Gynecomastia

Kanakis GA, Nordkap L, Bang AK, et al. EAA clinical practice guidelines-gynecomastia evaluation and management. Andrology. 2019 Nov;7(6):778-93.Full text  Abstract

Bromley HL, Dave R, Lord N, et al. Gynaecomastia: when and why to refer to specialist care. Br J Gen Pract. 2021 Apr;71(705):185-8.Full text  Abstract

Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 May 1;103(5):1715-44.Full text  Abstract

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: evaluation of the symptomatic male breast. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

Mulhall JP, Trost LW, Brannigan RE, et al. Evaluation and management of testosterone deficiency: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2018 Aug;200(2):423-32.Full text  Abstract

1. Niewoehner CB, Schorer AE. Gynaecomastia and breast cancer in men. BMJ. 2008 Mar 29;336(7646):709-13. Abstract

2. Simon BE, Hoffman S, Kahn S. Classification and surgical correction of gynecomastia. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1973 Jan;51(1):48-52. Abstract

3. Kanakis GA, Nordkap L, Bang AK, et al. EAA clinical practice guidelines-gynecomastia evaluation and management. Andrology. 2019 Nov;7(6):778-93.Full text  Abstract

4. Narula HS, Carlson HE. Gynaecomastia-pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014 Nov;10(11):684-98. Abstract

5. Gossner J. Gynecomastia on computed tomography of the chest -prevalence in a clinical population and an analysis of possible causes. Eur J Breast Health. 2019 Jan;15(1):67-8.Full text  Abstract

6. Aslan Ö, Bayraktaroğlu S, Çinkooğlu A, et al. Prevalence of incidental gynecomastia by chest computed tomography in patients with a prediagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. Eur J Breast Health. 2021 Apr;17(2):173-9.Full text  Abstract

7. McKiernan JF, Hull D. Breast development in the newborn. Arch Dis Child. 1981 Jul;56(7):525-9.Full text  Abstract

8. Nydick M, Bustos J, Dale JH Jr, et al. Gynecomastia in adolescent boys. JAMA. 1961 Nov 4;178:449-54. Abstract

9. Priskorn L, Nordkap L, Bang AK, et al. Average sperm count remains unchanged despite reduction in maternal smoking: results from a large cross-sectional study with annual investigations over 21 years. Hum Reprod. 2018 Jun 1;33(6):998-1008.Full text  Abstract

10. Nuttall FQ. Gynecomastia as a physical finding in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1979 Feb;48(2):338-40. Abstract

11. Niewoehner CB, Nuttall FQ. Gynecomastia in a hospitalized male population. Am J Med. 1984 Oct;77(4):633-8. Abstract

12. Anderson JA, Gram JB. Male breast at autopsy. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand. 1982 May;90(3):191-7. Abstract

13. Georgiadis E, Papandreou L, Evangelopoulou C, et al. Incidence of gynaecomastia in 954 young males and its relationship to somatometric parameters. Ann Hum Biol. 1994 Nov-Dec;21(6):579-87. Abstract

14. Ersöz Hö, Onde ME, Terekeci H, et al. Causes of gynaecomastia in young adult males and factors associated with idiopathic gynaecomastia. Int J Androl. 2002 Oct;25(5):312-6.Full text  Abstract

15. Kim MS, Kim JH, Lee KH, et al. Incidental gynecomastia on thoracic computed tomography in clinical practice: characteristics, radiologic features, and correlation with possible causes in South Korean Men. Am J Mens Health. 2020 May-Jun;14(3):1557988320908102.Full text  Abstract

16. Klang E, Kanana N, Grossman A, et al. Quantitative CT assessment of gynecomastia in the general population and in dialysis, cirrhotic, and obese patients. Acad Radiol. 2018 May;25(5):626-35. Abstract

17. Winters SJ. Laboratory assessment of testicular function. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, et al, eds. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com; 2000.Full text  Abstract

18. Travison TG, Araujo AB, Kupelian V, et al. The relative contributions of aging, health and lifestyle factors to serum testosterone decline in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Feb;92(2):549-55.Full text  Abstract

19. Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD, et al. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Feb;86(2):724-31.Full text  Abstract

20. Braunstein GD. Gynecomastia. New Engl J Med. 1993 Feb 18;328(7):490-95. Abstract

21. Carlson HE. Approach to the patient with gynecomastia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jan;96(1):15-21.Full text  Abstract

22. Deepinder F, Braunstein GD. Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2012 Sep;11(5):779-95. Abstract

23. Nuttall FQ, Warrier RS, Gannon MC. Gynecomastia and drugs: a critical evaluation of the literature. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2015 May;71(5):569-78.Full text  Abstract

24. Trinchieri A, Perletti G, Magri V, et al. Drug-induced gynecomastia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2021 Dec 21;93(4):489-96.Full text  Abstract

25. Association of Breast Surgery. Summary statement: investigation and management of gynaecomastia in primary and secondary care. Mar 2021 [internet publication].Full text

26. Shozu M, Sebastian S, Takayama K, et al. Estrogen excess associated with novel gain-of-function mutations affecting the aromatase gene. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 8;348(19):1855-65. Abstract

27. Bromley HL, Dave R, Lord N, et al. Gynaecomastia: when and why to refer to specialist care. Br J Gen Pract. 2021 Apr;71(705):185-8.Full text  Abstract

28. Dobs A, Darkes MJ. Incidence and management of gynecomastia in men treated for prostate cancer. J Urol. 2005 Nov;174(5):1737-42. Abstract

29. Schulman C, Pommerville P, Hofner K, et al. Long-term therapy with the dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor dusteride is well tolerated in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int. 2006 Jan;97(1):73-9. Abstract

30. Jensen RT, Collen MJ, Pandol SJ, et al. Cimetidine-induced impotence and breast changes in patients with gastric hypersecretory states. N Engl J Med. 1983 Apr 14;308(15):883-7. Abstract

31. Thompson DF, Carter JR. Drug-induced gynecomastia. Pharmacotherapy. 1993 Jan-Feb;13(1):37-45. Abstract

32. Christou MA, Christou PA, Markozannes G, et al. Effects of anabolic androgenic steroids on the reproductive system of athletes and recreational users: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2017 Sep;47(9):1869-83. Abstract

33. Patanè FG, Liberto A, Maria Maglitto AN, et al. Nandrolone decanoate: use, abuse and side effects. Medicina (Kaunas). 2020 Nov 11;56(11):606.Full text  Abstract

34. Fagerlund A, Cormio L, Palangi L, et al. Gynecomastia in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0136094.Full text  Abstract

35. Tangpricha V, den Heijer M. Oestrogen and anti-androgen therapy for transgender women. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017 Apr;5(4):291-300. Abstract

36. Huffman DH, Kampmann JP, Hignite CE, et al. Gynecomastia induced in normal males by spironolactone. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1978 Oct;24(4):465-73. Abstract

37. Cuculi F, Suter A, Erne P. Spironolactone-induced gynecomastia. CMAJ. 2007 Feb 27;176(5):620.Full text  Abstract

38. Parthasarathy HK, Ménard J, White WB, et al. A double-blind, randomized study comparing the antihypertensive effect of eplerenone and spironolactone in patients with hypertension and evidence of primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens. 2011 May;29(5):980-90. Abstract

39. Bagatell CJ, Bremner WJ. Androgens in men: uses and abuses. N Engl J Med. 1996 Mar 14;334(11):707-14. Abstract

40. Perry PJ, Lund BC, Deninger MJ, et al. Anabolic steroid use in weight lifters and body builders: an internet survey of drug utilization. Clin J Sport Med. 2005 Sep;15(5):326-30. Abstract

41. Friedl KE, Yesalis CE. Self-treatment of gynecomastia in bodybuilders who use anabolic steroids. Physician Sportsmed. 1989 Mar;17(3):67-79. Abstract

42. Toorians AW, Bovee TF, De Rooy J, et al. Gynaecomastia linked to the intake of a herbal supplement fortified with diethylstilbestrol. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2010 Jul;27(7):917-25.Full text  Abstract

43. Finkelstein JS, McCully WF, MacLaughlin DT, et al. The mortician's mystery: gynecomastia and reversible hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in an embalmer. N Engl J Med. 1988 Apr 14;318(15):961-5. Abstract

44. Harrington JM, Stein GF, Rivera RO, et al. The occupational hazards of formulating oral contraceptives: a survey of plant employees. Arch Environ Health. 1978 Jan-Feb;33(1):12-5. Abstract

45. Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS, et al. Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. N Engl J Med. 2007 Feb 1;356(5):479-85.Full text  Abstract

46. Braunstein EW, Braunstein GD. Are prepubertal gynaecomastia and premature thelarche linked to topical lavender and tea tree oil use? touchREV Endocrinol. 2023 Nov;19(2):60-8.Full text  Abstract

47. Ramsey JT, Li Y, Arao Y, et al. Lavender products associated with premature thelarche and prepubertal gynecomastia: case reports and endocrine-disrupting chemical activities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Nov 1;104(11):5393-405.Full text  Abstract

48. Durmaz E, Özmert EN, Erkekoğlu P, et al. Plasma phthalate levels in pubertal gynecomastia. Pediatrics. 2010 Jan;125(1):e122-9.Full text  Abstract

49. Mohammadnia N, Simsek S, Stam F. Gynecomastia as a presenting symptom of Graves' disease in a 49-year-old man. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. 2021 Apr 1;2021:20-0181.Full text  Abstract

50. Rojas PL, Ucar R, Nessa L, et al. An unusual case of gynecomastia associated with subclinical hyperthyroidism. Cureus. 2024 Jan;16(1):e51969.Full text  Abstract

51. Cavanaugh J, Niewoehner CB, Nuttall FQ. Gynecomastia and cirrhosis of the liver. Arch Intern Med. 1990 Mar;150(3):563-5. Abstract

52. Dobs AS, Meikle AW, Arver S, et al. Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system in comparison with bi-weekly injections of testosterone enanthate for the treatment of hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Oct;84(10):3469-78.Full text  Abstract

53. Pastuszak AW, Gomez LP, Scovell JM, et al. Comparison of the effects of testosterone gels, injections, and pellets on serum hormones, erythrocytosis, lipids, and prostate-specific antigen. Sex Med. 2015 Sep;3(3):165-73.Full text  Abstract

54. Boccardo F, Rubagotti A, Battaglia M, et al. Evaluation of tamoxifen and anastrozole in the prevention of gynecomastia and breast pain induced by bicalutamide monotherapy of prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 1;23(4):808-15.Full text  Abstract

55. Salzstein D, Sieber P, Morris T, et al. Prevention and management of bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia and breast pain: randomized endocrinologic and clinical studies with tamoxifen and anastrozole. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2005;8(1):75-83.Full text  Abstract

56. Fradet Y, Egerdie B, Andersen M, et al. Tamoxifen as prophylaxis for prevention of gynaecomastia and breast pain associated with bicalutamide 150 mg monotherapy in patients with prostate cancer: a randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Eur Urol. 2007 Jul;52(1):106-14. Abstract

57. Viani GA, Bernardes da Silva LG, Stefano EJ. Prevention of gynecomastia and breast pain caused by androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer: tamoxifen or radiotherapy? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 Jul 15;83(4):e519-24. Abstract

58. Kunath F, Keck B, Antes G, et al. Tamoxifen for the management of breast events induced by non-steroidal antiandrogens in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review. BMC Med. 2012 Aug 28;10:96.Full text  Abstract

59. Tyrrell CJ, Payne H, Tammela TL, et al. Prophylactic breast irradiation with a single dose of electron beam radiotherapy (10 Gy) significantly reduces the incidence of bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Oct 1;60(2):476-83. Abstract

60. Perdonà S, Autorino R, De Placido S, et al. Efficacy of tamoxifen and radiotherapy for prevention and treatment of gynecomastia and breast pain caused by bicalutamide in prostate cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005 May;6(5):295-300. Abstract

61. Braunstein GD. Environmental gynecomastia. Endocr Pract. 2008 May-Jun;14(4):409-11. Abstract

62. Felner EI, White PC. Prepubertal gynecomastia: indirect exposure to estrogen cream. Pediatrics. 2000 Apr;105(4):E55. Abstract

63. Braunstein GD. Causal relationship between smoking marijuana and gynecomastia remains unproven. Radiology. 2023 Jun;307(5):e223046.Full text  Abstract

64. Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 May 1;103(5):1715-44.Full text  Abstract

65. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: evaluation of the symptomatic male breast. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

66. Billa E, Kanakis GA, Goulis DG. Imaging in gynecomastia. Andrology. 2021 Sep;9(5):1444-56.Full text  Abstract

67. Evans GF, Anthony T, Turnage RH, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of mammography in the evaluation of male breast disease. Am J Surg. 2001 Feb;181(2):96-100. Abstract

68. Yoon B, Chae EY, Cha JH, et al. Male patients with unilateral breast symptoms: an optimal imaging approach. Eur Radiol. 2020 Aug;30(8):4242-50. Abstract

69. Janes SE, Lengyel JA, Singh S, et al. Needle core biopsy for the assessment of unilateral breast masses in men. Breast. 2006 Apr;15(2):273-5. Abstract

70. Hines SL, Tan WW, Yasrebi M, et al. The role of mammography in male patients with breast symptoms. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Mar;82(3):297-300. Abstract

71. Executive Committee of American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Practice parameters: gynecomastia. Feb 2004 [internet publication].Full text

72. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: genetic/familial high-risk assessment: breast, ovarian, and pancreatic [internet publication].Full text

73. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: evaluation of nipple discharge. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

74. Mulhall JP, Trost LW, Brannigan RE, et al. Evaluation and management of testosterone deficiency: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2018 Aug;200(2):423-32.Full text  Abstract

75. European Association of Urology. EAU guidelines on sexual and reproductive health. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

76. Mannu GS, Sudul M, Bettencourt-Silva JH, et al. Role of tamoxifen in idiopathic gynecomastia: A 10-year prospective cohort study. Breast J. 2018 Nov;24(6):1043-5. Abstract

77. Ting AC, Chow LW, Leung YF. Comparison of tamoxifen with danazol in the management of idiopathic gynecomastia. Am Surg. 2000 Jan;66(1):38-40. Abstract

78. Jones DJ, Holt SD, Surtees P, et al. A comparison of danazol and placebo in the treatment of adult idiopathic gynaecomastia: results of a prospective study in 55 patients. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1990 Sep;72(5):296-8.Full text  Abstract

79. Prasetyono TOH, Andromeda I, Budhipramono AG. Approach to gynecomastia and pseudogynecomastia surgical techniques and its outcome: a systematic review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2022 May;75(5):1704-28. Abstract

80. Fagerlund A, Lewin R, Rufolo G, et al. Gynecomastia: a systematic review. J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2015;49(6):311-8. Abstract

81. Brown RH, Chang DK, Siy R, et al. Trends in the surgical correction of gynecomastia. Semin Plast Surg. 2015 May;29(2):122-30. Abstract

82. Braunstein GD. Clinical practice: gynecomastia. N Engl J Med. 2007 Sep 20;357(12):1229-37. Abstract

83. Vojvodic M, Xu FZ, Cai R, et al. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among gynecomastia patients: prevalence and relevance to surgical management. Ann Plast Surg. 2019 Sep;83(3):258-63. Abstract

84. Ghadjar P, Aebersold DM, Albrecht C, et al. Treatment strategies to prevent and reduce gynecomastia and/or breast pain caused by antiandrogen therapy for prostate cancer: statement from the DEGRO working group prostate cancer. Strahlenther Onkol. 2020 Jul;196(7):589-97.Full text  Abstract

85. Serretta V, Altieri V, Morgia G, et al. A randomized trial comparing tamoxifen therapy vs. tamoxifen prophylaxis in bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2012 Sep;10(3):174-9. Abstract

86. Safran T, Abi-Rafeh J, Alabdulkarim A, et al. Radiotherapy for prevention or management of gynecomastia recurrence: future role for general gynecomastia patients in plastic surgery given current role in management of high-risk prostate cancer patients on anti-androgenic therapy. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2021 Nov;74(11):3128-40. Abstract

87. Soliman AT, De Sanctis V, Yassin M. Management of adolescent gynecomastia: an update. Acta Biomed. 2017 Aug 23;88(2):204-13.Full text  Abstract

88. Mieritz MG, Rakêt LL, Hagen CP, et al. A longitudinal study of growth, sex steroids, and IGF-1 in boys with physiological gynecomastia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Oct;100(10):3752-9.Full text  Abstract

89. Lapid O, van Wingerden JJ, Perlemuter L. Tamoxifen therapy for the management of pubertal gynecomastia: a systematic review. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2013;26(9-10):803-7. Abstract

90. Berger O, Landau Z, Talisman R. Gynecomastia: a systematic review of pharmacological treatments. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:978311.Full text  Abstract

91. Nuzzi LC, Firriolo JM, Pike CM, et al. The effect of surgical treatment for gynecomastia on quality of life in adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2018 Dec;63(6):759-65. Abstract

92. Koshy JC, Goldberg JS, Wolfswinkel EM, et al. Breast cancer incidence in adolescent males undergoing subcutaneous mastectomy for gynecomastia: is pathologic examination justified? A retrospective and literature review. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011 Jan;127(1):1-7. Abstract

93. Senger JL, Chandran G, Kanthan R. Is routine pathological evaluation of tissue from gynecomastia necessary? A 15-year retrospective pathological and literature review. Plast Surg (Oakv). 2014 Summer;22(2):112-6.Full text  Abstract

94. Topor LS, Bowerman K, Machan JT, et al. Central precocious puberty in Boston boys: a 10-year single center experience. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0199019.Full text  Abstract

95. Cisternino M, Arrigo T, Pasquino AM, et al. Etiology and age incidence of precocious puberty in girls: a multicentric study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Jul;13 Suppl 1:695-701. Abstract

96. Herbert SL, Ergezinger K, Sauer S, et al. Prepubertal idiopathic unilateral gynecomastia: case report and literature review. Breast Care (Basel). 2022 Dec;17(6):573-9.Full text  Abstract

97. Mameli C, Selvaggio G, Cerini C, et al. Atypical Leydig cell tumor in children: report of 2 cases. Pediatrics. 2016 Nov;138(5):e20160151. Abstract

98. Wasniewska M, Raiola G, Galati MC, et al. Non-classical 21-hydroxylase deficiency in boys with prepubertal or pubertal gynecomastia. Eur J Pediatr. 2008 Sep;167(9):1083-4. Abstract

99. Zadik Z, Pertzelan A, Kaufman H, et al. Gynaecomastia in two prepubertal boys with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Helv Paediatr Acta. 1979 May;34(2):185-7. Abstract

100. Einav-Bachar R, Phillip M, Aurbach-Klipper Y, et al. Prepubertal gynaecomastia: aetiology, course and outcome. Clin Endocrinol. 2004 Jul;61(1):55-60. Abstract

101. Tunio MA, Al-Asiri M, Al-Amro A, et al. Optimal prophylactic and definitive therapy for bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia: results of a meta-analysis. Curr Oncol. 2012 Aug;19(4):e280-8.Full text  Abstract

102. Pérez-Luis J, Adolewska PD. ODP412 high frequency of erythrocytosis in hypogonadal men on testosterone replacement therapy. J Endocr Soc. 2022;6(1):A661-2.Full text

103. Thiruchelvam P, Walker JN, Rose K, et al. Gynaecomastia. BMJ. 2016 Sep 22;354:i4833. Abstract