Acute cervical spine trauma

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American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: suspected spine trauma. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

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14. American College of Surgeons. Best practices guidelines: spine injury. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

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30. American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, American Society of Spine Radiology, Society of Pediatric Radiology. Practice parameter for the performance of computed tomography (CT) of the spine. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

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32. Mathen R, Inaba K, Munera F, et al. Prospective evaluation of multislice computed tomography versus plain radiographic cervical spine clearance in trauma patients. J Trauma. 2007 Jun;62(6):1427-31. Abstract

33. Griffen MM, Frykberg ER, Kerwin AJ, et al. Radiographic clearance of blunt cervical spine injury: plain radiograph or computed tomography scan? J Trauma. 2003 Aug;55(2):222-6; discussion 226-7. Abstract

34. Schenarts PJ, Diaz J, Kaiser C, et al. Prospective comparison of admission computed tomographic scan and plain films of the upper cervical spine in trauma patients with altered mental status. J Trauma. 2001 Oct;51(4):663-8; discussion 668-9. Abstract

35. Bailitz J, Starr F, Beecroft M, et al. CT should replace three-view radiographs as the initial screening test in patients at high, moderate, and low risk for blunt cervical spine injury: a prospective comparison. J Trauma. 2009 Jun;66(6):1605-9. Abstract

36. Panczykowski DM, Tomycz ND, Okonkwo DO, et al. Comparative effectiveness of using computed tomography alone to exclude cervical spine injuries in obtunded or intubated patients: meta-analysis of 14,327 patients with blunt trauma. J Neurosurg. 2011 Sep;115(3):541-9. Abstract

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39. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: suspected spine trauma. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

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43. Cothren CC, Moore EE, Biffl WL, et al. Cervical spine fracture patterns predictive of blunt vertebral artery injury. J Trauma. 2003 Nov;55(5):811-3.Full text  Abstract

44. Vertinsky AT, Schwartz NE, Fischbein NJ, et al. Comparison of multidetector CT angiography and MR imaging of cervical artery dissection. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008 Oct;29(9):1753-60.Full text  Abstract

45. Biffl WL, Ray CE Jr, Moore EE, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of blunt cerebrovascular injuries: a preliminary report. J Trauma. 2002 Nov;53(5):850-6.Full text  Abstract

46. Wang AC, Charters MA, Thawani JP, et al. Evaluating the use and utility of noninvasive angiography in diagnosing traumatic blunt cerebrovascular injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012 Jun;72(6):1601-10.Full text  Abstract

47. Patel MB, Humble SS, Cullinane DC, et al. Cervical spine collar clearance in the obtunded adult blunt trauma patient: a systematic review and practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015 Feb;78(2):430-41.Full text  Abstract

48. Duane TM, Young AJ, Vanguri P, et al. Defining the cervical spine clearance algorithm: A single-institution prospective study of more than 9,000 patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016 Sep;81(3):541-7. Abstract

49. Healey CD, Spilman SK, King BD, et al. Asymptomatic cervical spine fractures: Current guidelines can fail older patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017 Jul;83(1):119-25. Abstract

50. American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program. Best practices guidelines in imaging. Oct 2018 [internet publication].Full text

51. Parizel PM, van der Zijden T, Gaudino S, et al. Trauma of the spine and spinal cord: imaging strategies. Eur Spine J. 2010 Mar;19 Suppl 1(suppl 1):S8-17.Full text  Abstract

52. Jentzsch T, Singh A, Fehlings​ MG. Chapter 2 - epidemiology. In: Fehlings MG, Kwon BK, Vaccaro AR, eds. Neural repair and regeneration after spinal cord injury and spine trauma. London: Academic Press; 2022:13-35.

53. Brown C, Elmobdy K, Raja AS, et al. Scapular fractures in the pan-scan era. Acad Emerg Med. 2018 Jul;25(7):738-43.Full text  Abstract

54. Williams J, Jehle D, Cottington E, et al. Head, facial, and clavicular trauma as a predictor of cervical-spine injury. Ann Emerg Med. 1992 Jun;21(6):719-22. Abstract

55. Ditunno JF, Little JW, Tessler A, et al. Spinal shock revisited: a four-phase model. Spinal Cord. 2004 Jul;42(7):383-95. Abstract

56. American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Society of Computed Body Tomography and Magnetic Resonance, Society for Skeletal Radiology. Parameter for the performance of magnetic resonance imaging (LRI) of the adult spine. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

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58. Hadley MN, Walters BC. Introduction to the guidelines for the management of acute cervical spine and spinal cord injuries. Neurosurgery. 2013 Mar;72 Suppl 2:5-16.Full text  Abstract

59. British Orthopaedic Association. Cervical spine clearance in the trauma patient. May 2021 [internet publication].Full text

60. West JL, Palma AE, Vilella L, et al. Occipital condyle fractures and concomitant cervical spine fractures: implications for management. World Neurosurg. 2018 Jul;115:e238-43.Full text  Abstract

61. Bracken MB. Steroids for acute spinal cord injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Apr 22;(1):CD001046.Full text  Abstract

62. Fehlings MG, Wilson JR, Tetreault LA, et al. A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with acute spinal cord injury: recommendations on the use of methylprednisolone sodium succinate. Global Spine J. 2017 Sep;7(3 suppl):203S-211S.Full text  Abstract

63. Frampton AE, Eynon CA. High dose methylprednisolone in the immediate management of acute, blunt spinal cord injury: what is the current practice in emergency departments, spinal units, and neurosurgical units in the UK? Emerg Med J. 2006 Jul;23(7):550-3.Full text  Abstract

64. Fehlings MG, Tetreault LA, Wilson JR, et al. A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with acute spinal cord injury and central cord syndrome: recommendations on the timing (≤24 hours versus >24 hours) of decompressive surgery. Global Spine J. 2017 Sep;7(3 suppl):195S-202S.Full text  Abstract

65. Badhiwala JH, Wilson JR, Witiw CD, et al. The influence of timing of surgical decompression for acute spinal cord injury: a pooled analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Feb;20(2):117-26.Full text  Abstract

66. Caron T, Bransford R, Nguyen Q, et al. Spine fractures in patients with ankylosing spinal disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010 May 15;35(11):E458-64. Abstract

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68. Lenehan B, Fisher CG, Vaccaro A. The urgency of surgical decompression in acute central cord injuries with spondylosis and without instability. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010 Oct 1;35(21 Suppl):S180-6. Abstract

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70. Lamb SE, Gates S, Williams MA, et al; Managing Injuries of the Neck Trial (MINT) Study Team. Emergency department treatments and physiotherapy for acute whiplash: a pragmatic, two-step, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2013 Feb 16;381(9866):546-56. Abstract

71. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Head injury: assessment and early management. September 2019 [internet publication].Full text

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75. Daenen L, Nijs J, Raadsen B, et al. Cervical motor dysfunction and its predictive value for long-term recovery in patients with acute whiplash-associated disorders: a systematic review. J Rehabil Med. 2013 Feb;45(2):113-22.Full text  Abstract

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78. Kasch H, Qerama E, Kongsted A, et al. Deep muscle pain, tender points and recovery in acute whiplash patients: a 1-year follow-up study. Pain. 2008 Nov 15;140(1):65-73. Abstract

79. Michaleff ZA, Maher CG, Lin CW, et al. Comprehensive physiotherapy exercise programme or advice for chronic whiplash (PROMISE): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014 Jul 12;384(9938):133-41. Abstract

80. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: chronic neck pain. 2013 [internet publication].Full text

81. Manchikanti L, Abdi S, Atluri S, et al. An update of comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in chronic spinal pain. Part II: guidance and recommendations. Pain Physician. 2013 Apr;16(2 Suppl):S49-283.Full text  Abstract

82. Hurley RW, Adams MCB, Barad M, et al. Consensus practice guidelines on interventions for cervical spine (facet) joint pain from a multispecialty international working group. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2022 Jan;47(1):3-59.Full text  Abstract

83. Engelter ST, Grond-Ginsbach C, Metso TM, et al; Cervical Artery Dissection and Ischemic Stroke Patients Study Group. Cervical artery dissection: trauma and other potential mechanical trigger events. Neurology. 2013 May 21;80(21):1950-7. Abstract

84. American College of Surgeons; Trauma Quality Improvement Program. Best practices guidelines: spine injury. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text