Child abuse

Suniega EA, Krenek L, Stewart G. Child abuse: approach and management. Am Fam Physician. 2022 May 1;105(5):521-8. Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Child abuse and neglect. Oct 2017 [internet publication].Full text

Christian CW, Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, American Academy of Pediatrics. The evaluation of suspected child physical abuse. Pediatrics. 2015 May;135(5):e1337-54.Full text  Abstract

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child abuse and neglect prevention. Apr 2022 [internet publication].Full text

1. Hibbard R, Barlow J, Macmillan H, et al. Psychological maltreatment. Pediatrics. 2012 Aug;130(2):372-8.Full text  Abstract

2. Suniega EA, Krenek L, Stewart G. Child abuse: approach and management. Am Fam Physician. 2022 May 1;105(5):521-8. Abstract

3. UK Health Security Agency. Working together to safeguard children: statutory guidance on inter-agency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. Jul 2022 [internet publication].​Full text

4. Hymel KP, Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. When is lack of supervision neglect? Pediatrics. 2006 Sep;118(3):1296-8.Full text  Abstract

5. Ward MGK, Baird B. Medical neglect: working with children, youth, and families. Paediatr Child Health. 2022 Oct;27(6):372-81.Full text  Abstract

6. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Child abuse and neglect. Oct 2017 [internet publication].Full text

7. Tardieu A. Etude medico-legale sur les services et mauvais traitments exercés sur des enfants. Ann Hyg Pub Med Leg. 1860;13:361-98.

8. Caffey J. Multiple fractures in the long bones of infants suffering from chronic subdural haematoma. Am J Roentgenol. 1946 Aug;56(2):163-73.

9. Silverman FN. The roentgen manifestations of unrecognized skeletal trauma in infants. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1953 Mar;69(3):413-27. Abstract

10. Christian CW, Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, American Academy of Pediatrics. The evaluation of suspected child physical abuse. Pediatrics. 2015 May;135(5):e1337-54.Full text  Abstract

11. Children's Bureau: an office of the Administration for Children & Families. Child maltreatment 2021. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text

12. Gilbert R, Spatz Widom C, Browne K, et al. Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high income countries. Lancet. 2009 Jan 3;373(9657):68-81. Abstract

13. Jouriles EN, McDonald R, Slep AM, et al. Child abuse in the context of domestic violence: prevalence, explanations, and practice implications. Violence Vict. 2008;23(2):221-35. Abstract

14. Geffner R, Loring MT. The effects of intimate partner violence on children: part 2. J Emotional Abuse. 2003;3:155-7.

15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child abuse and neglect prevention. Apr 2022 [internet publication].Full text

16. Sullivan PM, Knutson JF. The association between child maltreatment and disabilities in a hospital-based epidemiological study. Child Abuse Negl. 1998 Apr;22(4):271-88. Abstract

17. Sidebotham PD, Heron J. The ALSPAC study team. Child maltreatment in the 'children of the nineties': the role of the child. Child Abuse Negl. 2003 Mar;27(3):337-52. Abstract

18. Lee C, Barr RG, Catherine N, et al. Age-related incidence of publicly reported shaken baby syndrome cases: is crying a trigger for shaking? J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2007 Aug;28(4):288-93. Abstract

19. Nelson HB, Martin CA. Increased child abuse in twins. Child Abuse Negl. 1985;9(4):501-5. Abstract

20. Keenan HT, Runyan DK, Marshall SW, et al. A population-based study of inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children. JAMA. 2003 Aug 6;290(5):621-6.Full text  Abstract

21. Narang SK, Fingarson A, Lukefahr J, et al. Abusive head trauma in infants and children. Pediatrics. 2020 Apr;145(4):e20200203.Full text  Abstract

22. Hobbs C, Childs AM, Wynne J, et al. Subdural haematoma and effusion in infancy: an epidemiological study. Arch Dis Child. 2005 Sep;90(9):952-5.Full text  Abstract

23. Kemp AM, Stoodley N, Cobley C, et al. Apnoea and brain swelling in non-accidental head injury. Arch Dis Child. 2003 Jun;88(6):472-6; discussion 472-6.Full text  Abstract

24. Vinchon M, Defoort-Dhellemmes S, Desurmont M, et al. Accidental and nonaccidental head injuries in infants: a prospective study. J Neurosurg. 2005 May;102(4 Suppl):380-4. Abstract

25. Ewing-Cobbs L, Prasad M, Kramer L, et al. Acute neuroradiologic findings in young children with inflicted or noninflicted traumatic brain injury. Childs Nerv Syst. 2000 Jan;16(1):25-33. Abstract

26. Datta S, Stoodley N, Jayawant S, et al. Neuroradiological aspects of subdural haemorrhages. Arch Dis Child. 2005 Sep;90(9):947-51. Abstract

27. Ichord RN, Naim M, Pollock AN, et al. Hypoxic-ischemic injury complicates inflicted and accidental traumatic brain injury in young children: the role of diffusion-weighted imaging. J Neurotrauma. 2007 Jan;24(1):106-18. Abstract

28. Wood J, Rubin DM, Nance ML, et al. Distinguishing inflicted versus accidental abdominal injuries in young children. J Trauma. 2005 Nov;59(5):1203-8. Abstract

29. Bulloch B, Schubert CJ, Brophy PD, et al. Cause and clinical characteristics of rib fractures in infants. Pediatrics. 2000 Apr;105(4):E48. Abstract

30. Thomas SA, Rosenfield NS, Leventhal JM, et al. Long bone fractures in young children: distinguishing accidental injuries from child abuse. Pediatrics. 1991 Sep;88(3):471-6. Abstract

31. Flaherty EG, Perez-Rossello JM, Levine MA, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. Evaluating children with fractures for child physical abuse. Pediatrics. 2014 Feb;133(2):e477-89.Full text  Abstract

32. Thackeray JD. Frena tears and abusive head injury: a cautionary tale. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2007 Oct;23(10):735-7. Abstract

33. Cordner SM, Burke MP, Dodd MJ, et al. Issues in child homicides: 11 cases. Legal Medicine. 2001 Jun;3(2):95-103. Abstract

34. Maguire S, Hunter B, Hunter L, et al; Welsh Child Protection Systematic Review Group. Diagnosing abuse: a systematic review of torn frenum and other intra-oral injuries. Arch Dis Child. 2007 Dec;92(12):1113-7.Full text  Abstract

35. Tate RJ. Facial injuries associated with the battered child syndrome. Br J Oral Surg. 1971 Jul;9(1):41-5. Abstract

36. Fisher-Owens SA, Lukefahr JL, Tate AR, et al. Oral and dental aspects of child abuse and neglect. Pediatr Dent. 2017 Jul 15;39(4):278-83. Abstract

37. Carrotte PV. An unusual case of child abuse. Br Dental J. 1990 Jun 9;168(11):444-5. Abstract

38. Thackeray JD, Hibbard R, Dowd MD; Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect; Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention. Intimate partner violence: the role of the pediatrician. Pediatrics. 2010 May;125(5):1094-100.Full text  Abstract

39. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Child protection companion - 2nd edition. 2013 [internet publication].Full text

40. Glaser D. Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological maltreatment): a conceptual framework. Child Abuse Negl. 2002 Jun;26(6-7):697-714. Abstract

41. Block RW, Krebs NF, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, et al. Failure to thrive as a manifestation of child neglect. Pediatrics. 2005 Nov;116(5):1234-7. Abstract

42. Barlow J, Simpkiss D, Stewart Brown S. Interventions to prevent or ameliorate child physical abuse and neglect, findings from a systematic review. J Child Services. 2006 Nov 1;1(3):6-28.

43. Zielinski DS, Eckenrode J, Olds DL. Nurse home visitation and the prevention of child maltreatment: impact on the timing of official reports. Dev Psychopathol. 2009 Spring;21(2):441-53. Abstract

44. Klevens J, Whitaker DJ. Primary prevention of child physical abuse and neglect: gaps and promising directions. Child Maltreat. 2007 Nov;12(4):364-77. Abstract

45. Flaherty EG, Stirling J Jr; American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. Clinical report: the pediatrician’s role in child maltreatment prevention. Pediatrics. 2010 Oct;126(4):833-41.Full text  Abstract

46. Oveisi S, Ardabili HE, Dadds MR, et al. Primary prevention of parent-child conflict and abuse in Iranian mothers: a randomized-controlled trial. Child Abuse Negl. 2010 Mar;34(3):206-13. Abstract

47. Pinquart M, Teubert D. Effects of parenting education with expectant and new parents: a meta-analysis. J Fam Psychol. 2010 Jun;24(3):316-27. Abstract

48. Segal L, Sara Opie R, Dalziel K. Theory! The missing link in understanding the performance of neonate/infant home-visiting programs to prevent child maltreatment: a systematic review. Milbank Q. 2012 Mar;90(1):47-106. Abstract

49. Dubowitz H, Feigelman S, Lane W, et al. Pediatric primary care to help prevent child maltreatment: the Safe Environment for Every Kid (SEEK) Model. Pediatrics. 2009 Mar;123(3):858-64. Abstract

50. Dubowitz H, Lane WG, Semiatin JN, et al. The SEEK model of pediatric primary care: can child maltreatment be prevented in a low-risk population? Acad Pediatr. 2012 Jul-Aug;12(4):259-68. Abstract

51. Barlow A, Mullany B, Neault N, et al. Paraprofessional-delivered home-visiting intervention for American Indian teen mothers and children: 3-year outcomes from a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Feb 1;172(2):154-62.Full text  Abstract

52. Dias MS, Smith K, DeGuehery K, et al. Preventing abusive head trauma among infants and young children: a hospital-based, parent education program. Pediatrics. 2005 Apr;115(4):e470-7. Abstract

53. Barr RG, Rivara FP, Barr M, et al. Effectiveness of educational materials designed to change knowledge and behaviors regarding crying and shaken-baby syndrome in mothers of newborns: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2009 Mar;123(3):972-80. Abstract

54. Fujiwara T, Yamada F, Okuyama M, et al. Effectiveness of educational materials designed to change knowledge and behavior about crying and shaken baby syndrome: a replication of a randomized controlled trial in Japan. Child Abuse Negl. 2012 Sep;36(9):613-20. Abstract

55. Mikton C, Butchart A. Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews. Bull World Health Organ. 2009 May;87(5):353-61.Full text  Abstract

56. Selph SS, Bougatsos C, Blazina I, et al. Behavioral interventions and counseling to prevent child abuse and neglect: a systematic review to update the US Preventive services task force recommendation. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Feb 5;158(3):179-90.Full text  Abstract

57. Louwers EC, Affourtit MJ, Moll HA, et al. Screening for child abuse at emergency departments: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 1977 Jun;9(6):579-86. Abstract

58. Louwers EC, Korfage IJ, Affourtit MJ, et al. Accuracy of a screening instrument to identify potential child abuse in emergency departments. Child Abuse Negl. 2014 Jul;38(7):1275-81.Full text  Abstract

59. Woodman J, Lecky F, Hodes D, et al. Screening injured children for physical abuse or neglect in emergency departments: a systematic review. Child Care Health Dev. 2010 Mar;36(2):153-64. Abstract

60. Pierce MC, Kaczor K, Aldridge S, et al. Bruising characteristics discriminating physical child abuse from accidental trauma. Pediatrics. 2010 Jan;125(1):67-74. Abstract

61. Hymel KP, Armijo-Garcia V, Foster R, et al. Validation of a clinical prediction rule for pediatric abusive head trauma. Pediatrics. 2014 Dec;134(6):e1537-44. Abstract

62. Cowley LE, Morris CB, Maguire SA, et al. Validation of a prediction tool for abusive head trauma. Pediatrics. 2015 Aug;136(2):290-8. Abstract

63. Sugar NF, Taylor JA, Feldman KW. Bruises in infants and toddlers; those who don't cruise rarely bruise. Puget Sound Pediatric Research Network. Arch Paediatr Adolesc Med. 1999 Apr;153(4):399-403.Full text  Abstract

64. Bishop N, Sprigg A, Dalton A. Unexplained fractures in infancy: looking for fragile bones. Arch Dis Child. 2007 Mar;92(3):251-6. Abstract

65. Chiesa A, Duhaime AC. Abusive head trauma. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2009 Apr;56(2):317-31. Abstract

66. Kelly P, John S, Vincent AL, et al. Abusive head trauma and accidental head injury: a 20-year comparative study of referrals to a hospital child protection team. Arch Dis Child. 2015 Dec;100(12):1123-30.Full text  Abstract

67. Manfield J, Oakley K, Macey JA, et al. Understanding the five-year outcomes of abusive head trauma in children: a retrospective cohort study. Dev Neurorehabil. 2021 Aug;24(6):361-7. Abstract

68. Jayawant S, Rawlinson A, Gibbon F, et al. Subdural haemorrhages in infants: population based study. BMJ. 1998 Dec 5;317(7172):1558-61.Full text  Abstract

69. Badger S, Waugh MC, Hancock J, et al. Short term outcomes of children with abusive head trauma two years post injury: a retrospective study. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2020;13(3):241-53. Abstract

70. Chevignard MP, Lind K. Long-term outcome of abusive head trauma. Pediatr Radiol. 2014 Dec;44 Suppl 4:S548-58. Abstract

71. Jenny C, Hymel KP, Ritzen A, et al. Analysis of missed cases of abusive head trauma. JAMA. 1999 Feb 17;281(7):621-6. Abstract

72. Maguire S, Pickerd N, Farewell D, et al. Which clinical features distinguish inflicted from non-inflicted brain injury? A systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2009 Nov;94(11):860-7. Abstract

73. Maguire SA, Kemp AM, Lumb RC, et al. Estimating the probability of abusive head trauma: a pooled analysis. Pediatrics. 2011 Sep;128(3):e550-64. Abstract

74. Bhardwaj G, Chowdhury V, Jacobs MB, et al. A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of ocular signs in pediatric abusive head trauma. Ophthalmology. 2010 May;117(5):983-92.e17. Abstract

75. Bechtel K, Stoessel K, Leventhal JM, et al. Characteristics that distinguish accidental from abusive injury in hospitalized young children with head trauma. Pediatrics. 2004 Jul;114(1):165-8. Abstract

76. Carpenter SL, Abshire TC, Killough E, et al. Evaluating for suspected child abuse: conditions that predispose to bleeding. Pediatrics. 2022 Oct 1;150(4):e2022059277.Full text  Abstract

77. Hughes LA, May K, Talbot JF, et al. Incidence, distribution, and duration of birth-related retinal hemorrhages: a prospective study. J AAPOS. 2006 Apr;10(2):102-6. Abstract

78. Maguire SA, Watts PO, Shaw AD, et al. Retinal haemorrhages and related findings in abusive and non-abusive head trauma: a systematic review. Eye (Lond). 2013 Jan;27(1):28-36.Full text  Abstract

79. Vinchon M, Noulé N, Tchofo PJ, et al. Imaging of head injuries in infants: temporal correlates and forensic implications for the diagnosis of child abuse. J Neurosurg. 2004 Aug;101(1 Suppl):44-52. Abstract

80. Shugerman RP, Paez A, Grossman DC, et al. Epidural hemorrhage: is it abuse? Pediatrics. 1996 May;97(5):664-8. Abstract

81. Silverman LB, Lindberg DM, O'Neill BR, et al. Cytotoxic edema in pediatric abusive head trauma: adopting a common nomenclature. J Neuroimaging. 2019 Mar;29(2):272-3. Abstract

82. Gabos PG, Tuten HR, Leet A, et al. Fracture-dislocation of the lumbar spine in an abused child. Pediatrics. 1998 Mar;101(3 Pt 1):473-7. Abstract

83. Katz JS, Oluigbo CO, Wilkinson CC, et al. Prevalence of cervical spine injury in infants with head trauma. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010 May;5(5):470-3. Abstract

84. Oral R, Rahhal R, Elshershari H, et al. Intentional avulsion fracture of the second cervical vertebra in a hypotonic child. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2006 May;22(5):352-4. Abstract

85. Diamond P, Hansen CM, Christofersen MR. Child abuse presenting as a thoracolumbar spinal fracture dislocation: a case report. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1994 Apr;10(2):83-6. Abstract

86. Kemp AM, Joshi AH, Mann M, et al. What are the clinical and radiological characteristics of spinal injuries from physical abuse: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2010 May;95(5):355-60. Abstract

87. Cullen JC. Spinal lesions in battered babies. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 1975 Aug;57(3):364-6. Abstract

88. Barnes PM, Norton CM, Dunstan FD, et al. Abdominal injury due to child abuse. Lancet. 2005 Jul 16-22;366(9481):234-5. Abstract

89. Wegner S, Colletti JE, Van Wie D. Pediatric blunt abdominal trauma. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2006 Apr;53(2):243-56. Abstract

90. Belfer RA, Klein BL, Orr L. Use of the skeletal survey in the evaluation of child maltreatment. Am J Emerg Med. 2001 Mar;19(2):122-4 Abstract

91. Leventhal JM, Thomas SA, Rosenfield NS, et al. Fractures in young children. Distinguishing child abuse from unintentional injuries. Am J Dis Child. 1993 Jan;147(1):87-92. Abstract

92. Kemp AM, Dunstan F, Harrison S, et al. Patterns of skeletal fractures in child abuse: systematic review. BMJ. 2008 Oct 2;337:a1518.Full text  Abstract

93. Worlock P, Stower M, Barbor P. Patterns of fractures in accidental and non-accidental injury in children: a comparative study. BMJ. 1986 Jul 12;293(6539):100-2.Full text  Abstract

94. Barsness KA, Cha ES, Bensard DD, et al. The positive predictive value of rib fractures as an indicator of nonaccidental trauma in children. J Trauma. 2003 Jun;54(6):1107-10. Abstract

95. Garcia VF, Gotschall CS, Eichelberger MR, et al. Rib fractures in children: a marker of severe trauma. J Trauma. 1990 Jun;30(6):695-700. Abstract

96. Cadzow SP, Armstrong KL. Rib fractures in infants: Red alert! The clinical features, investigations and child protection outcomes. J Paediatr Child Health. 2000 Aug;36(4):322-6. Abstract

97. Kleinman PK. Diagnostic imaging of child abuse. Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby; 1998.

98. Kleinman PK. Problems in the diagnosis of metaphyseal fractures. Pediatr Radiol. 2008 Jun;38 Suppl 3:S388-94. Abstract

99. Farnsworth CL, Silva PD, Mubarak SJ. Etiology of supracondylar humerus fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 1998 Jan-Feb;18(1):38-42. Abstract

100. Meservy CJ, Towbin R, McLaurin RL, et al. Radiographic characteristics of skull fractures resulting from child abuse. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987 Jul;149(1):173-5.Full text  Abstract

101. Reece RM, Sege R. Childhood head injuries: accidental or inflicted? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000 Jan;154(1):11-5.Full text  Abstract

102. Pandya NK, Baldwin K, Kamath AF, et al. Unexplained fractures: child abuse or bone disease? A systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011 Mar;469(3):805-12.Full text  Abstract

103. Sink EL, Hyman JE, Matheny T, et al. Child abuse: the role of the orthopaedic surgeon in nonaccidental trauma. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011 Mar;469(3):790-7.Full text  Abstract

104. Naidoo S. A profile of the oro-facial injuries in child physical abuse at a children's hospital. Child Abuse Negl. 2000 Apr;24(4):521-34. Abstract

105. Becker DB, Needleman HL, Kotelchuck M. Child abuse and dentistry: orofacial trauma and its recognition by dentists. J Am Dent Assoc. 1978 Jul;97(1):24-8. Abstract

106. Schuman NJ, Hamilton RL. Discovery of child abuse with associated dental fracture in a hospital-affiliated clinic: report of a case with a four-year follow up. Spec Care Dent. 1982 Nov-Dec;2(6):250-1. Abstract

107. Andreasen JO. Challenges in clinical dental traumatology. Endodont Dent Traumatol. 1985 Apr;1(2):45-55. Abstract

108. McMahon P, Grossman W, Gaffney M, et al. Soft-tissue injury as an indication of child abuse. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995 Aug;77(8):1179-83. Abstract

109. Ward MG, Ornstein A, Niec A, et al; Canadian Pediatric Society. The medical assessment of bruising in suspected child maltreatment cases: a clinical perspective. Paediatr Child Health. 2013 Oct;18(8):433-42.Full text  Abstract

110. Carpenter RF. The prevalence and distribution of bruising in babies. Arch Dis Child. 1999 Apr;80(4):363-6. Abstract

111. Dunstan FD, Guildea ZE, Kontos K, et al. A scoring system for bruise patterns: a tool for identifying abuse. Arch Dis Child. 2002 May;86(5):330-3.Full text  Abstract

112. Chang LT, Tsai MC. Craniofacial injuries from slip, trip, and fall accidents of children. J Trauma. 2007 Jul;63(1):70-4. Abstract

113. Atwal GS, Rutty GN, Carter N, et al. Bruising in non-accidental head injured children; a retrospective study of the prevalence, distribution and pathological associations in 24 cases. Forensic Sci Int. 1998 Sep 28;96(2-3):215-30. Abstract

114. de Silva S, Oates RK. Child homicide - the extreme of child abuse. Med J Aust. 1993 Mar 1;158(5):300-1. Abstract

115. Ghahreman A, Bhasin V, Chaseling R, et al. Nonaccidental head injuries in children: a Sydney experience. J Neurosurg. 2005 Sep;103(3 Suppl):213-8. Abstract

116. Nayak K, Spencer N, Shenoy M, et al. How useful is the presence of petechiae in distinguishing non-accidental from accidental injury? Child Abuse Negl. 2006 May;30(5):549-55. Abstract

117. Maguire S, Mann M. Systematic reviews of bruising in relation to child abuse-what have we learnt: an overview of review updates. Evid Based Child Health. 2013 Mar 7;8(2):255-63. Abstract

118. Smith SM, Hanson R. 134 battered children: a medical and psychological study. Br Med J. 1974 Sep 14;3(5932):666-70.Full text  Abstract

119. Peters ML, Starling SP, Barnes-Eley ML, et al. The presence of bruising associated with fractures. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008 Sep;162(9):877-81.Full text  Abstract

120. Baker MD, Moore SE. Human bites in children. A six-year experience. Am J Dis Child. 1987 Dec;141(12):1285-90. Abstract

121. Freeman AJ, Senn DR, Arendt DM. Seven hundred seventy eight bite marks: analysis by anatomic location, victim and biter demographics, type of crime, and legal disposition. J Forens Sci. 2005 Nov;50(6):1436-43. Abstract

122. American Board of Forensic Odontology. ID & bitemark guidelines: body identification information & guidelines. Feb 2017 [internet publication].Full text

123. Levine LJ. Bite marks in child abuse. In: Sanger RG, Bross DC, eds. Clinical management of child abuse and neglect. Chicago, IL: Quintessence; 1984:53-9.

124. Whittaker DK, MacDonald DG. Bitemarks in flesh. In: A colour atlas of forensic dentistry. London, UK: Wolfe Medical Publications; 1989:108.

125. Yin S. Malicious use of pharmaceuticals in children. J Pediatr. 2010 Nov;157(5):832-6.e1 Abstract

126. Dressler DP, Hozid JL. Thermal injury and child abuse: the medical evidence dilemma. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2001 Mar-Apr;22(2):180-5. Abstract

127. Feldman KW. Help needed on hot water burns. Pediatrics. 1983 Jan;71(1):145-6. Abstract

128. Hobbs CJ. When are burns not accidental? Arch Dis Child. 1986 Apr;61(4):357-61.Full text  Abstract

129. Yeoh C, Nixon JW, Dickson W, et al. Patterns of scald injuries. Arch Dis Child. 1994 Aug;71(2):156-8.Full text  Abstract

130. Daria S, Sugar NF, Feldman KW, et al. Into hot water head first: distribution of intentional and unintentional immersion burns. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2004 May;20(5):302-10. Abstract

131. Allasio D, Fischer H. Immersion scald burns and the ability of young children to climb into a bathtub. Pediatrics. 1990 Mar;6(1):58-61. Abstract

132. Johnson CF, Ericson AK, Caniano D. Walker-related burns in infants and toddlers. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1990 Mar;6(1):58-61. Abstract

133. Sheridan RL. Recognition and management of hot liquid aspiration in children. Ann Emerg Med. 1996 Jan;27(1):89-91. Abstract

134. Titus MO, Baxter AL, Starling SP. Accidental scald burns in sinks. Pediatrics. 2003 Feb;111(2):E191-4. Abstract

135. Zaloga WF, Collins KA. Pediatric homicides related to burn injury: a retrospective review at the Medical University of South Carolina. J Forensic Sci. 2006 Mar;51(2):396-9. Abstract

136. Hicks RA, Stolfi A. Skeletal surveys in children with burns caused by child abuse. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2007 May;23(5):308-13. Abstract

137. Maguire S, Moynihan S, Mann M, et al. A systematic review of the features that indicate intentional scalds in children. Burns. 2008 Dec;34(8):1072-81. Abstract

138. Purdue GF, Hunt JL, Prescott PR. Child abuse by burning - an index of suspicion. J Trauma. 1988 Feb;28(2):221-4. Abstract

139. Stratman E, Melski J. Scald abuse. Arch Dermatol. 2002 Mar;138(3):318-20. Abstract

140. Darok M, Reischle S. Burn injuries caused by a hair-dryer: an unusual case of child abuse. Forensic Sci Int. 2001 Jan 1;115(1-2):143-6. Abstract

141. Grellner W, Metzner G. Child abuse caused by thermal violence - determination and reconstruction. Arch Kriminol. 1995 Jan-Feb;195(1-2):38-46. Abstract

142. Johnson CF. Symbolic scarring and tattooing: unusual manifestations of child abuse. Clin Pediatr. 1994 Jan;33(1):46-9. Abstract

143. Kini N, Lazoritz S, Ott C, et al. Caustic instillation into the ear as a form of child abuse. Am J Emerg Med. 1997 Jul;15(4):442-3. Abstract

144. Telmon N, Allery JP, Dorandeu A, et al. Concentrated bleach burns in a child. J Forensic Sci. 2002 Sep;47(5):1060-1. Abstract

145. Zurbuchen P, LeCoultre C, Calza AM, et al. Cutaneous necrosis after contact with calcium chloride: a mistaken diagnosis of child abuse. Pediatrics. 1996 Feb;97(2):257-8. Abstract

146. Winek CL, Wahba WW, Huston RM. Chemical burn from alkaline batteries - a case report. Forensic Sci Int. 1999 Mar 15;100(1-2):101-4. Abstract

147. The Royal College of Radiologists, The Society and College of Radiographers. The radiological investigation of suspected physical abuse in children. Dec 2018 [internet publication].Full text

148. American College of Radiology. ACR-SPR practice parameter for the performance and interpretation of skeletal surveys in children. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

149. Kemp AM, Butler A, Morris S, et al. Which radiological investigations should be performed to identify fractures in suspected child abuse? Clin Radiol. 2006 Sep;61(9):723-36. Abstract

150. Anderst J, Carpenter SL, Abshire TC, et al. Evaluation for bleeding disorders in suspected child abuse. Pediatrics. 2022 Oct 1;150(4):e2022059276.Full text  Abstract

151. Fortin K, Wood JN. Utility of screening urinalysis to detect abdominal injuries in suspected victims of child physical abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 2020 Nov;109:104714. Abstract

152. Lane WG, Dubowitz H, Langenberg P. Screening for occult abdominal trauma in children with suspected physical abuse. Pediatrics. 2009 Dec;124(6):1595-602. Abstract

153. Bevan CA, Palmer CS, Sutcliffe JR, et al. Blunt abdominal trauma in children: how predictive is ALT for liver injury? Emerg Med J. 2009 Apr;26(4):283-8. Abstract

154. Servaes S, Brown SD, Choudhary AK, et al. The etiology and significance of fractures in infants and young children: a critical multidisciplinary review. Pediatr Radiol. 2016 May;46(5):591-600. Abstract

155. Kemp AM, Rajaram S, Mann M, et al; Welsh Child Protection Systematic Review Group. What neuroimaging should be performed in children in whom inflicted brain injury (iBI) is suspected? A systematic review. Clin Radiol. 2009 May;64(5):473-83. Abstract

156. Rubin DM, Christian CW, Bilaniuk LT, et al. Occult head injury in high-risk abused children. Pediatrics. 2003 Jun;111(6 Pt 1):1382-6. Abstract

157. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: head trauma - child. 2014 [internet publication].Full text

158. Kemp AM, Jaspan T, Griffiths J, et al. Neuroimaging: what neuroradiological features distinguish abusive from non-abusive head trauma? A systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2011 Dec;96(12):1103-12. Abstract

159. Paddock M, Choudhary AK, Jeanes A, et al. Controversial aspects of imaging in child abuse: a second roundtable discussion from the ESPR child abuse taskforce. Pediatr Radiol. 2023 Apr;53(4):739-51.Full text  Abstract

160. Fischman SL. Bite marks. Alpha Omegan. 2002 Dec;95(4):42-6. Abstract

161. Expert Panel on Pediatric Imaging: Wootton-Gorges SL, Soares BP, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria(®) Suspected physical abuse-child. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017 May;14(5S):S338-49. Abstract

162. Baxter AL, Lindberg DM, Burke BL, et al. Hepatic enzyme decline after pediatric blunt trauma: a tool for timing child abuse? Child Abuse Negl. 2008 Sep;32(9):838-45. Abstract

163. Romanelli LH, Landsverk J, Levitt JM, et al; Child Welfare-Mental Health Best Practices Group. Best practices for mental health in child welfare: screening, assessment, and treatment guidelines. Child Welfare. 2009;88(1):163-88. Abstract

164. Keenan HT, Runyan DK, Marshall SW, et al. A population-based comparison of clinical and outcome characteristics of young children with serious inflicted and noninflicted traumatic brain injury. Pediatrics. 2004 Sep;114(3):633-9. Abstract

165. Lane WG, Lotwin I, Dubowitz H, et al. Outcomes for children hospitalized with abusive versus noninflicted abdominal trauma. Pediatrics. 2011 Jun;127(6):e1400-5.Full text  Abstract

166. Nakarmi KK, Pathak BD, Shrestha D, et al. Comparison of accidental pediatric scald burns in a tertiary care center: hot cauldron burns versus accidental spill burns. F1000Res. 2021;10:1086.Full text  Abstract

167. Danese A, Moffitt TE, Harrington H, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009 Dec;163(12):1135-43.Full text  Abstract

168. Wegman HL, Stetler C. A meta-analytic review of the effects of childhood abuse on medical outcomes in adulthood. Psychosom Med. 2009 Oct;71(8):805-12. Abstract

169. Rivera B, Widom CS. Childhood victimization and violent offending. Violence Vict. 1990 Spring;5(1):19-35. Abstract

170. Luntz BK, Widom CS. Antisocial personality disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. Am J Psychiatry. 1994 May;151(5):670-4. Abstract

171. Afifi TO, Fortier J, Sareen J, et al. Associations of harsh physical punishment and child maltreatment in childhood with antisocial behaviors in adulthood. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Jan 4;2(1):e187374.Full text  Abstract

172. Yang BZ, Zhang H, Ge W, et al. Child abuse and epigenetic mechanisms of disease risk. Am J Prev Med. 2013 Feb;44(2):101-7.Full text  Abstract

173. Leeb RT, Lewis T, Zolotor AJ. A review of physical and mental health consequences of child abuse and neglect and implications for practice. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2011 Jun 3;5(5):454-8.

174. Perez CM, Widom CS. Childhood victimization and long-term intellectual and academic outcomes. Child Abuse Negl. 1994 Aug;18(8):617-33. Abstract

175. Anderson V, Catroppa C, Morse S, et al. Intellectual outcome from preschool traumatic brain injury: a 5-year prospective, longitudinal study. Pediatrics. 2009 Dec;124(6):e1064-71. Abstract

176. Block RW. Follow-up skeletal surveys prove to be valuable in evaluation of child physical abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 2005 Oct;29(10):1073-4. Abstract

177. Harlan SR, Nixon GW, Campbell KA, et al. Follow-up skeletal surveys for nonaccidental trauma: can a more limited survey be performed? Pediatr Radiol. 2009 Sep;39(9):962-8. Abstract

178. MacMillan HL, Wathen CN, Barlow J, et al. Interventions to prevent child maltreatment and associated impairment. Lancet. 2009 Jan 17;373(9659):250-66. Abstract