References
Key articles
Parry-Jones N, Joshi A, Forconi F, et al. Guideline for diagnosis and management of hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) and hairy cell variant (HCL-V). Br J Haematol. 2020 Dec;191(5):730-7.Full text Abstract
Troussard X, Maître E, Paillassa J. Hairy cell leukemia 2024: update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and treatment - annual updates in hematological malignancies. Am J Hematol. 2024 Apr;99(4):679-96.Full text Abstract
Grever MR, Abdel-Wahab O, Andritsos LA, et al. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with classic hairy cell leukemia. Blood. 2017 Feb 2;129(5):553-60.Full text Abstract
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: hairy cell leukemia [internet publication].Full text
Robak T, Matutes E, Catovsky D, et al. Hairy cell leukaemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015 Sep;26(suppl 5):v100-7.Full text Abstract
Troussard X, Maître E, Cornet E. Hairy cell leukemia 2022: update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and treatment. Am J Hematol. 2022 Feb 1;97(2):226-36.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. Alaggio R, Amador C, Anagnostopoulos I, et al. The 5th edition of the World Health Organization classification of haematolymphoid tumours: lymphoid neoplasms. Leukemia. 2022 Jul;36(7):1720-48.Full text Abstract
2. Campo E, Jaffe ES, Cook JR, et al. The International Consensus Classification of Mature Lymphoid Neoplasms: a report from the Clinical Advisory Committee. Blood. 2022 Sep 15;140(11):1229-53. [Erratum in: Blood. 2023 Jan 26;141(4):437.]Full text Abstract
3. Teras LR, DeSantis CE, Cerhan JR, et al. 2016 US lymphoid malignancy statistics by World Health Organization subtypes. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016 Nov 12;66(6):443-59.Full text Abstract
4. Lamb M, Painter D, Howell D, et al. Lymphoid blood cancers, incidence and survival 2005-2023: a report from the UK's Haematological Malignancy Research Network. Cancer Epidemiol. 2024 Feb;88:102513.Full text Abstract
5. Monnereau A, Slager SL, Hughes AM, et al. Medical history, lifestyle, and occupational risk factors for hairy cell leukemia: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2014 Aug;2014(48):115-24.Full text Abstract
6. Paillassa J, Cornet E, Noel S, et al. Analysis of a cohort of 279 patients with hairy-cell leukemia (HCL): 10 years of follow-up. Blood Cancer J. 2020 May 27;10(5):62.Full text Abstract
7. Parry-Jones N, Joshi A, Forconi F, et al. Guideline for diagnosis and management of hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) and hairy cell variant (HCL-V). Br J Haematol. 2020 Dec;191(5):730-7.Full text Abstract
8. Wiber M, Maitre E, Poncet JM, et al. A population-based study of hairy cell leukemia over a period of 20 years. Cancer Treat Res Commun. 2020;25:100236.Full text Abstract
9. Staines A, Cartwright RA. Hairy cell leukaemia: descriptive epidemiology and a case-control study. Br J Haematol. 1993 Dec;85(4):714-7. Abstract
10. Tadmor T, Polliack A. Epidemiology and environmental risk in hairy cell leukemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2015 Dec;28(4):175-9. Abstract
11. Nordström M, Hardell L, Magnuson A, et al. Occupational exposures, animal exposure and smoking as risk factors for hairy cell leukaemia evaluated in a case-control study. Br J Cancer. 1998 Jun;77(11):2048-52. Abstract
12. Orsi L, Delabre L, Monnereau A, et al. Occupational exposure to pesticides and lymphoid neoplasms among men: results of a French case-control study. Occup Environ Med. 2009 May;66(5):291-8. Abstract
13. Itamura H, Ide M, Sato A, et al. Identification of the BRAF V600E mutation in Japanese patients with hairy cell leukemia and related diseases using a quenching probe method. Int J Hematol. 2018 Oct;108(4):416-22. Abstract
14. Gini Ehungu JL, Mufuta JP, Ngiyulu RM, et al. A rare occurrence of hairy cell leukemia in a congolese child: a presentation and challenge of diagnosis in low resource settings. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2013 Nov;35(8):e350-2. Abstract
15. Oleske D, Golomb HM, Farber MD, Levy PS. A case-control inquiry into the etiology of hairy cell leukemia. Am J Epidemiol. 1985 May;121(5):675-83. Abstract
16. Stewart DJ, Keating MJ. Radiation exposure as a possible etiologic factor in hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis). Cancer. 1980 Oct 1;46(7):1577-80. Abstract
17. Wolf BC, Martin AW, Neiman RS, et al. The detection of Epstein-Barr virus in hairy cell leukemia cells by in situ hybridization. Am J Pathol. 1990 Mar;136(3):717-23. Abstract
18. Colovic MD, Jankovic GM, Wiernik PH. Hairy cell leukemia in first cousins and review of the literature. Eur J Haematol. 2001 Sep;67(3):185-8. Abstract
19. Ward FT, Baker J, Krishnan J, et al. Hairy cell leukemia in two siblings. A human leukocyte antigen-linked disease? Cancer. 1990 Jan 15;65(2):319-21. Abstract
20. Rumi E, Passamonti F, Zibellini S, et al. HLA typing and VH gene rearrangement analysis in a family with hairy cell leukaemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007 Apr;48(4):805-7. Abstract
21. Villemagne B, Bay JO, Tournilhac O, et al. Two new cases of familial hairy cell leukemia associated with HLA haplotypes A2, B7, Bw4, Bw6. Leuk Lymphoma. 2005 Feb;46(2):243-5. Abstract
22. Bohn JP, Salcher S, Pircher A, et al. The biology of classic hairy cell leukemia. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jul 21;22(15):7780.Full text Abstract
23. Cawley JC. The pathophysiology of the hairy cell. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2006 Oct;20(5):1011-21. Abstract
24. Burthem J, Cawley JC. The bone marrow fibrosis of hairy-cell leukemia is caused by the synthesis and assembly of a fibronectin matrix by the hairy cells. Blood. 1994 Jan 15;83(2):497-504.Full text Abstract
25. Tiacci E, Trifonov V, Schiavoni G, et al. BRAF mutations in hairy-cell leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 16;364(24):2305-15.Full text Abstract
26. Tiacci E, Pettirossi V, Schiavoni G, et al. Genomics of hairy cell leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Mar 20;35(9):1002-10.Full text Abstract
27. Troussard X, Maître E, Paillassa J. Hairy cell leukemia 2024: update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and treatment - annual updates in hematological malignancies. Am J Hematol. 2024 Apr;99(4):679-96.Full text Abstract
28. Oscier D, Stamatopoulos K, Mirandari A, et al. The genomics of hairy cell leukaemia and splenic diffuse red pulp lymphoma. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Jan 29;14(3):697.Full text Abstract
29. Ahmadzadeh A, Shahrabi S, Jaseb K, et al. BRAF Mutation in Hairy Cell Leukemia. Oncol Rev. 2014 Sep 23;8(2):253.Full text Abstract
30. Forconi F, Sahota SS, Raspadori D, et al. Hairy cell leukemia: at the crossroad of somatic mutation and isotype switch. Blood. 2004 Nov 15;104(10):3312-7.Full text Abstract
31. Konig EA, Kusser WC, Day C, et al. p53 mutations in hairy cell leukemia. Leukemia. 2000 Apr;14(4):706-11. Abstract
32. Zuzel M, Cawley JC. The biology of hairy cells. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2003 Mar;16(1):1-13. Abstract
33. Grever MR, Abdel-Wahab O, Andritsos LA, et al. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with classic hairy cell leukemia. Blood. 2017 Feb 2;129(5):553-60.Full text Abstract
34. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: hairy cell leukemia [internet publication].Full text
35. Quest GR, Johnston JB. Clinical features and diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2015 Dec;28(4):180-92.Full text Abstract
36. Flandrin G, Sigaux F, Sebahoun G, et al. Hairy cell leukemia: clinical presentation and follow-up of 211 patients. Semin Oncol. 1984 Dec;11(4 suppl 2):458-71. Abstract
37. Hoffman MA. Clinical presentations and complications of hairy cell leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2006 Oct;20(5):1065-73. Abstract
38. Mercieca J, Matutes E, Moskovic E, et al. Massive abdominal lymphadenopathy in hairy cell leukaemia: a report of 12 cases. Br J Haematol. 1992 Nov;82(3):547-54. Abstract
39. Hasler P, Kistler H, Gerber H. Vasculitides in hairy cell leukemia. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1995 Oct;25(2):134-42. Abstract
40. Kraut EH. Clinical manifestations and infectious complications of hairy-cell leukaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2003 Mar;16(1):33-40. Abstract
41. Foucar K, Falini B, Catovsky D, et al. Hairy cell leukemia. In: WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, vol 2, 4th ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization Press; 2008:188-90.
42. Robak T, Matutes E, Catovsky D, et al. Hairy cell leukaemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015 Sep;26(suppl 5):v100-7.Full text Abstract
43. Forconi F, Sozzi E, Cencini E, et al. Hairy cell leukemias with unmutated IGHV genes define the minor subset refractory to single-agent cladribine and with more aggressive behavior. Blood. 2009 Nov 19;114(21):4696-702.Full text Abstract
44. Golomb HM, Catovsky D, Golde DW. Hairy cell leukemia: a clinical review based on 71 cases. Ann Intern Med. 1978 Nov;89(5 Pt 1):677-83. Abstract
45. Sharpe RW, Bethel KJ. Hairy cell leukemia: diagnostic pathology. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2006 Oct;20(5):1023-49. Abstract
46. Yam LT, Li CY, Lam KW. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoenzyme in the reticulum cells of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. N Engl J Med. 1971 Feb 18;284(7):357-60. Abstract
47. Xi L, Arons E, Navarro W, et al. Both variant and IGHV4-34-expressing hairy cell leukemia lack the BRAF V600E mutation. Blood. 2012 Apr 5;119(14):3330-2.Full text Abstract
48. Hakimian D, Tallman MS, Hogan DK, et al. Prospective evaluation of internal adenopathy in a cohort of 43 patients with hairy cell leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1994 Feb;12(2):268-72. Abstract
49. Robak P, Jesionek-Kupnicka D, Kupnicki P, et al. Bone lesions in hairy cell leukemia: diagnosis and treatment. Eur J Haematol. 2020 Dec;105(6):682-91.Full text Abstract
50. Robbins BA, Ellison DJ, Spinosa JC, et al. Diagnostic application of two-color flow cytometry in 161 cases of hairy cell leukemia. Blood. 1993 Aug 15;82(4):1277-87.Full text Abstract
51. Tallman MS, Hakimian D, Peterson LC. Hairy Cell Leukemia. Clinical oncology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2004:2564-78.
52. Matutes E. Immunophenotyping and differential diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2006 Oct;20(5):1051-63. Abstract
53. Troussard X, Maître E, Cornet E. Hairy cell leukemia 2022: update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and treatment. Am J Hematol. 2022 Feb 1;97(2):226-36.Full text Abstract
54. Park JH, Winer ES, Huntington SF, et al. First line chemo-free therapy with the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib combined with obinutuzumab is effective in patients with HCL. Blood. 2021 Nov 23;138(suppl 1):43.Full text
55. Else M, Dearden CE, Catovsky D. Long-term follow-up after purine analogue therapy in hairy cell leukaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2015 Dec;28(4):217-29.Full text Abstract
56. Chihara D, Kantarjian H, O'Brien S, et al. Long-term durable remission by cladribine followed by rituximab in patients with hairy cell leukaemia: update of a phase II trial. Br J Haematol. 2016 Sep;174(5):760-6.Full text Abstract
57. Chihara D, Arons E, Stetler-Stevenson M, et al. Randomized phase II study of first-line cladribine with concurrent or delayed rituximab in patients with hairy cell leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2020 May 10;38(14):1527-38.Full text Abstract
58. Dietrich S, Pircher A, Endris V, et al. BRAF inhibition in hairy cell leukemia with low-dose vemurafenib. Blood. 2016 Jun 9;127(23):2847-55.Full text Abstract
59. Moore JE, Delibert K, Baran AM, et al. Targeted therapy for treatment of patients with classical hairy cell leukemia. Leuk Res. 2021 Mar;102:106522. Abstract
60. Park JH, Devlin S, Durham BH, et al. Vemurafenib and obinutuzumab as frontline therapy for hairy cell leukemia. NEJM Evid. 21 Sep 2023 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract
61. Ravandi F, O'Brien S. Infections associated with purine analogs and monoclonal antibodies. Blood Rev. 2005 Sep;19(5):253-73. Abstract
62. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Cladribine (Litak, Leustat) for leukaemia: reports of progressive multifocal encephalopathy (PML); stop treatment if PML suspected. Dec 2017 [internet publication].Full text
63. Else M, Dearden CE, Matutes E, et al. Long-term follow-up of 233 patients with hairy cell leukaemia, treated initially with pentostatin or cladribine, at a median of 16 years from diagnosis. Br J Haematol. 2009 Jun;145(6):733-40. Abstract
64. Goodman GR, Bethel KJ, Saven A. Hairy cell leukemia: an update. Curr Opin Hematol. 2003 Jul;10(4):258-66. Abstract
65. Gidron A, Tallman MS. Hairy cell leukemia: towards a curative strategy. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2006 Oct;20(5):1153-62. Abstract
66. Tiacci E, De Carolis L, Santi A, et al. Venetoclax in relapsed or refractory hairy-cell leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2023 Mar 9;388(10):952-4. Abstract
67. Nieva J, Bethel K, Saven A. Phase 2 study of rituximab in the treatment of cladribine-failed patients with hairy cell leukemia. Blood. 2003 Aug 1;102(3):810-3.Full text Abstract
68. Thomas DA, O'Brien S, Bueso-Ramos C, et al. Rituximab in relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia. Blood. 2003 Dec 1;102(12):3906-11.Full text Abstract
69. Else M, Dearden CE, Matutes E, et al. Rituximab with pentostatin or cladribine: an effective combination treatment for hairy cell leukemia after disease recurrence. Leuk Lymphoma. 2011 Jun;52(suppl 2):75-8. Abstract
70. Grever M, Kopecky K, Foucar MK, et al. Randomized comparison of pentostatin versus interferon alfa-2a in previously untreated patients with hairy cell leukemia: an intergroup study. J Clin Oncol. 1995 Apr;13(4):974-82. Abstract
71. Assanto GM, Riemma C, Malaspina F, et al. The current role of interferon in hairy cell leukaemia: clinical and molecular aspects. Br J Haematol. 2021 Jul;194(1):78-82.Full text Abstract
72. Tiacci E, Park JH, De Carolis L, et al. Targeting mutant BRAF in relapsed or refractory hairy-cell leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2015 Oct 29;373(18):1733-47.Full text Abstract
73. Tiacci E, De Carolis L, Simonetti E, et al. Vemurafenib plus rituximab in refractory or relapsed hairy-cell leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2021 May 13;384(19):1810-23.Full text Abstract
74. Kreitman RJ, Moreau P, Ravandi F, et al. Dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with relapsed/refractory BRAF V600E mutation-positive hairy cell leukemia. Blood. 2023 Mar 2;141(9):996-1006.Full text Abstract
75. Munoz J, Schlette E, Kurzrock R. Rapid response to vemurafenib in a heavily pretreated patient with hairy cell leukemia and a BRAF mutation. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Jul 10;31(20):e351-2.Full text Abstract
76. Urnova ES, Al'-Radi LS, Kuz'mina LA, et al. Successful use of vemurafenib in a patient with resistant hairy cell leukemia [in Russian]. Ter Arkh. 2013;85(7):76-8. Abstract
77. Rogers KA, Andritsos LA, Wei L, et al. Phase 2 study of ibrutinib in classic and variant hairy cell leukemia. Blood. 2021 Jun 24;137(25):3473-83. Abstract
78. Tam CS, Trotman J, Opat S, et al. Zanubrutinib for the treatment of relapsed/refractory hairy cell leukemia. Blood Adv. 2023 Jun 27;7(12):2884-7.Full text Abstract
79. European Medicines Agency. Imbruvica (ibrutinib): new risk minimisation measures, including dose modification recommendations, due to the increased risk for serious cardiac events. November 2022 [internet publication].Full text
80. Tam CS, Dimopoulos M, Garcia-Sanz R, et al. Pooled safety analysis of zanubrutinib monotherapy in patients with B-cell malignancies. Blood Adv. 2022 Feb 22;6(4):1296-1308.Full text Abstract
81. Moslehi JJ, Furman RR, Tam CS, et al. Cardiovascular events reported in patients with B-cell malignancies treated with zanubrutinib. Blood Adv. 2024 May 28;8(10):2478-90.Full text Abstract
82. Tang CPS, Lip GYH, McCormack T, et al. Management of cardiovascular complications of bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Br J Haematol. 2022 Jan;196(1):70-8.Full text Abstract
83. Jones G, Parry-Jones N, Wilkins B, et al. Revised guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hairy cell leukaemia and hairy cell leukaemia variant*. Br J Haematol. 2012 Jan;156(2):186-95.Full text Abstract
84. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccine recommendations and guidelines of the ACIP. Altered immunocompetence. August 2023 [internet publication].Full text
85. Saven A, Burian C, Adusumalli J, et al. Filgrastim for cladribine-induced neutropenic fever in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Blood. 1999 Apr 15;93(8):2471-7.Full text Abstract
86. BCSH Blood Transfusion Task Force. Guidelines on gamma irradiation of blood components for the prevention of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease. Transfus Med. 1996 Sep;6(3):261-71. Abstract
87. Bohn JP, Dietrich S. Treatment of classic hairy cell leukemia: targeting minimal residual disease beyond cladribine. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Feb 15;14(4):956.Full text Abstract
88. Robak T, Robak P. Measurable residual disease in hairy cell leukemia: technical considerations and clinical significance. Front Oncol. 2022 Nov 10;12:976374.Full text Abstract
89. Park JH, Tallman MS. Left behind: should minimal residual disease be treated in hairy cell leukemia? Leuk Lymphoma. 2014 May;55(5):971-2.Full text Abstract
90. Ravandi F, Kreitman RJ, Tiacci E, et al. Consensus opinion from an international group of experts on measurable residual disease in hairy cell leukemia. Blood Cancer J. 2022 Dec 13;12(12):165.Full text Abstract
91. Chadha P, Rademaker AW, Mendiratta P, et al. Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA): long-term follow-up of the Northwestern University experience. Blood. 2005 Jul 1;106(1):241-6.Full text Abstract
92. Belani R, Saven A. Cladribine in hairy cell leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2006 Oct;20(5):1109-23. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer