This is a common condition that is often unrecognized until the most advanced stages. It is estimated that 9% to 13% of the adult population worldwide has CKD.[3]Webster AC, Nagler EV, Morton RL, et al. Chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 2017 Mar 25;389(10075):1238-52.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27887750?tool=bestpractice.com
[4]Hill NR, Fatoba ST, Oke JL, et al. Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease - a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016 Jul 6;11(7):e0158765.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0158765
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27383068?tool=bestpractice.com
[5]GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2020 Feb 29;395(10225):709-33.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049905/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32061315?tool=bestpractice.com
In 2017, the estimated worldwide prevalence of CKD stages 1 to 2 accounted for 5%, stage 3 for 3.9%, stage 4 for 0.16%, stage 5 for 0.07%, dialysis for 0.041%, and kidney transplantation for 0.011%.[5]GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2020 Feb 29;395(10225):709-33.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049905/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32061315?tool=bestpractice.com
Prevalence in the US adult population is 13%.[6]Myers OB, Pankratz VS, Norris KC, et al. Surveillance of CKD epidemiology in the US - a joint analysis of NHANES and KEEP. Sci Rep. 2018 Oct 26;8(1):15900.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-34233-w
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30367154?tool=bestpractice.com
The incidence is rising and is thought to be due to an aging population; a higher incidence of diseases such as diabetes and hypertension, which are the most common causes in the adult population; and an increased incidence of glomerular disorders such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.[4]Hill NR, Fatoba ST, Oke JL, et al. Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease - a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016 Jul 6;11(7):e0158765.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0158765
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27383068?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018 Nov 10;392(10159):1789-1858.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6227754/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30496104?tool=bestpractice.com
[8]Rosenberg AZ, Kopp JB. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Mar 7;12(3):502-17.
http://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/12/3/502.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28242845?tool=bestpractice.com
Black people, Hispanic people, and those with a family member who has a diagnosis of kidney disease have a higher prevalence than the general population.[6]Myers OB, Pankratz VS, Norris KC, et al. Surveillance of CKD epidemiology in the US - a joint analysis of NHANES and KEEP. Sci Rep. 2018 Oct 26;8(1):15900.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-34233-w
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30367154?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]McClellan WM, Satko SG, Gladstone E, et al. Individuals with a family history of ESRD are a high-risk population for CKD: implications for targeted surveillance and intervention activities. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009 Mar;53(3 suppl 3):S100-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19231753?tool=bestpractice.com
Additionally, individuals with an episode of acute kidney injury are most likely to be at risk for chronic kidney injury and end-stage kidney disease in the future.[10]Coca SG, Singanamala S, Parikh CR. Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int. 2012 Mar;81(5):442-8.
https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(15)55323-4/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22113526?tool=bestpractice.com