inducing the synthesis of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. J Clin Invest. 2004 May;113(9):1271-6.Full text  Abstract

25. Kautz L, Jung G, Nemeth E, et al. Erythroferrone contributes to recovery from anemia of inflammation. Blood. 2014 Oct 16;124(16):2569-74.Full text  Abstract

26. Kautz L, Jung G, Valore EV, et al. Identification of erythroferrone as an erythroid regulator of iron metabolism. Nat Genet. 2014 Jul;46(7):678-84.Full text  Abstract

27. Michels KR, Zhang Z, Bettina AM, et al. Hepcidin-mediated iron sequestration protects against bacterial dissemination during pneumonia. JCI Insight. 2017 Mar 23;2(6):e92002.Full text  Abstract

28. Taniguchi S, Dai CH, Price JO, et al. Interferon gamma downregulates stem cell factor and erythropoietin receptors but not insulin-like growth factor-I receptors in human erythroid colony-forming cells. Blood. 1997 Sep 15;90(6):2244-52.Full text  Abstract

29. Ganz T. Anemia of inflammation. N Engl J Med. 2019 Sep 19;381(12):1148-57. Abstract

30. Rohr M, Brandenburg V, Brunner-La Rocca HP. How to diagnose iron deficiency in chronic disease: a review of current methods and potential marker for the outcome. Eur J Med Res. 2023 Jan 9;28(1):15.Full text  Abstract

31. Steensma DP, Tefferi A. Anemia in the elderly: how should we define it, when does it matter, and what can be done? Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Aug;82(8):958-66. Abstract

32. Tefferi A. Anemia in adults: a contemporary approach to diagnosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003 Oct;78(10):1274-80. Abstract

33. Muñoz M, Acheson AG, Auerbach M, et al. International consensus statement on the peri-operative management of anaemia and iron deficiency. Anaesthesia. 2017 Feb;72(2):233-47.Full text  Abstract

34. Elli L, Norsa L, Zullo A, et al. Diagnosis of chronic anaemia in gastrointestinal disorders: a guideline by the Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists and Endoscopists (AIGO) and the Italian Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (SIGENP). Dig Liver Dis. 2019 Apr;51(4):471-83. Abstract

35. Beutler E, Hoffbrand A, Cook JD. Iron deficiency and overload. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2003;40-61.Full text  Abstract

36. Skikne BS, Punnonen K, Caldron PH, et al. Improved differential diagnosis of anemia of chronic disease and iron deficiency anemia: a prospective multicenter evaluation of soluble transferrin receptor and the sTfR/log ferritin index. Am J Hematol. 2011 Nov;86(11):923-7.Full text  Abstract

37. Punnonen K, Irjala K, Rajamaki A. Serum transferrin receptor and its ratio to serum ferritin in the diagnosis of iron deficiency. Blood. 1997 Feb 1;89(3):1052-7.Full text  Abstract

38. Madu AJ, Ughasoro MD. Anaemia of chronic disease: an in-depth review. Med Princ Pract. 2017;26(1):1-9.Full text  Abstract

39. Kattamis A, Forni GL, Aydinok Y, et al. Changing patterns in the epidemiology of β-thalassemia. Eur J Haematol. 2020 Dec;105(6):692-703.Full text  Abstract

40. Nardone DA, Roth KM, Mazur DJ, et al. Usefulness of physical examination in detecting the presence or absence of anemia. Arch Intern Med. 1990 Jan;150(1):201-4. Abstract

41. Gjorup T, Bugge PM, Hendriksen C, et al. A critical evaluation of the clinical diagnosis of anemia. Am J Epidemiol. 1986 Oct;124(4):657-65. Abstract

42. Hung OL, Kwon NS, Cole AE, et al. Evaluation of the physician's ability to recognize the presence or absence of anemia, fever, and jaundice. Acad Emerg Med. 2000 Feb;7(2):146-56.Full text  Abstract

43. Sheth TN, Choudhry NK, Bowes M, et al. The relation of conjunctival pallor to the presence of anemia. J Gen Intern Med. 1997 Feb;12(2):102-6.Full text  Abstract

44. Spivak JL. Recombinant human erythropoietin and the anemia of cancer. Blood. 1994 Aug 15;84(4):997-1004. Abstract

45. Pincus T, Olsen NJ, Russell IJ, et al. Multicenter study of recombinant human erythropoietin in correction of anemia in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med. 1990 Aug;89(2):161-8. Abstract

46. Henry DH, Beall GN, Benson CA, et al. Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of anemia associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and zidovudine therapy. Overview of four clinical trials. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Nov 1;117(9):739-48. Abstract

47. Ludwig H, Fritz E, Leitgeb C, et al. Prediction of response to erythropoietin treatment in chronic anemia of cancer. Blood. 1994 Aug 15;84(4):1056-63. Abstract

48. Osterborg A, Brandberg Y, Molostova V, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of recombinant human erythropoietin, epoetin Beta, in hematologic malignancies. J Clin Oncol. 2002 May 15;20(10):2486-94. Abstract

49. Dignass A, Farrag K, Stein J. Limitations of serum ferritin in diagnosing iron deficiency in inflammatory conditions. Int J Chronic Dis. 2018;2018:9394060.Full text  Abstract

50. World Health Organization. Guideline on haemoglobin cutoffs to define anaemia in individuals and populations. Mar 2024 [internet publication].Full text

51. KDIGO Anemia Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for anemia in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2(4):279-335.Full text

52. Corrado A, Di Bello V, d'Onofrio F, et al. Anti-TNF-α effects on anemia in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2017 Sep;30(3):302-7.Full text  Abstract

53. Bergamaschi G, Di Sabatino A, Albertini R, et al. Prevalence and pathogenesis of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease. Influence of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment. Haematologica. 2010 Feb;95(2):199-205.Full text  Abstract

54. O'Lone EL, Hodson EM, Nistor I, et al. Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2(2):CD007857.Full text  Abstract

55. Rozen-Zvi B, Gafter-Gvili A, Paul M, et al. Intravenous versus oral iron supplementation for the treatment of anemia in CKD: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008 Nov;52(5):897-906. Abstract

56. Littlewood TJ, Alikhan R. The use of intravenous iron in patients with cancer-related anaemia. Br J Haematol. 2008 Jun;141(6):751-6. Abstract

57. Auerbach M, Ballard H. Clinical use of intravenous iron: administration, efficacy, and safety. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2010;2010:338-47.Full text  Abstract

58. Hayat A. Safety issues with intravenous iron products in the management of anemia in chronic kidney disease. Clin Med Res. 2008 Dec;6(3-4):93-102.Full text  Abstract

59. Auerbach M, Adamson JW. How we diagnose and treat iron deficiency anemia. Am J Hematol. 2016 Jan;91(1):31-8.Full text  Abstract

60. Adams A, Scheckel B, Habsaoui A, et al. Intravenous iron versus oral iron versus no iron with or without erythropoiesis- stimulating agents (ESA) for cancer patients with anaemia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jun 20;6(6):CD012633.Full text  Abstract

61. Arastu AH, Elstrott BK, Martens KL, et al. Analysis of adverse events and intravenous iron infusion formulations in adults with and without prior infusion reactions. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Mar 1;5(3):e224488.Full text  Abstract

62. Gordon M, Sinopoulou V, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, et al. Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jan 20;1(1):CD013529.Full text  Abstract

63. Bohlius J, Bohlke K, Castelli R, et al. Management of cancer-associated anemia with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents: ASCO/ASH clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Apr 10;37(15):1336-51.Full text  Abstract

64. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Erythropoiesis‑stimulating agents (epoetin and darbepoetin) for treating anaemia in people with cancer having chemotherapy. November 2014 [internet publication].Full text

65. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Overview of systematic review and economic evaluation of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anemia of cancer or of chemotherapy. April 2009 [internet publication].Full text

66. Bokemeyer C, Aapro MS, Courdi A, et al. EORTC guidelines for the use of erythropoietic proteins in anaemic patients with cancer: 2006 update. Eur J Cancer. 2007 Jan;43(2):258-70. Abstract

67. Crathorne L, Huxley N, Haasova M, et al. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (epoetin and darbepoetin) for treating cancer treatment-induced anaemia (including review of technology appraisal no. 142): a systematic review and economic model. Health Technol Assess. 2016 Feb;20(13):1-588. Abstract

68. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: hematopoietic growth factors [internet publication].Full text

69. Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL, et al. Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 16;355(20):2085-98.Full text  Abstract

70. Glaspy J, Crawford J, Vansteenkiste J, et al. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in oncology: a study-level meta-analysis of survival and other safety outcomes. Br J Cancer. 2010 Jan 19;102(2):301-15.Full text  Abstract

71. Ludwig H, Crawford J, Osterborg A, et al. Pooled analysis of individual patient-level data from all randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of darbepoetin alfa in the treatment of patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jun 10;27(17):2838-47.Full text  Abstract

72. Gergal Gopalkrishna Rao SR, Bugazia S, Dhandapani TPM, et al. Efficacy and cardiovascular adverse effects of erythropoiesis stimulating agents in the treatment of cancer-related anemia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Cureus. 2021 Sep;13(9):e17835.Full text  Abstract

73. Chung EY, Palmer SC, Saglimbene VM, et al. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anaemia in adults with chronic kidney disease: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Feb 13;2(2):CD010590.Full text  Abstract

74. Schoen MW, Hoque S, Witherspoon BJ, et al. End of an era for erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in oncology. Int J Cancer. 2020 May 15;146(10):2829-35. Abstract

75. Martí-Carvajal AJ, Agreda-Pérez LH, Solà I, et al. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anemia in rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28;2013(2):CD000332.Full text  Abstract

76. Zarychanski R, Houston DS. Anemia of chronic disease: a harmful disorder or an adaptive, beneficial response? CMAJ. 2008 Aug 12;179(4):333-7.Full text

77. Swedberg K, Young JB, Anand IS, et al. Treatment of anemia with darbepoetin alfa in systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2013 Mar 28;368(13):1210-9.Full text  Abstract

78. Anand IS, Gupta P. Anemia and iron deficiency in heart failure: current concepts and emerging therapies. Circulation. 2018 Jul 3;138(1):80-98.Full text  Abstract

79. Siddiqui SW, Ashok T, Patni N, et al. Anemia and heart failure: a narrative review. Cureus. 2022 Jul 23;14(7):e27167.Full text  Abstract

80. Qaseem A, Humphrey LL, Fitterman N, et al. Treatment of anemia in patients with heart disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Dec 3;159(11):770-9.Full text  Abstract

81. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation. 2017 Aug 8;136(6):e137-61.Full text  Abstract

82. Canadian Erythropoietin Study Group. Association between recombinant human erythropoietin and quality of life and exercise capacity of patients receiving haemodialysis. BMJ. 1990 Mar 3;300(6724):573-8.Full text  Abstract

83. Cody JD, Hodson EM. Recombinant human erythropoietin versus placebo or no treatment for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease in people not requiring dialysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jan 20;2016(1):CD003266.Full text  Abstract

84. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: modified dosing recommendations to improve the safe use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in chronic kidney disease. Aug 2017 [internet publication].Full text

85. Aapro M, Beguin Y, Bokemeyer C, et al. Management of anaemia and iron deficiency in patients with cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2018 Oct 1;29(suppl 4):iv271.

86. Leyland-Jones B, Bondarenko I, Nemsadze G, et al. A randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase III study of epoetin alfa versus best standard of care in anemic patients with metastatic breast cancer receiving standard chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Apr 10;34(11):1197-207. Abstract

87. Mhaskar R, Wao H, Miladinovic B, et al. The role of iron in the management of chemotherapy-induced anemia in cancer patients receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Feb 4;2(2):CD009624.Full text  Abstract

88. Blau CA. Erythropoietin in cancer: presumption of innocence? Stem Cells. 2007 Aug;25(8):2094-7.Full text  Abstract

89. Jelkmann W. Developments in the therapeutic use of erythropoiesis stimulating agents. Br J Haematol. 2008 May;141(3):287-97. Abstract

90. Phrommintikul A, Haas SJ, Elsik M, et al. Mortality and target haemoglobin concentrations in anaemic patients with chronic kidney disease treated with erythropoietin: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007 Feb 3;369(9559):381-8. Abstract

91. Wish JB, Coyne DW. Use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in patients with anemia of chronic kidney disease: overcoming the pharmacological and pharmacoeconomic limitations of existing therapies. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Nov;82(11):1371-80. Abstract

92. Carson JL, Stanworth SJ, Dennis JA, et al. Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 21;12(12):CD002042.Full text  Abstract

93. Carson JL, Stanworth SJ, Guyatt G, et al. Red blood cell transfusion: 2023 AABB international guidelines. JAMA. 2023 Nov 21;330(19):1892-902. Abstract

94. Corwin HL, Gettinger A, Fabian TC, et al. Efficacy and safety of epoetin alfa in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2007 Sep 6;357(10):965-76.Full text  Abstract

95. Wijnberge M, Rellum SR, de Bruin S, et al. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents as replacement therapy for blood transfusions in critically ill patients with anaemia: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Transfus Med. 2020 Dec;30(6):433-41. Abstract

96. Xiong L, Zhang H, Guo Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of vadadustat for anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Jan 18:12:795214.Full text  Abstract

97. Damarlapally N, Thimmappa V, Irfan H, et al. Safety and efficacy of hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors vs. erythropoietin-stimulating agents in treating anemia in renal patients (with or without dialysis): a meta-analysis and systematic review. Cureus. 2023 Oct 21;15(10):e47430.Full text  Abstract

98. Chen N, Hao C, Peng X, et al. Roxadustat for anemia in patients with kidney disease not receiving dialysis. N Engl J Med. 2019 Sep 12;381(11):1001-10.Full text  Abstract

99. Chen N, Hao C, Liu BC, et al. Roxadustat treatment for anemia in patients undergoing long-term dialysis. N Engl J Med. 2019 Sep 12;381(11):1011-22.Full text  Abstract

100. Saglimbene VM, Palmer SC, Ruospo M, et al. Continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator (CERA) for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 7;(8):CD009904.Full text  Abstract

101. Hahn D, Esezobor CI, Elserafy N, et al. Short-acting erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 9;1(1):CD011690.Full text  Abstract

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