Patellofemoral pain syndrome

Fredericson M, Powers CM. Practical management of patellofemoral pain. Clin J Sport Med. 2002;12:36-38. Abstract

Earl JE, Vetter CS. Patellofemoral pain. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2007;18:439-458,viii. Abstract

Fredericson M, Yoon K. Physical examination and patellofemoral pain syndrome: a review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;85:234-243. Abstract

American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Chronic knee pain. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

Collins NJ, Bisset LM, Crossley KM, et al. Efficacy of nonsurgical interventions for anterior knee pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Sports Med. 2012;42:31-49. Abstract

1. Devereaux MD, Lachmann SM. Patello-femoral arthralgia in athletes attending a sports injury clinic. Br J Sports Med. 1984;18:18-21.Full text  Abstract

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4. Juhn MS. Patellofemoral pain syndrome: a review and guidelines for treatment. Am Fam Physician. 1999;60:2012-2018.Full text  Abstract

5. Fredericson M, Powers CM. Practical management of patellofemoral pain. Clin J Sport Med. 2002;12:36-38. Abstract

6. Davis IS, Powers CM. Patellofemoral pain syndrome: proximal, distal, and local factors, an international retreat, April 30-May 2, 2009, Fells Point, Baltimore, MD. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010;40:A1-A16. Abstract

7. Earl JE, Vetter CS. Patellofemoral pain. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2007;18:439-458,viii. Abstract

8. Pal S, Draper CE, Fredericson M, et al. Patellar maltracking correlates with vastus medialis activation delay in patellofemoral pain patients. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:590-598. Abstract

9. Draper CE, Fredericson M, Gold GE, et al. Patients with patellofemoral pain exhibit elevated bone metabolic activity at the patellofemoral joint. J Orthop Res. 2012;30:209-213.Full text  Abstract

10. Fredericson M. Patellofemoral pain syndrome. In: O'Connor FG, Wilder RP, Nirschl R, eds. Textbook of running medicine. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2001:169-180.

11. Sanchis-Alfonso V, Rosello-Sastre E, Martinez-Sanjuan V. Pathogenesis of anterior knee pain syndrome and functional patellofemoral instability in the active young. Am J Knee Surg. 1999;12:29-40. Abstract

12. Pal S, Besier TF, Beaupre GS, et al. Patellar maltracking is prevalent among patellofemoral pain subjects with patella alta: an upright, weightbearing MRI study. J Orthop Res. 2013;31:448-457. Abstract

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15. Puniello MS. Iliotibial band tightness and medial patellar glide in patients with patellofemoral dysfunction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1993;17:144-148. Abstract

16. Thomee R, Renstrom P, Karlsson J, et al. Patellofemoral pain syndrome in young women. II. Muscle function in patients and healthy controls. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1995;5:245-251. Abstract

17. Callaghan MJ, Oldham JA. Quadriceps atrophy: to what extent does it exist in patellofemoral pain syndrome? Br J Sports Med. 2004;38:295-299.Full text  Abstract

18. Van Tiggelen D, Cowan S, Coorevits P, et al. Delayed vastus medialis obliquus to vastus lateralis onset timing contributes to the development of patellofemoral pain in previously healthy men: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37:1099-1105. Abstract

19. Powers CM, Maffucci R, Hampton S. Rearfoot posture in subjects with patellofemoral pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1995;22:155-160. Abstract

20. Lee TQ, Anzel SH, Bennett KA, et al. The influence of fixed rotational deformities of the femur on the patellofemoral contact pressures in human cadaver knees. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;302:69-74. Abstract

21. Souza RB, Powers CM. Predictors of hip internal rotation during running: an evaluation of hip strength and femoral structure in women with and without patellofemoral pain. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37:579-587. Abstract

22. Herman K, Barton C, Malliaras P, et al. The effectiveness of neuromuscular warm-up strategies, that require no additional equipment, for preventing lower limb injuries during sports participation: a systematic review. BMC Med. 2012;10:75.Full text  Abstract

23. Dixit S, DiFiori JP, Burton M, et al. Management of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75:194-202.Full text  Abstract

24. Fredericson M, Yoon K. Physical examination and patellofemoral pain syndrome: a review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;85:234-243. Abstract

25. Smith TO, Hunt NJ, Donell ST. The reliability and validity of the Q-angle: a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2008;16:1068-1079. Abstract

26. Aglietti P, Insall JN, Cerulli G. Patellar pain and incongruence. I: Measurements of incongruence. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983;176:217-224. Abstract

27. Fulkerson JP. Awareness of the retinaculum in evaluating patellofemoral pain. Am J Sports Med. 1982;10:147-149. Abstract

28. Fulkerson JP. Evaluation of the peripatellar soft tissues and retinaculum in patients with patellofemoral pain. Clin Sports Med. 1989;8:197-202. Abstract

29. Fulkerson JP, Tennant R, Jaivin JS, et al. Histologic evidence of retinacular nerve injury associated with patellofemoral malalignment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985;197:196-205. Abstract

30. Mori Y, Fujimoto A, Okumo H, et al. Lateral retinaculum release in adolescent patellofemoral disorders: its relationship to peripheral nerve injury in the lateral retinaculum. Bull Hosp Jt Dis Orthop Inst. 1991;51:218-229. Abstract

31. Sanchis-Alfonso V, Rosello-Sastre E. Immunohistochemical analysis for neural markers of the lateral retinaculum in patients with isolated symptomatic patellofemoral malalignment. A neuroanatomic basis for anterior knee pain in the active young patient. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28:725-731. Abstract

32. Sanchis-Alfonso V, Rosello-Sastre E, Revert F. Neural growth factor expression in the lateral retinaculum in painful patellofemoral malalignment. Acta Orthop Scand. 2001;72:146-149. Abstract

33. Grelsamer RP, McConnell J. The patella: a team approach. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers; 1998.

34. Walsh WM. Recurrent dislocation of the knee in the adult. In: DeLee JC, Drez D Jr, Miller MD, eds. DeLee & Drez's orthopaedic sports medicine: principles and practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2003:1718-1721.

35. Boden BP, Pearsall AW, Garrett WE Jr, et al. Patellofemoral instability: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1997;5:47-57. Abstract

36. Ahmed A, Shi S, Hyder A, et al. The effect of quadriceps tension characteristics on the patellar tracking pattern. Trans Annu Meet Orthop Res Soc. 1988;13:280.

37. Kolowich PA, Paulos LE, Rosenberg TD, et al. Lateral release of the patella: indications and contraindications. Am J Sports Med. 1990;18:359-365. Abstract

38. Hughston JC. Subluxation of the patella. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1968;50:1003-1026. Abstract

39. Nissen CW, Cullen MC, Hewett TE, et al. Physical and arthroscopic examination techniques of the patellofemoral joint. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998;28:277-285. Abstract

40. Post WR. Clinical evaluation of patients with patellofemoral disorders. Arthroscopy. 1999;15:841-851. Abstract

41. Dye SF. The pathophysiology of patellofemoral pain: a tissue homeostasis perspective. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;436:100-110. Abstract

42. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Chronic knee pain. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

43. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine. Ten things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely, an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

44. Elias DA, White LM. Imaging of patellofemoral disorders. Clin Radiol. 2004;59:543-57. Abstract

45. Hvid I, Andersen LI. The quadriceps angle and its relation to femoral torsion. Acta Orthop Scand. 1982;53:577-579. Abstract

46. Livingston LA. The quadriceps angle: a review of the literature. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998;28:105-109. Abstract

47. Grelsamer RP, Dubey A, Weinstein CH. Men and women have similar Q angles: a clinical and trigonometric evaluation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87:1498-1501. Abstract

48. Smith AD, Stroud L, McQueen C. Flexibility and anterior knee pain in adolescent elite figure skaters. J Pediatr Orthop. 1991;11:77-82. Abstract

49. Winslow J, Yoder E. Patellofemoral pain in female ballet dancers: correlation with iliotibial band tightness and tibial external rotation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1995;22:18-21. Abstract

50. Ireland ML, Willson JD, Ballantyne BT, et al. Hip strength in females with and without patellofemoral pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2003;33:671-676. Abstract

51. García-Valtuille R, Abascal F, Cerezal L, et al. Anatomy and MR imaging appearances of synovial plicae of the knee. Radiographics. 2002;22:775-784.Full text  Abstract

52. Suter E, Herzog W, De Souza K, et al. Inhibition of the quadriceps muscles in patients with anterior knee pain. J Appl Biomech. 1998;14:360-73.

53. Bentley G, Leslie IJ, Fischer D. Effect of aspirin treatment on chondromalacia patellae. Ann Rheum Dis. 1981 Feb;40(1):37-41.Full text  Abstract

54. Marchese A, Cherubini M, Forte R. Laser therapy versus pharmacological in anterior knee pain. La Riabilitazione. 1998;31:189-98.

55. Derasari A, Brindle TJ, Alter KE, Sheehan FT. McConnell taping shifts the patella inferiorly in patients with patellofemoral pain: a dynamic magnetic resonance imaging study. Phys Ther. 2010;90:411-419.Full text  Abstract

56. Callaghan MJ, Selfe J. Patellar taping for patellofemoral pain syndrome in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(4):CD006717.Full text  Abstract

57. Powers CM. Rehabilitation of patellofemoral joint disorders: a critical review. J Ortho Sports Phys Ther. 1998;28:345-354. Abstract

58. Aminaka N, Gribble PA. A systematic review of the effects of therapeutic taping on patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Athl Train. 2005;40:341-351.Full text  Abstract

59. Collins NJ, Bisset LM, Crossley KM, et al. Efficacy of nonsurgical interventions for anterior knee pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Sports Med. 2012;42:31-49. Abstract

60. Draper CE, Besier TF, Santos JM, et al. Using real-time MRI to quantify altered joint kinematics in subjects with patellofemoral pain and to evaluate the effects of a patellar brace or sleeve on joint motion. J Orthop Res. 2009;27:571-577.Full text  Abstract

61. Powers CM, Shellock FG, Beering TV, et al. Effect of bracing on patellar kinematics in patients with patellofemoral joint pain. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31:1714-1720. Abstract

62. Timm KE. Randomized controlled trial of Protonics on patellar pain, position, and function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30:665-70. Abstract

63. Miller MD, Hinkin DT, Wisnowski JW. The efficacy of orthotics for anterior knee pain in military trainees: a preliminary report. Am J Knee Surg. 1997;10:10-13. Abstract

64. Lun VM, Wiley JP, Meeuwisse WH, et al. Effectiveness of patellar bracing for treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Clin J Sport Med. 2005;15:235-40. Abstract

65. Swart NM, van Linschoten R, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, et al. The additional effect of orthotic devices on exercise therapy for patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46:570-577. Abstract

66. Irish SE, Millward AJ, Wride J, et al. The effect of closed-kinetic chain exercises and open-kinetic chain exercise on the muscle activity of vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24:1256-62. Abstract

67. Bennell K, Duncan M, Cowan S, et al. Effects of vastus medialis oblique retraining versus general quadriceps strengthening on vasti onset. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42:856-64. Abstract

68. Stiene HA, Brosky T, Reinking MF, et al. A comparison of closed kinetic chain and isokinetic joint isolation exercise in patients with patellofemoral dysfunction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1996;24:136-141. Abstract

69. Witvrouw E, Lysens R, Bellemans J, et al. Open versus closed kinetic chain exercises for patellofemoral pain: a prospective, randomized study. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28:687-694. Abstract

70. Wijnen LC, Lenssen AF, Kuys-Wouters YM, et al. McConnell therapy versus Coumans bandage for patellofemoral pain: a randomised pilot study. Ned Tijdschr Fysiother. 1996;(special issue):12-17.

71. Gaffney K, Fricker P, Dwyer T, et al. Patellofemoral joint pain: a comparison of two treatment programmes. Excel. 1992;8:179-189.

72. Smith TO, Bowyer D, Dixon J, et al. Can vastus medialis oblique be preferentially activated? A systematic review of electromyographic studies. Physiother Theory Pract. 2009;25:69-98. Abstract

73. Brantingham JW, Globe G, Pollard H, et al. Manipulative therapy for lower extremity conditions: expansion of literature review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009;32:53-71. Abstract

74. Johnston LB, Gross MT. Effects of foot orthoses on quality of life for individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34:440-448. Abstract

75. Eng JJ, Pierrynowski MR. Evaluation of soft foot orthotics in the treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Phys Ther. 1993;73:62-68. Abstract

76. Hossain M, Alexander P, Burls A,et al. Foot orthoses for patellofemoral pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(1):CD008402.Full text  Abstract

77. Barton CJ, Munteanu SE, Menz HB, et al. The efficacy of foot orthoses in the treatment of individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2010;40:377-395. Abstract

78. Mølgaard CM, Rathleff MS, Andreasen J, et al. Foot exercises and foot orthoses are more effective than knee focused exercises in individuals with patellofemoral pain. J Sci Med Sport. 2017 Jun 28;21(1):10-15.Full text  Abstract

79. Cichanowski HR, Schmitt JS, Johnson RJ, et al. Hip strength in collegiate female athletes with patellofemoral pain. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39:1227-1232. Abstract

80. Barton CJ, Levinger P, Menz HB, et al. Kinematic gait characteristics associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review. Gait Posture. 2009;30:405-416. Abstract

81. Collins NJ, Barton CJ, van Middelkoop M, et al. 2018 Consensus statement on exercise therapy and physical interventions (orthoses, taping and manual therapy) to treat patellofemoral pain: recommendations from the 5th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Gold Coast, Australia, 2017. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Jun 20;52(18):1170-1178.Full text  Abstract

82. Clark DI, Downing N, Mitchell J, et al. Physiotherapy for anterior knee pain: a randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000;59:700-704.Full text  Abstract

83. McMullen W, Roncarati A, Koval P. Static and isokinetic treatments of chondromalacia patella: a comparative investigation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1990;12:256-266.Full text  Abstract

84. Besier TF, Fredericson M, Gold GE, et al. Knee muscle forces during walking and running in patellofemoral pain patients and pain-free controls. J Biomech. 2009;42:898-905.Full text  Abstract

85. Østerås B, Østerås H, Torstensen TA, et al. Dose-response effects of medical exercise therapy in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Physiotherapy. 2013;99:126-131. Abstract

86. Østerås B, Østerås H, Torstensen TA. Long-term effects of medical exercise therapy in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: results from a single-blinded randomized controlled trial with 12 months follow-up. Physiotherapy. 2013;99:311-316. Abstract

87. Roach S, Sorenson E, Headley B, et al. Prevalence of myofascial trigger points in the hip in patellofemoral pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94:522-526.Full text  Abstract

88. Eng JJ, Pierrynowski MR. The effect of soft foot orthotics on three-dimensional lower-limb kinematics during walking and running. Phys Ther. 1994;74:836-844. Abstract

89. Watson CJ, Propps M, Galt W, et al. Reliability of McConnell's classification of patellar orientation in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1999;29:378-385. Abstract

90. Powers CM, Ward SR, Fredericson M, et al. Patellar kinematics during weight-bearing and non-weight bearing knee extension in persons with lateral subluxation of the patella: a preliminary study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2003;33:677-685. Abstract

91. Peters JS, Tyson NL. Proximal exercises are effective in treating patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2013;8:689-700.Full text  Abstract

92. Fukuda TY, Melo WP, Zaffalon BM, et al. Hip posterolateral musculature strengthening in sedentary women with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial with 1-year follow-up. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42:823-830.Full text  Abstract

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94. Blond L, Hansen L. Patellofemoral pain syndrome in athletes: a 5.7 year retrospective follow-up study of 250 athletes. Acta Orthop Belg. 1998;64:393-400. Abstract

95. Clijsen R, Fuchs J, Taeymans J. Effectiveness of exercise therapy in treatment of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther. 2014;94:1697-1708. Abstract

96. van der Heijden RA, Lankhorst NE, van Linschoten R, et al. Exercise for treating patellofemoral pain syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(1):CD010387.Full text  Abstract

97. Karlsson J, Thomee R, Sward L. Eleven year follow-up of patello-femoral pain syndrome. Clin J Sport Med. 1996;6:22-26. Abstract

98. Kannus P, Natri A, Paakkala T, et al. An outcome study of chronic patellofemoral pain syndrome: seven-year follow-up of patients in a randomized, controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81:355-363. Abstract