Long QT syndrome

References

Key articles

Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, et al. 2022 ESC guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J. 2022 Oct 21;43(40):3997-4126.Full text  Abstract

Priori SG, Wilde AA, Horie M, et al. HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes. Heart Rhythm. 2013 Dec;10(12):1932-63.Full text  Abstract

Wilde AAM, Semsarian C, Márquez MF, et al. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)/Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS)/Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS) expert consensus statement on the state of genetic testing for cardiac diseases. Europace. 2022 Sep 1;24(8):1307-67.Full text  Abstract

Roden DM. Clinical practice. Long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jan 10;358(2):169-76. Abstract

Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2018 Sep 25;138(13):e272-391.Full text  Abstract

Sauer AJ, Moss AJ, McNitt S, et al. Long QT syndrome in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Jan 23;49(3):329-37. Abstract

Schwartz PJ, Moss AJ, Vincent GM, et al. Diagnostic criteria for the long QT syndrome. An update. Circulation. 1993 Aug;88(2):782-4. Abstract

Schwartz PJ, Crotti L. QTc behavior during exercise and genetic testing for the long-QT syndrome. Circulation. 2011 Nov 15;124(20):2181-4.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. Rautaharju PM, Surawicz B, Gettes LS, et al. AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part IV: the ST segment, T and U waves, and the QT interval: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. Circulation. 2009 Mar 17;119(10):e241-50.Full text  Abstract

2. Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, et al. 2022 ESC guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J. 2022 Oct 21;43(40):3997-4126.Full text  Abstract

3. Priori SG, Wilde AA, Horie M, et al. HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes. Heart Rhythm. 2013 Dec;10(12):1932-63.Full text  Abstract

4. Wallace E, Howard L, Liu M, et al. Long QT syndrome: genetics and future perspective. Pediatr Cardiol. 2019 Oct;40(7):1419-30.Full text  Abstract

5. Wilde AAM, Semsarian C, Márquez MF, et al. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)/Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS)/Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS) expert consensus statement on the state of genetic testing for cardiac diseases. Europace. 2022 Sep 1;24(8):1307-67.Full text  Abstract

6. Beckmann BM, Scheiper-Welling S, Wilde AAM, et al. Clinical utility gene card for: long-QT syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet. 2021 Dec;29(12):1825-32.Full text  Abstract

7. Adler A, Novelli V, Amin AS, et al. An international, multicentered, evidence-based reappraisal of genes reported to cause congenital long QT syndrome. Circulation. 2020 Feb 11;141(6):418-28.Full text  Abstract

8. Roden DM. Clinical practice. Long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jan 10;358(2):169-76. Abstract

9. Jervell A, Lange-Nielsen F. Congenital deaf-mutism, functional heart disease with prolongation of the Q-T interval and sudden death. Am Heart J. 1957 Jul;54(1):59-68. Abstract

10. Plaster NM, Tawil R, Tristani-Firouzi M, et al. Mutations in Kir2.1 cause the developmental and episodic electrical phenotypes of Andersen's syndrome. Cell. 2001 May 18;105(4):511-9. Abstract

11. Schwartz PJ, Stramba-Badiale M, Crotti L, et al. Prevalence of the congenital long-QT syndrome. Circulation. 2009 Nov 3;120(18):1761-7.Full text  Abstract

12. Schwartz PJ, Priori SG, Napolitano C. How really rare are rare diseases?: The intriguing case of independent compound mutations in the long QT syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003 Oct;14(10):1120-21. Abstract

13. Modell SM, Lehmann MH. The long QT syndrome family of cardiac ion channelopathies: a HuGE review. Genet Med. 2006 Mar;8(3):143-55. Abstract

14. Vincent GM. The long-QT syndrome - bedside to bench to bedside. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 8;348(19):1837-8. Abstract

15. Imboden M, Swan H, Denjoy I, et al. Female predominance and transmission distortion in the long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 28;355(26):2744-51.Full text  Abstract

16. Moss AJ. Long QT syndrome. JAMA. 2003 Apr 23-30;289(16):2041-4. Abstract

17. Yu H, Zhang L, Liu J, et al. Acquired long QT syndrome in hospitalized patients. Heart Rhythm. 2017 Jul;14(7):974-8. Abstract

18. Lin Y, Yu H, Liu F, et al. Hospitalized cancer patients with acquired long QT syndrome-a matched case-control study. Cardiooncology. 2020;6:3.Full text  Abstract

19. Napolitano C, Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, et al. Genetic testing in the long QT syndrome: development and validation of an efficient approach to genotyping in clinical practice. JAMA. 2005 Dec 21;294(23):2975-80.Full text  Abstract

20. Vincent GM. Long QT syndrome. Cardiol Clin. 2000 May;18(2):309-25. Abstract

21. Krantz MJ, Martin J, Stimmel B, et al. QTc interval screening in methadone treatment. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Mar 17;150(6):387-95.Full text  Abstract

22. Tisdale JE, Chung MK, Campbell KB, et al. Drug-induced arrhythmias: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020 Oct 13;142(15):e214-33.Full text  Abstract

23. Lyon AR, López-Fernández T, Couch LS, et al. 2022 ESC guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS). Eur Heart J. 2022 Nov 1;43(41):4229-361.Full text  Abstract

24. Giraud EL, Ferrier KRM, Lankheet NAG, et al. The QT interval prolongation potential of anticancer and supportive drugs: a comprehensive overview. Lancet Oncol. 2022 Sep;23(9):e406-15. Abstract

25. Dagradi F, Spazzolini C, Castelletti S, et al. Exercise training-induced repolarization abnormalities masquerading as congenital long QT syndrome. Circulation. 2020 Dec 22;142(25):2405-15.Full text  Abstract

26. El-Sherif N, Turitto G. Electrolyte disorders and arrhythmogenesis. Cardiol J. 2011;18(3):233-45. Abstract

27. Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2018 Sep 25;138(13):e272-391.Full text  Abstract

28. Sauer AJ, Moss AJ, McNitt S, et al. Long QT syndrome in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Jan 23;49(3):329-37. Abstract

29. Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, Napolitano C, et al. Risk stratification in the long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 8;348(19):1866-74.Full text  Abstract

30. Migdalovich D, Moss AJ, Lopes CM, et al. Mutation and gender-specific risk in type 2 long QT syndrome: implications for risk stratification for life-threatening cardiac events in patients with long QT syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2011 Oct;8(10):1537-43. Abstract

31. Goldenberg I, Horr S, Moss AJ, et al. Risk for life-threatening cardiac events in patients with genotype-confirmed long-QT syndrome and normal-range corrected QT intervals. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Jan 4;57(1):51-9. Abstract

32. Schwartz PJ, Moss AJ, Vincent GM, et al. Diagnostic criteria for the long QT syndrome. An update. Circulation. 1993 Aug;88(2):782-4. Abstract

33. Schwartz PJ, Crotti L. QTc behavior during exercise and genetic testing for the long-QT syndrome. Circulation. 2011 Nov 15;124(20):2181-4.Full text  Abstract

34. Schwartz PJ, Priori SG, Spazzolini C, et al. Genotype-phenotype correlation in the long-QT syndrome: gene-specific triggers for life-threatening arrhythmias. Circulation. 2001 Jan 2;103(1):89-95. Abstract

35. Seth R, Moss AJ, McNitt S, et al. Long QT syndrome and pregnancy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Mar 13;49(10):1092-8. Abstract

36. Landstrom AP, Chahal AA, Ackerman MJ, et al. Interpreting incidentally identified variants in genes associated with heritable cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2023 Apr;16(2):e000092.Full text  Abstract

37. Goldenberg I, Moss AJ, Zareba W. QT interval: how to measure it and what is "normal". J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006 Mar;17(3):333-6. Abstract

38. Vink AS, Neumann B, Lieve KVV, et al. Determination and interpretation of the QT interval. Circulation. 2018 Nov 20;138(21):2345-58.Full text  Abstract

39. Page A, Aktas MK, Soyata T, et al. "QT clock" to improve detection of QT prolongation in long QT syndrome patients. Heart Rhythm. 2016 Jan;13(1):190-98.Full text  Abstract

40. Wilde AAM, Amin AS. Clinical spectrum of SCN5A mutations: long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, and cardiomyopathy. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018 May;4(5):569-79.Full text  Abstract

41. Musunuru K, Hershberger RE, Day SM, et al. Genetic testing for inherited cardiovascular diseases: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2020 Aug;13(4):e000067.Full text  Abstract

42. Ackerman MJ, Priori SG, Willems S, et al. HRS/EHRA expert consensus statement on the state of genetic testing for the channelopathies and cardiomyopathies. Heart Rhythm. 2011 Aug;8(8):1308-39. Abstract

43. Rohatgi RK, Sugrue A, Bos JM, et al. Contemporary outcomes in patients with long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Jul 25;70(4):453-62. Abstract

44. Vyas H, Hejlik J, Ackerman MJ. Epinephrine QT stress testing in the evaluation of congenital long-QT syndrome: diagnostic accuracy of the paradoxical QT response. Circulation. 2006 Mar 21;113(11):1385-92.Full text  Abstract

45. Schwartz PJ. Pro: newborn ECG screening to prevent sudden cardiac death. Heart Rhythm. 2006 Nov;3(11):1353-5. Abstract

46. Schwartz PJ, Stramba-Badiale M, Segantini A, et al. Prolongation of the QT interval and the sudden infant death syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jun 11;338(24):1709-14.Full text  Abstract

47. Quaglini S, Rognoni C, Spazzolini C, et al. Cost-effectiveness of neonatal ECG screening for the long QT syndrome. Eur Heart J. 2006 Aug;27(15):1824-32.Full text  Abstract

48. Mazzanti A, Trancuccio A, Kukavica D, et al. Independent validation and clinical implications of the risk prediction model for long QT syndrome (1-2-3-LQTS-Risk). Europace. 2022 Apr 5;24(4):614-9.Full text  Abstract

49. Aziz PF, Sweeten T, Vogel RL, et al. Sports participation in genotype positive children with long QT syndrome. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2015 Mar-Apr;1(1-2):62-70.Full text  Abstract

50. Maron BJ, Chaitman BR, Ackerman MJ, et al. Recommendations for physical activity and recreational sports participation for young patients with genetic cardiovascular diseases. Circulation. 2004 Jun 8;109(22):2807-16.Full text  Abstract

51. Johnson JN, Ackerman MJ. Competitive sports participation in athletes with congenital long QT syndrome. JAMA. 2012 Aug 22;308(8):764-5. Abstract

52. Wilde AA, Moss AJ, Kaufman ES, et al. Clinical aspects of type 3 long-QT syndrome: an international multicenter study. Circulation. 2016 Sep 20;134(12):872-82.Full text  Abstract

53. Hobbs JB, Peterson DR, Moss AJ, et al. Risk of aborted cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death during adolescence in the long-QT syndrome. JAMA. 2006 Sep 13;296(10):1249-54.Full text  Abstract

54. Mazzanti A, Maragna R, Faragli A, et al. Gene-specific therapy with mexiletine reduces arrhythmic events in patients with long QT syndrome type 3. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Mar 8;67(9):1053-8.Full text  Abstract

55. Bos JM, Crotti L, Rohatgi RK, et al. Mexiletine shortens the QT interval in patients with potassium channel-mediated type 2 long QT syndrome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2019 May;12(5):e007280.Full text  Abstract

56. Zareba W, Moss AJ, Daubert JP, et al. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator in high-risk long QT syndrome patients. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003 Apr;14(4):337-41. Abstract

57. Garratt CJ, Elliott P, Behr E, et al. Heart Rhythm UK position statement on clinical indications for implantable cardioverter defibrillators in adult patients with familial sudden cardiac death syndromes. Europace. 2010 Aug;12(8):1156-75.Full text  Abstract

58. Biton Y, Rosero S, Moss AJ, et al. Primary prevention with the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in high-risk long-QT syndrome patients. Europace. 2019 Feb 1;21(2):339-46.Full text  Abstract

59. Schwartz PJ, Priori SG, Cerrone M, et al. Left cardiac sympathetic denervation in the management of high-risk patients affected by the long-QT syndrome. Circulation. 2004 Apr 20;109(15):1826-33.Full text  Abstract

60. Waddell-Smith KE, Ertresvaag KN, Li J, et al. Physical and psychological consequences of left cardiac sympathetic denervation in long-QT syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2015 Oct;8(5):1151-8.Full text  Abstract

61. Viskin S. Cardiac pacing in the long QT syndrome: review of available data and practical recommendations. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2000 May;11(5):593-600. Abstract

62. Drake E, Preston R, Douglas J. Brief review: anesthetic implications of long QT syndrome in pregnancy.Can J Anaesth. 2007 Jul;54(7):561-72. Abstract

63. Shah SA, Szeto AH, Farewell R, et al. Impact of high volume energy drink consumption on electrocardiographic and blood pressure parameters: a randomized trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019 Jun 4;8(11):e01131Full text  Abstract

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