Child abuse

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National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Child abuse and neglect. Oct 2017 [internet publication].Full text

Christian CW, Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, American Academy of Pediatrics. The evaluation of suspected child physical abuse. Pediatrics. 2015 May;135(5):e1337-54.Full text  Abstract

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child abuse and neglect prevention. Apr 2022 [internet publication].Full text

1. Hibbard R, Barlow J, Macmillan H, et al. Psychological maltreatment. Pediatrics. 2012 Aug;130(2):372-8.Full text  Abstract

2. Suniega EA, Krenek L, Stewart G. Child abuse: approach and management. Am Fam Physician. 2022 May 1;105(5):521-8. Abstract

3. UK Health Security Agency. Working together to safeguard children: statutory guidance on inter-agency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. Jul 2022 [internet publication].Full text

4. Hymel KP, Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. When is lack of supervision neglect? Pediatrics. 2006 Sep;118(3):1296-8.Full text  Abstract

5. Ward MGK, Baird B. Medical neglect: working with children, youth, and families. Paediatr Child Health. 2022 Oct;27(6):372-81.Full text  Abstract

6. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Child abuse and neglect. Oct 2017 [internet publication].Full text

7. Tardieu A. Etude medico-legale sur les services et mauvais traitments exercés sur des enfants. Ann Hyg Pub Med Leg. 1860;13:361-98.

8. Caffey J. Multiple fractures in the long bones of infants suffering from chronic subdural haematoma. Am J Roentgenol. 1946 Aug;56(2):163-73.

9. Silverman FN. The roentgen manifestations of unrecognized skeletal trauma in infants. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1953 Mar;69(3):413-27. Abstract

10. Christian CW, Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, American Academy of Pediatrics. The evaluation of suspected child physical abuse. Pediatrics. 2015 May;135(5):e1337-54.Full text  Abstract

11. Children's Bureau: an office of the Administration for Children & Families. Child maltreatment 2021. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text

12. Gilbert R, Spatz Widom C, Browne K, et al. Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high income countries. Lancet. 2009 Jan 3;373(9657):68-81. Abstract

13. Jouriles EN, McDonald R, Slep AM, et al. Child abuse in the context of domestic violence: prevalence, explanations, and practice implications. Violence Vict. 2008;23(2):221-35. Abstract

14. Geffner R, Loring MT. The effects of intimate partner violence on children: part 2. J Emotional Abuse. 2003;3:155-7.

15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child abuse and neglect prevention. Apr 2022 [internet publication].Full text

16. Sullivan PM, Knutson JF. The association between child maltreatment and disabilities in a hospital-based epidemiological study. Child Abuse Negl. 1998 Apr;22(4):271-88. Abstract

17. Sidebotham PD, Heron J. The ALSPAC study team. Child maltreatment in the 'children of the nineties': the role of the child. Child Abuse Negl. 2003 Mar;27(3):337-52. Abstract

18. Lee C, Barr RG, Catherine N, et al. Age-related incidence of publicly reported shaken baby syndrome cases: is crying a trigger for shaking? J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2007 Aug;28(4):288-93. Abstract

19. Nelson HB, Martin CA. Increased child abuse in twins. Child Abuse Negl. 1985;9(4):501-5. Abstract

20. Keenan HT, Runyan DK, Marshall SW, et al. A population-based study of inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children. JAMA. 2003 Aug 6;290(5):621-6.Full text  Abstract

21. Narang SK, Fingarson A, Lukefahr J, et al. Abusive head trauma in infants and children. Pediatrics. 2020 Apr;145(4):e20200203.Full text  Abstract

22. Hobbs C, Childs AM, Wynne J, et al. Subdural haematoma and effusion in infancy: an epidemiological study. Arch Dis Child. 2005 Sep;90(9):952-5.Full text  Abstract

23. Kemp AM, Stoodley N, Cobley C, et al. Apnoea and brain swelling in non-accidental head injury. Arch Dis Child. 2003 Jun;88(6):472-6; discussion 472-6.Full text  Abstract

24. Vinchon M, Defoort-Dhellemmes S, Desurmont M, et al. Accidental and nonaccidental head injuries in infants: a prospective study. J Neurosurg. 2005 May;102(4 Suppl):380-4. Abstract

25. Ewing-Cobbs L, Prasad M, Kramer L, et al. Acute neuroradiologic findings in young children with inflicted or noninflicted traumatic brain injury. Childs Nerv Syst. 2000 Jan;16(1):25-33. Abstract

26. Datta S, Stoodley N, Jayawant S, et al. Neuroradiological aspects of subdural haemorrhages. Arch Dis Child. 2005 Sep;90(9):947-51. Abstract

27. Ichord RN, Naim M, Pollock AN, et al. Hypoxic-ischemic injury complicates inflicted and accidental traumatic brain injury in young children: the role of diffusion-weighted imaging. J Neurotrauma. 2007 Jan;24(1):106-18. Abstract

28. Wood J, Rubin DM, Nance ML, et al. Distinguishing inflicted versus accidental abdominal injuries in young children. J Trauma. 2005 Nov;59(5):1203-8. Abstract

29. Bulloch B, Schubert CJ, Brophy PD, et al. Cause and clinical characteristics of rib fractures in infants. Pediatrics. 2000 Apr;105(4):E48. Abstract

30. Thomas SA, Rosenfield NS, Leventhal JM, et al. Long bone fractures in young children: distinguishing accidental injuries from child abuse. Pediatrics. 1991 Sep;88(3):471-6. Abstract

31. Flaherty EG, Perez-Rossello JM, Levine MA, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. Evaluating children with fractures for child physical abuse. Pediatrics. 2014 Feb;133(2):e477-89.Full text  Abstract

32. Thackeray JD. Frena tears and abusive head injury: a cautionary tale. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2007 Oct;23(10):735-7. Abstract

33. Cordner SM, Burke MP, Dodd MJ, et al. Issues in child homicides: 11 cases. Legal Medicine. 2001 Jun;3(2):95-103. Abstract

34. Maguire S, Hunter B, Hunter L, et al; Welsh Child Protection Systematic Review Group. Diagnosing abuse: a systematic review of torn frenum and other intra-oral injuries. Arch Dis Child. 2007 Dec;92(12):1113-7.Full text  Abstract

35. Tate RJ. Facial injuries associated with the battered child syndrome. Br J Oral Surg. 1971 Jul;9(1):41-5. Abstract

36. Fisher-Owens SA, Lukefahr JL, Tate AR, et al. Oral and dental aspects of child abuse and neglect. Pediatr Dent. 2017 Jul 15;39(4):278-83. Abstract

37. Carrotte PV. An unusual case of child abuse. Br Dental J. 1990 Jun 9;168(11):444-5. Abstract

38. Thackeray JD, Hibbard R, Dowd MD; Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect; Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention. Intimate partner violence: the role of the pediatrician. Pediatrics. 2010 May;125(5):1094-100.Full text  Abstract

39. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Child protection companion - 2nd edition. 2013 [internet publication].Full text

40. Glaser D. Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological maltreatment): a conceptual framework. Child Abuse Negl. 2002 Jun;26(6-7):697-714. Abstract

41. Block RW, Krebs NF, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, et al. Failure to thrive as a manifestation of child neglect. Pediatrics. 2005 Nov;116(5):1234-7. Abstract

42. Barlow J, Simpkiss D, Stewart Brown S. Interventions to prevent or ameliorate child physical abuse and neglect, findings from a systematic review. J Child Services. 2006 Nov 1;1(3):6-28.

43. Zielinski DS, Eckenrode J, Olds DL. Nurse home visitation and the prevention of child maltreatment: impact on the timing of official reports. Dev Psychopathol. 2009 Spring;21(2):441-53. Abstract

44. Klevens J, Whitaker DJ. Primary prevention of child physical abuse and neglect: gaps and promising directions. Child Maltreat. 2007 Nov;12(4):364-77. Abstract

45. Flaherty EG, Stirling J Jr; American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. Clinical report: the pediatrician’s role in child maltreatment prevention. Pediatrics. 2010 Oct;126(4):833-41.Full text  Abstract

46. Oveisi S, Ardabili HE, Dadds MR, et al. Primary prevention of parent-child conflict and abuse in Iranian mothers: a randomized-controlled trial. Child Abuse Negl. 2010 Mar;34(3):206-13. Abstract

47. Pinquart M, Teubert D. Effects of parenting education with expectant and new parents: a meta-analysis. J Fam Psychol. 2010 Jun;24(3):316-27. Abstract

48. Segal L, Sara Opie R, Dalziel K. Theory! The missing link in understanding the performance of neonate/infant home-visiting programs to prevent child maltreatment: a systematic review. Milbank Q. 2012 Mar;90(1):47-106. Abstract

49. Dubowitz H, Feigelman S, Lane W, et al. Pediatric primary care to help prevent child maltreatment: the Safe Environment for Every Kid (SEEK) Model. Pediatrics. 2009 Mar;123(3):858-64. Abstract

50. Dubowitz H, Lane WG, Semiatin JN, et al. The SEEK model of pediatric primary care: can child maltreatment be prevented in a low-risk population? Acad Pediatr. 2012 Jul-Aug;12(4):259-68. Abstract

51. Barlow A, Mullany B, Neault N, et al. Paraprofessional-delivered home-visiting intervention for American Indian teen mothers and children: 3-year outcomes from a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Feb 1;172(2):154-62.Full text  Abstract

52. Dias MS, Smith K, DeGuehery K, et al. Preventing abusive head trauma among infants and young children: a hospital-based, parent education program. Pediatrics. 2005 Apr;115(4):e470-7. Abstract

53. Barr RG, Rivara FP, Barr M, et al. Effectiveness of educational materials designed to change knowledge and behaviors regarding crying and shaken-baby syndrome in mothers of newborns: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2009 Mar;123(3):972-80. Abstract

54. Fujiwara T, Yamada F, Okuyama M, et al. Effectiveness of educational materials designed to change knowledge and behavior about crying and shaken baby syndrome: a replication of a randomized controlled trial in Japan. Child Abuse Negl. 2012 Sep;36(9):613-20. Abstract

55. Mikton C, Butchart A. Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews. Bull World Health Organ. 2009 May;87(5):353-61.Full text  Abstract

56. Selph SS, Bougatsos C, Blazina I, et al. Behavioral interventions and counseling to prevent child abuse and neglect: a systematic review to update the US Preventive services task force recommendation. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Feb 5;158(3):179-90.Full text  Abstract

57. Louwers EC, Affourtit MJ, Moll HA, et al. Screening for child abuse at emergency departments: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2010 Mar;95(3):214-8. Abstract

58. Louwers EC, Korfage IJ, Affourtit MJ, et al. Accuracy of a screening instrument to identify potential child abuse in emergency departments. Child Abuse Negl. 2014 Jul;38(7):1275-81.Full text  Abstract

59. Woodman J, Lecky F, Hodes D, et al. Screening injured children for physical abuse or neglect in emergency departments: a systematic review. Child Care Health Dev. 2010 Mar;36(2):153-64. Abstract

60. Pierce MC, Kaczor K, Aldridge S, et al. Bruising characteristics discriminating physical child abuse from accidental trauma. Pediatrics. 2010 Jan;125(1):67-74. Abstract

61. Hymel KP, Armijo-Garcia V, Foster R, et al. Validation of a clinical prediction rule for pediatric abusive head trauma. Pediatrics. 2014 Dec;134(6):e1537-44. Abstract

62. Cowley LE, Morris CB, Maguire SA, et al. Validation of a prediction tool for abusive head trauma. Pediatrics. 2015 Aug;136(2):290-8. Abstract

63. Sugar NF, Taylor JA, Feldman KW. Bruises in infants and toddlers; those who don't cruise rarely bruise. Puget Sound Pediatric Research Network. Arch Paediatr Adolesc Med. 1999 Apr;153(4):399-403.Full text  Abstract

64. Bishop N, Sprigg A, Dalton A. Unexplained fractures in infancy: looking for fragile bones. Arch Dis Child. 2007 Mar;92(3):251-6. Abstract

65. Chiesa A, Duhaime AC. Abusive head trauma. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2009 Apr;56(2):317-31. Abstract

66. Kelly P, John S, Vincent AL, et al. Abusive head trauma and accidental head injury: a 20-year comparative study of referrals to a hospital child protection team. Arch Dis Child. 2015 Dec;100(12):1123-30.Full text  Abstract

67. Manfield J, Oakley K, Macey JA, et al. Understanding the five-year outcomes of abusive head trauma in children: a retrospective cohort study. Dev Neurorehabil. 2021 Aug;24(6):361-7. Abstract

68. Jayawant S, Rawlinson A, Gibbon F, et al. Subdural haemorrhages in infants: population based study. BMJ. 1998 Dec 5;317(7172):1558-61.Full text  Abstract

69. Badger S, Waugh MC, Hancock J, et al. Short term outcomes of children with abusive head trauma two years post injury: a retrospective study. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2020;13(3):241-53. Abstract

70. Chevignard MP, Lind K. Long-term outcome of abusive head trauma. Pediatr Radiol. 2014 Dec;44 Suppl 4:S548-58. Abstract

71. Jenny C, Hymel KP, Ritzen A, et al. Analysis of missed cases of abusive head trauma. JAMA. 1999 Feb 17;281(7):621-6. Abstract

72. Maguire S, Pickerd N, Farewell D, et al. Which clinical features distinguish inflicted from non-inflicted brain injury? A systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2009 Nov;94(11):860-7. Abstract

73. Maguire SA, Kemp AM, Lumb RC, et al. Estimating the probability of abusive head trauma: a pooled analysis. Pediatrics. 2011 Sep;128(3):e550-64. Abstract

74. Bhardwaj G, Chowdhury V, Jacobs MB, et al. A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of ocular signs in pediatric abusive head trauma. Ophthalmology. 2010 May;117(5):983-92.e17. Abstract

75. Bechtel K, Stoessel K, Leventhal JM, et al. Characteristics that distinguish accidental from abusive injury in hospitalized young children with head trauma. Pediatrics. 2004 Jul;114(1):165-8. Abstract

76. Carpenter SL, Abshire TC, Killough E, et al. Evaluating for suspected child abuse: conditions that predispose to bleeding. Pediatrics. 2022 Oct 1;150(4):e2022059277.Full text  Abstract

77. Hughes LA, May K, Talbot JF, et al. Incidence, distribution, and duration of birth-related retinal hemorrhages: a prospective study. J AAPOS. 2006 Apr;10(2):102-6. Abstract

78. Maguire SA, Watts PO, Shaw AD, et al. Retinal haemorrhages and related findings in abusive and non-abusive head trauma: a systematic review. Eye (Lond). 2013 Jan;27(1):28-36.Full text  Abstract

79. Vinchon M, Noulé N, Tchofo PJ, et al. Imaging of head injuries in infants: temporal correlates and forensic implications for the diagnosis of child abuse. J Neurosurg. 2004;101(2 Suppl):44-52. Abstract

80. Shugerman RP, Paez A, Grossman DC, et al. Epidural hemorrhage: is it abuse? Pediatrics. 1996 May;97(5):664-8. Abstract

81. Silverman LB, Lindberg DM, O'Neill BR, et al. Cytotoxic edema in pediatric abusive head trauma: adopting a common nomenclature. J Neuroimaging. 2019 Mar;29(2):272-3. Abstract

82. Gabos PG, Tuten HR, Leet A, et al. Fracture-dislocation of the lumbar spine in an abused child. Pediatrics. 1998 Mar;101(3 Pt 1):473-7. Abstract

83. Katz JS, Oluigbo CO, Wilkinson CC, et al. Prevalence of cervical spine injury in infants with head trauma. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010 May;5(5):470-3. Abstract

84. Oral R, Rahhal R, Elshershari H, et al. Intentional avulsion fracture of the second cervical vertebra in a hypotonic child. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2006 May;22(5):352-4. Abstract

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86. Kemp AM, Joshi AH, Mann M, et al. What are the clinical and radiological characteristics of spinal injuries from physical abuse: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2010 May;95(5):355-60. Abstract

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90. Belfer RA, Klein BL, Orr L. Use of the skeletal survey in the evaluation of child maltreatment. Am J Emerg Med. 2001 Mar;19(2):122-4. Abstract

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92. Kemp AM, Dunstan F, Harrison S, et al. Patterns of skeletal fractures in child abuse: systematic review. BMJ. 2008 Oct 2;337:a1518.Full text  Abstract

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96. Cadzow SP, Armstrong KL. Rib fractures in infants: Red alert! The clinical features, investigations and child protection outcomes. J Paediatr Child Health. 2000 Aug;36(4):322-6. Abstract

97. Kleinman PK. Diagnostic imaging of child abuse. Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby; 1998.

98. Kleinman PK. Problems in the diagnosis of metaphyseal fractures. Pediatr Radiol. 2008 Jun;38 Suppl 3:S388-94. Abstract

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101. Reece RM, Sege R. Childhood head injuries: accidental or inflicted? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000 Jan;154(1):11-5.Full text  Abstract

102. Pandya NK, Baldwin K, Kamath AF, et al. Unexplained fractures: child abuse or bone disease? A systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011 Mar;469(3):805-12.Full text  Abstract

103. Sink EL, Hyman JE, Matheny T, et al. Child abuse: the role of the orthopaedic surgeon in nonaccidental trauma. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011 Mar;469(3):790-7.Full text  Abstract

104. Naidoo S. A profile of the oro-facial injuries in child physical abuse at a children's hospital. Child Abuse Negl. 2000 Apr;24(4):521-34. Abstract

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109. Ward MG, Ornstein A, Niec A, et al; Canadian Pediatric Society. The medical assessment of bruising in suspected child maltreatment cases: a clinical perspective. Paediatr Child Health. 2013 Oct;18(8):433-42.Full text  Abstract

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112. Chang LT, Tsai MC. Craniofacial injuries from slip, trip, and fall accidents of children. J Trauma. 2007 Jul;63(1):70-4. Abstract

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116. Nayak K, Spencer N, Shenoy M, et al. How useful is the presence of petechiae in distinguishing non-accidental from accidental injury? Child Abuse Negl. 2006 May;30(5):549-55. Abstract

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126. Dressler DP, Hozid JL. Thermal injury and child abuse: the medical evidence dilemma. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2001 Mar-Apr;22(2):180-5. Abstract

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148. American College of Radiology. ACR-SPR practice parameter for the performance and interpretation of skeletal surveys in children. 2021[internet publication].Full text

149. Kemp AM, Butler A, Morris S, et al. Which radiological investigations should be performed to identify fractures in suspected child abuse? Clin Radiol. 2006 Sep;61(9):723-36. Abstract

150. Anderst J, Carpenter SL, Abshire TC, et al. Evaluation for bleeding disorders in suspected child abuse. Pediatrics. 2022 Oct 1;150(4):e2022059276.Full text  Abstract

151. Lane WG, Dubowitz H, Langenberg P. Screening for occult abdominal trauma in children with suspected physical abuse. Pediatrics. 2009 Dec;124(6):1595-602. Abstract

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153. Fortin K, Wood JN. Utility of screening urinalysis to detect abdominal injuries in suspected victims of child physical abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 2020 Nov;109:104714. Abstract

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155. Kemp AM, Rajaram S, Mann M, et al; Welsh Child Protection Systematic Review Group. What neuroimaging should be performed in children in whom inflicted brain injury (iBI) is suspected? A systematic review. Clin Radiol. 2009 May;64(5):473-83. Abstract

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