Atopic dermatitis

References

Key articles

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Atopic eczema in under 12s: diagnosis and management. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Sidbury R, Tom WL, Bergman JN, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 4. Prevention of disease flares and use of adjunctive therapies and approaches. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014 Dec;71(6):1218-33.Full text  Abstract

Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Chamlin SL, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 1. Diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014 Feb;70(2):338-51.Full text  Abstract

Sidbury R, Davis DM, Cohen DE, et al; American Academy of Dermatology. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 3. Management and treatment with phototherapy and systemic agents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014 Aug;71(2):327-49.Full text  Abstract

​Sidbury R, Alikhan A, Bercovitch L, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis in adults with topical therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023 Jan 11:S0190-9622(23)00004-X.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

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2. Kim JP, Chao LX, Simpson EL, et al. Persistence of atopic dermatitis (AD): a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016 Oct;75(4):681-7;e11.Full text  Abstract

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10. Thomsen SF. Epidemiology and natural history of atopic diseases. Eur Clin Respir J. 2015 Mar 24;2(1):24642.Full text  Abstract

11. Odhiambo JA, Williams HC, Clayton TO, et al; ISAAC Phase Three Study Group. Global variations in prevalence of eczema symptoms in children from ISAAC Phase Three. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Dec;124(6):1251-8.e23.Full text  Abstract

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17. McKenzie C, Silverberg JI. The prevalence and persistence of atopic dermatitis in urban United States children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019 Aug;123(2):173-8.e1. Abstract

18. Flohr C, Yeo L. Atopic dermatitis and the hygiene hypothesis revisited. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2011;41:1-34. Abstract

19. Schultz Larsen F, Diepgen T, Svensson A. The occurrence of atopic dermatitis in north Europe: an international questionnaire study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996 May;34(5 pt 1):760-4. Abstract

20. Meagher LJ, Wines NY, Cooper AJ. Atopic dermatitis: review of immunopathogenesis and advances in immunosuppressive therapy. Australas J Dermatol. 2002 Nov;43(4):247-54. Abstract

21. Morar N, Cookson W, Harper JI, et al. Filaggrin mutations in children with severe atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2007 Jul;127(7):1667-72.Full text  Abstract

22. Palmer CN, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, et al. Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet. 2006 Apr;38(4):441-6. Abstract

23. McLean WH. Filaggrin failure: from ichthyosis vulgaris to atopic eczema and beyond. Br J Dermatol. 2016 Oct;175 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):4-7.Full text  Abstract

24. McGrath JA. Filaggrin and the great epidermal barrier grief. Australas J Dermatol. 2008 May;49(2):67-73; quiz 73-4. Abstract

25. Løset M, Brown SJ, Saunes M, et al. Genetics of atopic dermatitis: from DNA sequence to clinical relevance. Dermatology. 2019;235(5):355-64.Full text  Abstract

26. Kantor R, Silverberg JI. Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2017 Jan;13(1):15-26.Full text  Abstract

27. Tamagawa-Mineoka R, Katoh N. Atopic dermatitis: identification and management of complicating factors. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Apr 11;21(8):2671.Full text  Abstract

28. Geoghegan JA, Irvine AD, Foster TJ. Staphylococcus aureus and atopic dermatitis: a complex and evolving relationship. Trends Microbiol. 2018 Jun;26(6):484-97. Abstract

29. Liu X, Yang G, Luo M, et al. Serum vitamin E levels and chronic inflammatory skin diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2021;16(12):e0261259.Full text  Abstract

30. Havmose MS, Kezic S, Uter W, et al. Prevalence and incidence of hand eczema in hairdressers - a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature from 2000-2021. Contact Dermatitis. 2022 Apr;86(4):254-65.Full text  Abstract

31. Jabbar-Lopez ZK, Ung CY, Alexander H, et al. The effect of water hardness on atopic eczema, skin barrier function: a systematic review, meta-analysis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2021 Mar;51(3):430-51. Abstract

32. Calov M, Alinaghi F, Hamann CR, et al. The association between season of birth and atopic dermatitis in the northern hemisphere: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020 Feb;8(2):674-80.e5. Abstract

33. Howell MD, Kim BE, Gao P, et al. Cytokine modulation of atopic dermatitis filaggrin skin expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Jul;120(1):150-5. Abstract

34. Mao Y, Yang C, Tang L, et al. Increased expression of T helper 17 cells and interleukin-17 in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Palliat Med. 2021 Dec;10(12):12801-9.Full text  Abstract

35. Carlsten C, Dimich-Ward H, Ferguson A, et al. Atopic dermatitis in a high-risk cohort: natural history, associated allergic outcomes, and risk factors. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013 Jan;110(1):24-8. Abstract

36. Knudgaard MH, Andreasen TH, Ravnborg N, et al. Rhinitis prevalence and association with atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021 Jul;127(1):49-56.e1. Abstract

37. Ravnborg N, Ambikaibalan D, Agnihotri G, et al. Prevalence of asthma in patients with atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021 Feb;84(2):471-8. Abstract

38. Li H, Dai T, Liu C, et al. Phenotypes of atopic dermatitis and the risk for subsequent asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022 Feb;86(2):365-72. Abstract

39. Kantor R, Kim A, Thyssen JP, et al. Association of atopic dermatitis with smoking: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016 Dec;75(6):1119-25;e1.Full text  Abstract

40. Kramer MS, Kakuma R. Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;(9):CD000133.Full text  Abstract

41. Cuello-Garcia CA, Brożek JL, Fiocchi A, et al. Probiotics for the prevention of allergy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015 Oct;136(4):952-61.Full text  Abstract

42. Makrgeorgou A, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath-Hextall FJ, et al. Probiotics for treating eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Nov 21;(11):CD006135.Full text  Abstract

43. Tan-Lim CSC, Esteban-Ipac NAR, Recto MST, et al. Comparative effectiveness of probiotic strains on the prevention of pediatric atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2021 Aug;32(6):1255-70. Abstract

44. Kelleher MM, Cro S, Cornelius V, et al. Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Feb 5;2(2):CD013534.Full text  Abstract

45. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Atopic eczema in under 12s: diagnosis and management. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text

46. Kaufman BP, Guttman-Yassky E, Alexis AF. Atopic dermatitis in diverse racial and ethnic groups - variations in epidemiology, genetics, clinical presentation and treatment. Exp Dermatol. 2018 Apr;27(4):340-57.Full text  Abstract

47. Silvestre Salvador JF, Romero-Pérez D, Encabo-Durán B. Atopic dermatitis in adults: a diagnostic challenge. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2017;27(2):78-88.Full text  Abstract

48. Pugliarello S, Cozzi A, Gisondi P, et al. Phenotypes of atopic dermatitis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011 Jan;9(1):12-20.Full text  Abstract

49. Eigenmann PA, Sicherer SH, Borkowski TA, et al. Prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy among children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatrics. 1998 Mar;101(3):E8. Abstract

50. Singh AM, Anvari S, Hauk P, et al. Atopic dermatitis and food allergy: best practices and knowledge gaps - a work group report from the AAAAI Allergic Skin Diseases Committee and Leadership Institute Project. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022 Mar;10(3):697-706.Full text  Abstract

51. Chang A, Robison R, Cai M, et al. Natural history of food-triggered atopic dermatitis and development of immediate reactions in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016 Mar-Apr;4(2):229-36.e1.Full text  Abstract

52. David TJ. Anaphylactic shock during elimination diets for severe atopic eczema. Arch Dis Child. 1984 Oct;59(10):983-6.Full text  Abstract

53. Eigenmann PA, Beyer K, Lack G, et al. Are avoidance diets still warranted in children with atopic dermatitis? Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2020 Jan;31(1):19-26. Abstract

54. Sidbury R, Tom WL, Bergman JN, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 4. Prevention of disease flares and use of adjunctive therapies and approaches. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014 Dec;71(6):1218-33.Full text  Abstract

55. Du Toit G, Roberts G, Sayre PH, et al; LEAP Study Team. Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy. N Engl J Med. 2015 Feb 26;372(9):803-13.Full text  Abstract

56. Beattie PE, Green C, Lowe G, et al. Which children should we patch test? Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007 Jan;32(1):6-11. Abstract

57. Milingou M, Tagka A, Armenaka M, et al. Patch tests in children: a review of 13 years of experience in comparison with previous data. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010 May-Jun;27(3):255-9. Abstract

58. Pigatto P, Martelli A, Marsili C, et al. Contact dermatitis in children. Ital J Pediatr. 2010 Jan 13;36:2.Full text  Abstract

59. Owen JL, Vakharia PP, Silverberg JI. The role and diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis in patients with atopic dermatitis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2018 Jun;19(3):293-302.Full text  Abstract

60. Jacob SE, Burk CJ, Connelly EA. Patch testing: another steroid-sparing agent to consider in children. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008 Jan-Feb;25(1):81-7. Abstract

61. Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Chamlin SL, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 1. Diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014 Feb;70(2):338-51.Full text  Abstract

62. Barnetson R, Rogers M. Childhood atopic eczema. BMJ. 2002 Jun 8;324(7350):1376-9. Abstract

63. Piloto Valdés L, Gómez Echevarría AH, Valdés Sánchez AF, et al. Atopic dermatitis: findings of skin biopsies. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 1990 Nov-Dec;18(6):321-4. Abstract

64. Weinstock MA, Horm JW. Mycosis fungoides in the United States. Increasing incidence and descriptive epidemiology. JAMA. 1988 Jul 1;260(1):42-6. Abstract

65. Hanifin JM, Rajka G. Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. Acta Dermatol Vereneol. 1980;92(suppl):44-47.

66. De D, Kanwar AJ, Handa S. Comparative efficacy of Hanifin and Rajka's criteria and the UK working party's diagnostic criteria in diagnosis of atopic dermatitis in a hospital setting in North India. JEADV. 2006;20:853-859. Abstract

67. Vakharia PP, Chopra R, Silverberg JI. Systematic review of diagnostic criteria used in atopic dermatitis randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2018 Feb;19(1):15-22. Abstract

68. Johnke H, Vach W, Norberg LA, et al. A comparison between criteria for diagnosing atopic eczema in infants. Br J Dermatol. 2005 Aug;153(2):352-8. Abstract

69. Williams HC, Burney PG, Pembroke AC, et al. Validation of the U.K. diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis in a population setting. Br J Dermatol. 1996 Jul;135(1):12-7. Abstract

70. Williams HC, Burney PG, Hay RJ, et al. The U.K. Working Party's Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis. I. Derivation of a minimum set of discriminators for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 1994;131:383-396. Abstract

71. Fleming S, Bodner C, Devereux G, et al. An application of the United Kingdom Working Party diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis in Scottish infants. J Invest Dermatol. 2001 Dec;117(6):1526-30. Abstract

72. Davis DMR, Drucker AM, Alikhan A, et al. American Academy of Dermatology guidelines: awareness of comorbidities associated with atopic dermatitis in adults. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022 Jun;86(6):1335-6.e18.Full text  Abstract

73. Schneider L, Tilles S, Lio P, et al. Atopic dermatitis: a practice parameter update 2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013 Feb;131(2):295-9.e1-27.Full text  Abstract

74. Levy ML. Atopic dermatitis: understanding the disease and its management. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 Dec;23(12):3091-103. Abstract

75. Darsow U, Wollenberg A, Simon D, et al; European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis/EADV Eczema Task Force. ETFAD/EADV eczema task force 2009 position paper on diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010 Mar;24(3):317-28.Full text  Abstract

76. Simpson EL. Atopic dermatitis: a review of topical treatment options. Cur Med Res Opin. 2010 Mar;26(3):633-40. Abstract

77. Kosse RC, Bouvy ML, Daanen M, et al. Adolescents' perspectives on atopic dermatitis treatment - experiences, preferences, and beliefs. JAMA Dermatol. 2018 Jul 1;154(7):824-7.Full text  Abstract

78. van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Christensen R, et al. Emollients and moisturisers for eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Feb 6;(2):CD012119.Full text  Abstract

79. Sidbury R, Davis DM, Cohen DE, et al; American Academy of Dermatology. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 3. Management and treatment with phototherapy and systemic agents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014 Aug;71(2):327-49.Full text  Abstract

80. Yu SH, Drucker AM, Lebwohl M, et al. A systematic review of the safety and efficacy of systemic corticosteroids in atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Apr;78(4):733-40. Abstract

81. Eckert L, Gupta S, Amand C, et al. Impact of atopic dermatitis on health-related quality of life and productivity in adults in the United States: an analysis using the National Health and Wellness Survey. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017 Aug;77(2):274-9.Full text  Abstract

82. Teasdale E, Muller I, Sivyer K, et al. Views and experiences of managing eczema: systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. Br J Dermatol. 2021 Apr;184(4):627-37.Full text  Abstract

83. ​Sidbury R, Alikhan A, Bercovitch L, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis in adults with topical therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023 Jan 11:S0190-9622(23)00004-X.Full text  Abstract

84. Czarnowicki T, Malajian D, Khattri S, et al. Petrolatum: barrier repair and antimicrobial responses underlying this "inert" moisturizer. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016 Apr;137(4):1091-102.Full text  Abstract

85. Nicol NH, Boguniewicz M, Strand M, et al. Wet wrap therapy in children with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in a multidisciplinary treatment program. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. Jul-Aug 2014;2(4):400-6. Abstract

86. Del Rosso JQ, Bhambri S. Daily application of fluocinonide 0.1% cream for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2009 Sep;2(9):24-32.Full text  Abstract

87. Lax SJ, Harvey J, Axon E, et al. Strategies for using topical corticosteroids in children and adults with eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Mar 11;(3):CD013356.Full text  Abstract

88. El Hachem M, Gesualdo F, Ricci G, et al. Topical corticosteroid phobia in parents of pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis: a multicentre survey. Ital J Pediatr. 2017 Feb 28;43(1):22.Full text  Abstract

89. Smith SD, Hong E, Fearns S, et al. Corticosteroid phobia and other confounders in the treatment of childhood atopic dermatitis explored using parent focus groups. Australas J Dermatol. 2010 Aug;51(3):168-74. Abstract

90. Veenje S, Osinga H, Antonescu I, et al. Focus group parental opinions regarding treatment with topical corticosteroids on children with atopic dermatitis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). Mar-Apr 2019;47(2):166-71.Full text  Abstract

91. Matheson R, Kempers S, Breneman D, et al. Hydrocortisone butyrate 0.1% lotion in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in pediatric subjects. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008 Mar;7(3):266-71. Abstract

92. Wolverton SE. Comprehensive dermatologic drug therapy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2007.

93. Callen J, Chamlin S, Eichenfield LF, et al. A systematic review of the safety of topical therapies for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2007 Feb;156(2):203-21.Full text  Abstract

94. Jeziorkowska R, Sysa-Jędrzejowska A, Samochocki Z. Topical steroid therapy in atopic dermatitis in theory and practice. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2015 Jun 10;32(3):162-6. Abstract

95. Trookman NS, Rizer RL. Randomized controlled trial of desonlde hydrogel 0.05% versus desonide ointment 0.05% in the treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2011 Nov;4(11):34-8.Full text  Abstract

96. Sher LG, Chang J, Patel IB, et al. Relieving the pruritus of atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012 Sep;92(5):455-61. Abstract

97. Cury Martins J, Martins C, Aoki V, et al. Topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jul 1;(7):CD009864.Full text  Abstract

98. Paller AS, Fölster-Holst R, Chen SC, et al. No evidence of increased cancer incidence in children using topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Aug;83(2):375-81.Full text  Abstract

99. Wu PC, Huang IH, Liu CW, et al. Topical calcineurin inhibitors and risk of lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2021 Sep;19(9):1265-9.Full text  Abstract

100. Beck LA, Thaçi D, Hamilton JD, et al. Dupilumab treatment in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jul 10;371(2):130-9.Full text  Abstract

101. Yang H, Wang J, Zhang X, et al. Application of topical phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors in mild to moderate atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2019 May 1;155(5):585-93.Full text  Abstract

102. Draelos ZD, Stein Gold LF, Murrell DF, et al. Post hoc analyses of the effect of crisaborole topical ointment, 2% on atopic dermatitis: associated pruritus from phase 1 and 2 clinical studies. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016 Feb;15(2):172-6. Abstract

103. Gong JQ, Lin L, Lin T, et al. Skin colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in patients with eczema and atopic dermatitis and relevant combined topical therapy: a double-blind multicentre randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2006 Oct;155(4):680-7. Abstract

104. Dickman M, Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP. The relationship between hygiene and microbial burden in atopic dermatitis risk based on a systematic review. Arch Dermatol. 2012 Aug;148(8):936-8. Abstract

105. Anderson PC, Dinulos JG. Atopic dermatitis and alternative management strategies. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009 Feb;21(1):131-8. Abstract

106. Huang JT, Rademaker A, Paller AS. Dilute bleach baths for Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic dermatitis to decrease disease severity. Arch Dermatol. 2011 Feb;147(2):246-7. Abstract

107. Musters AH, Mashayekhi S, Harvey J, et al. Phototherapy for atopic eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Oct 28;(10):CD013870.Full text  Abstract

108. British Association of Dermatologists. Service guidance and standards for the use of phototherapy. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Full text

109. Elsner P, Agner T. Hand eczema: treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020 Jan;34 Suppl 1:13-21.Full text  Abstract

110. Simpson EL, Bruin-Weller M, Flohr C, et al. When does atopic dermatitis warrant systemic therapy? Recommendations from an expert panel of the International Eczema Council. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017 Oct;77(4):623-33.Full text  Abstract

111. Agache I, Song Y, Posso M, et al. Efficacy and safety of dupilumab for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a systematic review for the EAACI biologicals guidelines. Allergy. 2021 Jan;76(1):45-58.Full text  Abstract

112. Schmitt J, Schäkel K, Schmitt N, et al. Systemic treatment of severe atopic eczema: a systematic review. Acta Derm Venereol. 2007;87(2):100-11. Abstract

113. Gooderham M, Lynde CW, Papp K, et al. Review of systemic treatment options for adult atopic dermatitis. J Cutan Med Surg. 2017 Jan/Feb;21(1):31-9. Abstract

114. Siegels D, Heratizadeh A, Abraham S, et al. Systemic treatments in the management of atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2021 Apr;76(4):1053-76. Abstract

115. Taylor K, Swan DJ, Affleck A, et al; U.K. Translational Research Network in Dermatology and U.K. Dermatology Clinical Trials Network. Treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic eczema in adults within the U.K.: results of a national survey of dermatologists. Br J Dermatol. 2017 Jun;176(6):1617-23.Full text  Abstract

116. Drucker AM, Ellis AG, Bohdanowicz M, et al. Systemic immunomodulatory treatments for patients with atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2020 Jun 1;156(6):659-67.Full text  Abstract

117. Schmitt J, Schmitt N, Meurer M. Cyclosporin in the treatment of patients with atopic eczema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007 May;21(5):606-19. Abstract

118. Roekevisch E, Spuls PI, Kuester D, et al. Efficacy and safety of systemic treatments for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Feb;133(2):429-38. Abstract

119. Yousaf M, Ayasse M, Ahmed A, et al. Association between atopic dermatitis and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2022 Feb;186(2):227-35. Abstract

120. Gerbens LAA, Hamann SAS, Brouwer MWD, et al. Methotrexate and azathioprine for severe atopic dermatitis: a 5-year follow-up study of a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2018 Jun;178(6):1288-96. Abstract

121. Schram ME, Roekevisch E, Leeflang MM, et al. A randomized trial of methotrexate versus azathioprine for severe atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Aug;128(2):353-9.Full text  Abstract

122. Li VCY, Chen KS, Yesudian BD. Subcutaneous methotrexate in the management of atopic dermatitis: a series of 12 patients. Paper presented at: American Academy of Dermatology 73rd Annual Meeting. Mar 20-24, 2015. San Francisco, CA. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015 May 1;72(5 Suppl 1):AB75.Full text

123. Weatherhead SC, Wahie S, Reynolds NJ, et al. An open-label, dose-ranging study of methotrexate for moderate-to-severe adult atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol. 2007 Feb;156(2):346-51. Abstract

124. Goujon C, Bérard F, Dahel K, et al. Methotrexate for the treatment of adult atopic dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol. 2006 Mar-Apr;16(2):155-8. Abstract

125. Dvorakova V, O'Regan GM, Irvine AD. Methotrexate for severe childhood atopic dermatitis: clinical experience in a tertiary center. Pediatr Dermatol. 2017 Sep;34(5):528-34. Abstract

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