Cryptococcosis

Chayakulkeeree M, Perfect JR. Cryptococcosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2006 Sep;20(3):507-44. Abstract

Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: cryptococcosis. July 2021 [internet publication].Full text

World Health Organization. Guidelines for diagnosing, preventing and managing cryptococcal disease among adults, adolescents and children living with HIV. June 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Feb 1;50(3):291-322.Full text  Abstract

Boulware DR, Meya DB, Muzoora C, et al. Timing of antiretroviral therapy after diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jun 26;370(26):2487-98.Full text  Abstract

Rolfes MA, Hullsiek KH, Rhein J, et al. The effect of therapeutic lumbar punctures on acute mortality from cryptococcal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Dec 1;59(11):1607-14.Full text  Abstract

Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. April 2022 [internet publication].Full text

1. Chayakulkeeree M, Perfect JR. Cryptococcosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2006 Sep;20(3):507-44. Abstract

2. Perfect JR, Casadevall A. Cryptococcosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2002 Dec;16(4):837-74. Abstract

3. Pappas PG, Perfect JR, Cloud GA, et al. Cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients in the era of effective azole therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Sep 1;33(5):690-9.Full text  Abstract

4. Jarvis JN, Harrison TS. Pulmonary cryptococcosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Apr;29(2):141-50. Abstract

5. Kidd SE, Hagen F, Tscharke RL, et al. A rare genotype of Cryptococcus gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004 Dec 7;101(49):17258-63.Full text  Abstract

6. Lui G, Lee N, Ip M, et al. Cryptococcosis in apparently immunocompetent patients. QJM. 2006 Mar;99(3):143-51.Full text  Abstract

7. Harris JR, Lockhart SR, Debess E, et al. Cryptococcus gattii in the United States: clinical aspects of infection with an emerging pathogen. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Dec;53(12):1188-95.Full text  Abstract

8. Goldman DL, Khine H, Abadi J, et al. Serologic evidence for Cryptococcus neoformans infection in early childhood. Pediatrics. 2001 May;107(5):E66. Abstract

9. Hajjeh RA, Conn LA, Stephens DS, et al. Cryptococcosis: population-based multistate active surveillance and risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. J Infect Dis. 1999 Feb;179(2):449-54.Full text  Abstract

10. Rajasingham R, Smith RM, Park BJ, et al. Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Aug;17(8):873-81.Full text  Abstract

11. Dromer F, Mathoulin-Pelissier S, Fontanet A, et al. Epidemiology of HIV-associate cryptococcosis in France (1985-2001): comparison of the pre-and post-HAART eras. AIDS. 2004 Feb 20;18(3):555-62. Abstract

12. Dromer F, Mathoulin-Pelissier S, Launay O, et al; French Cryptococcosis Study Group. Determinants of disease presentation and outcome during cryptococcosis. PLoS Med. 2007 Feb;4(2):e21.Full text  Abstract

13. MacDougall L, Kidd SE, Galanis E, et al. Spread of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia, Canada, and detection in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Jan;13(1):42-50.Full text  Abstract

14. Vilchez RA, Fung J, Kusne S. Cryptococcosis in organ transplant recipients: an overview. Am J Transplant. 2002 Aug;2(7):575-80.Full text  Abstract

15. Pappas PG, Alexander BD, Andes DR, et al. Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET). Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Apr 15;50(8):1101-11.Full text  Abstract

16. Lin X, Heitman J. The biology of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2006 Oct 13;60:69-105. Abstract

17. Jacobs GJ, Medleau L. Cryptococcus. In: Greene CE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 1998:383-90.

18. Khawcharoenporn T, Apisarnthanarak A, Mundy LM. Non-neoformans cryptococcal infections: a systematic review. Infection. 2007 Apr;35(2):51-8. Abstract

19. Speed B, Dunt D. Clinical and host differences between infections with the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin Infect Dis. 1995 Jul;21(1):28-34. Abstract

20. Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: cryptococcosis. July 2021 [internet publication].Full text

21. Friedman GD, Jeffrey Fessel W, Udaltsova NV, et al. Cryptococcosis: the 1981-2000 epidemic. Mycoses. 2005 Mar;48(2):122-5. Abstract

22. Waters LN, Nelson M. Cryptococcal disease and HIV infection. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005 Dec;6(15):2633-44. Abstract

23. World Health Organization. Guidelines for diagnosing, preventing and managing cryptococcal disease among adults, adolescents and children living with HIV. June 2022 [internet publication].Full text

24. Husain S, Wagener MM, Singh N. Cryptococcus neoformans infection in organ transplant recipients: variables influencing clinical characteristics and outcome. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001 May-Jun;7(3):375-81.Full text  Abstract

25. Singh N, Alexander BD, Lortholary O, et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients: clinical relevance of serum cryptococcal antigen. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jan 15;46(2):e12-8. Abstract

26. Pastick KA, Nalintya E, Tugume L, et al. Cryptococcosis in pregnancy and the postpartum period: case series and systematic review with recommendations for management. Med Mycol. 2020 Apr 1;58(3):282-92.Full text  Abstract

27. Singh N, Perfect JR. Immune reconstitution syndrome and exacerbation of infections after pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Nov 1;45(9):1192-9. Abstract

28. Nakamura S, Izumikawa K, Seki M, et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis in late pregnancy and review of published literature. Mycopathologia. 2009 Mar;167(3):125-31. Abstract

29. Sirinavin S, Intusoma U, Tuntirungsee S. Mother-to-child transmission of cryptococcus neoformans. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004 Mar;23(3):278-9. Abstract

30. Awotiwon AA, Johnson S, Rutherford GW, et al. Primary antifungal prophylaxis for cryptococcal disease in HIV-positive people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Aug 29;(8):CD004773.Full text  Abstract

31. Mfinanga S, Chanda D, Kivuyo SL, et al. Cryptococcal meningitis screening and community-based early adherence support in people with advanced HIV infection starting antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania and Zambia: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 May 30;385(9983):2173-82. Abstract

32. Chang CC, Harrison TS, Bicanic TA, et al. Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of cryptococcosis: an initiative of the ECMM and ISHAM in cooperation with the ASM. Lancet Infect Dis. 9 Feb 2024 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

33. Rajasingham R, Meya DB, Greene GS, et al. Evaluation of a national cryptococcal antigen screening program for HIV-infected patients in Uganda: a cost-effectiveness modeling analysis. PLoS One. 2019 Jan 10;14(1):e0210105.Full text  Abstract

34. Pastick KA, Bangdiwala AS, Abassi M, et al. Seizures in human immunodeficiency virus-associated cryptococcal meningitis: predictors and outcomes. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019 Nov;6(11):ofz478.Full text  Abstract

35. Haddow LJ, Colebunders R, Meintjes G, et al. Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-1-infected individuals: proposed clinical case definitions. Lancet Inf Dis. 2010 Nov;10(11):791-802.Full text  Abstract

36. Binnicker MJ, Jespersen DJ, Bestrom JE, et al. Comparison of four assays for the detection of cryptococcal antigen. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012 Dec;19(12):1988-90.Full text  Abstract

37. Boulware DR, Rolfes MA, Rajasingham R, et al. Multisite validation of cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay and quantification by laser thermal contrast. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014 Jan;20(1):45-53.Full text  Abstract

38. Chanock SJ, Toltzis P, Wilson C. Cross-reactivity between Stomatococcus mucilaginosus and latex agglutination for cryptococcal antigen. Lancet. 1993 Oct 30;342(8879):1119-20. Abstract

39. McManus EJ, Jones JM. Detection of a Trichosporon beigelii antigen cross-reactive with Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide in serum from a patient with disseminated Trichosporon infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1985 May;21(5):681-5.Full text  Abstract

40. Westerink MA, Amsterdam D, Petell RJ, et al. Septicemia due to DF-2. Cause of a false-positive cryptococcal latex agglutination result. Am J Med. 1987 Jul;83(1):155-8. Abstract

41. Rajasingham R, Boulware DR. Cryptococcal antigen screening and preemptive treatment-how can we improve survival? Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Apr 10;70(8):1691-4.Full text  Abstract

42. Pullen MF, Kakooza F, Nalintya E, et al. Change in plasma cryptococcal antigen titer is not associated with survival among human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons receiving preemptive therapy for asymptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jan 2;70(2):353-5.Full text  Abstract

43. Young EJ, Hirsh DD, Fainstein V, et al. Pleural effusions due to Cryptococcus neoformans: a review of the literature and report of two cases with cryptococcal antigen determinations. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980 Apr;121(4):743-7. Abstract

44. Chang WC, Tzao C, Hsu HH, et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis: comparison of clinical and radiographic characteristics in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Chest. 2006 Feb;129(2):333-40. Abstract

45. Piyavisetpat N, Chaowanapanja P. Radiographic manifestations of pulmonary cryptococcosis. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005 Nov;88(11):1674-9. Abstract

46. Charlier C, Dromer F, Leveque C, et al. Cryptococcal neuroradiological lesions correlate with severity during cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in HIV-positive patients in the HAART era. PLoS One. 2008 Apr 16;3(4):e1950.Full text  Abstract

47. Wehn SM, Heinz ER, Burger PC, et al. Dilated Virchow-Robin spaces in cryptococcal meningitis associated with AIDS: CT and MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1989 Sep-Oct;13(5):756-62. Abstract

48. Kambugu A, Meya DB, Rhein J, et al. Outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda before and after the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jun 1;46(11):1694-701.Full text  Abstract

49. Bicanic T, Brouwer AE, Meintjes G, et al. Relationship of cerebrospinal fluid pressure, fungal burden and outcome in patients with cryptococcal meningitis undergoing serial lumbar punctures. AIDS. 2009 Mar 27;23(6):701-6. Abstract

50. Meda J, Kalluvya S, Downs JA, et al. Cryptococcal meningitis management in Tanzania with strict schedule of serial lumber punctures using intravenous tubing sets: an operational research study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014 Jun 1;66(2):e31-6. Abstract

51. Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society statement: treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Jan 1;183(1):96-128.Full text  Abstract

52. Rhein J, Huppler Hullsiek K, Tugume L, et al. Adjunctive sertraline for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 3 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019 Aug;19(8):843-51.Full text  Abstract

53. Botero Aguirre JP, Restrepo Hamid AM. Amphotericin B deoxycholate versus liposomal amphotericin B: effects on kidney function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 23;(11):CD010481.Full text  Abstract

54. Jarvis JN, Dromer F, Harrison TS, et al. Managing cryptococcosis in the immunocompromised host. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008 Dec;21(6):596-603. Abstract

55. Lewis JS 2nd, Graybill JR. Fungicidal versus Fungistatic: what's in a word? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008 Apr;9(6):927-35. Abstract

56. Pursley TJ, Blomquist IK, Abraham J, et al. Fluconazole-induced congenital anomalies in three infants. Clin Infect Dis. 1996 Feb;22(2):336-40. Abstract

57. Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Feb 1;50(3):291-322.Full text  Abstract

58. Brandt ME, Pfaller MA, Hajjeh RA, et al. Trends in antifungal drug susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates in the United States: 1992 to 1994 and 1996 to 1998. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Nov;45(11):3065-9.Full text  Abstract

59. van der Horst C, Saag MS, Cloud GA, et al. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jul 3;337(1):15-21.Full text  Abstract

60. Thursky KA, Playford EG, Seymour JF, et al. Recommendations for the treatment of established fungal infections. Intern Med J. 2008 Jun;38(6b):496-520. Abstract

61. Tenforde MW, Shapiro AE, Rouse B, et al. Treatment for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jul 25;(7):CD005647.Full text  Abstract

62. Rajasingham R, Rolfes MA, Birkenkamp KE, et al. Cryptococcal meningitis treatment strategies in resource-limited settings: a cost-effectiveness analysis. PLoS Med. 2012 Sep 25;9(9):e1001316.Full text  Abstract

63. Boulware DR, Meya DB, Muzoora C, et al. Timing of antiretroviral therapy after diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jun 26;370(26):2487-98.Full text  Abstract

64. Eshun-Wilson I, Okwen MP, Richardson M, et al. Early versus delayed antiretroviral treatment in HIV-positive people with cryptococcal meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jul 24;(7):CD009012.Full text  Abstract

65. Rolfes MA, Hullsiek KH, Rhein J, et al. The effect of therapeutic lumbar punctures on acute mortality from cryptococcal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Dec 1;59(11):1607-14.Full text  Abstract

66. Bicanic T, Harrison T, Niepieklo A, et al. Symptomatic relapse of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis after initial fluconazole monotherapy: the role of fluconazole resistance and immune reconstitution. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Oct 15;43(8):1069-73.Full text  Abstract

67. Pappas PG, Bustamante B, Ticona E, et al. Recombinant interferon-gamma 1b as adjunctive therapy for AIDS-related acute cryptococcal meningitis. J Infect Dis. 2004 Jun 15;189(12):2185-91. Abstract

68. Segal BH, Kwon-Chung J, Walsh TJ, et al. Immunotherapy for fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 15;42(4):507-15. Abstract

69. Jarvis JN, Meintjes G, Rebe K, et al. Adjunctive interferon-γ immunotherapy for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized controlled trial. AIDS. 2012 Jun 1;26(9):1105-13. Abstract

70. Oscarson S, Alpe M, Svahnberg P, et al. Synthesis and immunological studies of glycoconjugates of Cryptococcus neoformans capsular glucuronoxylomannan oligosaccharide structures. Vaccine. 2005 Jun 10;23(30):3961-72. Abstract

71. Perfect JR, Marr KA, Walsh TJ, et al. Voriconazole treatment for less-common, emerging, or refractory fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 May 1;36(9):1122-31. Abstract

72. Raad II, Graybill JR, Bustamante AB, et al. Safety of long-term oral posaconazole use in the treatment of refractory invasive fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 15;42(12):1726-34. Abstract

73. Zonios DI, Falloon J, Huang CY, et al. Cryptococcosis and idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia. Medicine (Baltimore). 2007 Mar;86(2):78-92. Abstract

74. Boulware DR, Meya DB, Bergemann TL, et al. Clinical features and serum biomarkers in HIV immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2010 Dec 21;7(12):e1000384.Full text  Abstract

75. Sungkanuparph S, Filler SG, Chetchotisakd P, et al. Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after antiretroviral therapy in AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Sep 15;49(6):931-4.Full text  Abstract

76. Jenny-Avital ER, Abadi M. Immune reconstitution cryptococcosis after initiation of successful highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Dec 15;35(12):e128-33. Abstract

77. Singh N, Lortholary O, Alexander BD, et al. An immune reconstitution syndrome-like illness associated with Cryptococcus neoformans infection in organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jun 15;40(12):1756-61. Abstract

78. Wiesner DL, Boulware DR. Cryptococcus-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS): pathogenesis and its clinical implications. Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 2011 Dec 1;5(4):252-61.Full text  Abstract

79. Atherton RR, Ellis J, Cresswell FV, et al. Ophthalmic signs in Ugandan adults with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a nested analysis of the ASTRO-CM cohort. Wellcome Open Res. 2018 Oct 12;3:80.Full text  Abstract

80. Ahimbisibwe C, Kwizera R, Ndyetukira JF, et al. Management of amphotericin-induced phlebitis among HIV patients with cryptococcal meningitis in a resource-limited setting: a prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2019 Jun 26;19(1):558.Full text  Abstract

81. Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. April 2022 [internet publication].Full text

82. Parkes-Ratanshi R, Wakeham K, Levin J, et al. Primary prophylaxis of cryptococcal disease with fluconazole in HIV-positive Ugandan adults: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011 Dec;11(12):933-41. Abstract