Necrotizing fasciitis

Sartelli M, Guirao X, Hardcastle TC, et al. 2018 WSES/SIS-E consensus conference: recommendations for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2018 Dec 14;13:58.Full text  Abstract

Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.Full text  Abstract

1. Pasternack MS, Swartz MN. Cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and subcutaneous tissue infections. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2015:1194-215.

2. Sartelli M, Guirao X, Hardcastle TC, et al. 2018 WSES/SIS-E consensus conference: recommendations for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2018 Dec 14;13:58.Full text  Abstract

3. Sartelli M, Coccolini F, Kluger Y, et al. WSES/GAIS/WSIS/SIS-E/AAST global clinical pathways for patients with skin and soft tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2022 Jan 15;17(1):3.Full text  Abstract

4. Diab J, Bannan A, Pollitt T. Necrotising fasciitis. BMJ. 2020 Apr 27;369:m1428.

5. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.Full text  Abstract

6. Cheng NC, Yu YC, Tai HC, et al. Recent trend of necrotizing fasciitis in Taiwan: focus on monomicrobial Klebsiella pneumoniae necrotizing fasciitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Oct;55(7):930-9.Full text  Abstract

7. Carter PS, Banwell PE. Necrotising fasciitis: a new management algorithm based on clinical classification. Int Wound J. 2004 Sep;1(3):189-98.Full text  Abstract

8. Stevens DL, Bryant AE. Necrotizing soft-tissue infections. N Engl J Med. 2017 Dec 7;377(23):2253-65.

9. Kuo YL, Shieh SJ, Chiu HY, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by Vibrio vulnificus: epidemiology, clinical findings, treatment and prevention. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007 Nov;26(11):785-92. Abstract

10. Markov G, Kirov G, Lyutskanov V, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis and myonecrosis due to Aeromonas hydrophila. Wounds. 2007 Aug;19(8):223-6. Abstract

11. Rahim GR, Gupta N, Maheshwari P, et al. Monomicrobial Klebsiella pneumoniae necrotizing fasciitis: an emerging life-threatening entity. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019 Mar;25(3):316-323.Full text  Abstract

12. Jain D, Kumar Y, Vasishta RK, et al. Zygomycotic necrotizing fasciitis in immunocompetent patients: a series of 18 cases. Mod Pathol. 2006 Sep;19(9):1221-6.Full text  Abstract

13. Neblett Fanfair R, Benedict K, Bos J, et al. Necrotizing cutaneous mucormycosis after a tornado in Joplin, Missouri, in 2011. N Engl J Med. 2012 Dec 6;367(23):2214-25.Full text  Abstract

14. Ribes JA, Vanover-Sams CL, Baker DJ. Zygomycetes in human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000 Apr;13(2):236-301.Full text  Abstract

15. Hua C, Urbina T, Bosc R, et al. Necrotising soft-tissue infections. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023 Mar;23(3):e81-94. Abstract

16. Hasham S, Matteucci P, Stanley PR, et al. Necrotising fasciitis. BMJ. 2005 Apr 9;330(7495):830-3. [Erratum in: BMJ. 2005 May 14;330(7500):1143]. Abstract

17. Pérez-Flecha González M, Muñoz Rodríguez JM, San Miguel Mendez C, et al. Meleney's synergic gangrene. J Gastrointest Surg. 2021 Mar;25(3):849-51.

18. Ord R, Coletti D. Cervico-facial necrotizing fasciitis. Oral Dis. 2009 Mar;15(2):133-41. Abstract

19. Cheung JP, Fung B, Tang WM, et al. A review of necrotising fasciitis in the extremities. Hong Kong Med J. 2009 Feb;15(1):44-52.Full text  Abstract

20. Angoules AG, Kontakis G, Drakoulakis E, et al. Necrotising fasciitis of upper and lower limb: a systematic review. Injury. 2007 Dec;38(suppl 5):S19-26. Abstract

21. Noor A, Krilov LR. Necrotizing fasciitis. Pediatr Rev. 2021 Oct;42(10):573-5.

22. Sarani B, Strong M, Pascual J, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: current concepts and review of the literature. J Am Coll Surg. 2009 Feb;208(2):279-88. Abstract

23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Active bacterial core surveillance (ABCs) report. Emerging infections program network: group A streptococcus, 2021. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text

24. Atallah NJ, Scherer AK, Alexander NJ, et al. Candida albicans necrotizing fasciitis following elective surgery. Med Mycol Case Rep. 2020 Jun;28:39-41.Full text  Abstract

25. Stevens DL, Aldape MJ, Bryant AE. Necrotizing fasciitis, gas gangrene, myositis and myonecrosis. In: Cohen J, Powderly WG, Opal SM, eds. Infectious diseases. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 2017:95-103.e1.

26. Hung TH, Tsai CC, Tsai CC, et al. Liver cirrhosis as a real risk factor for necrotising fasciitis: a three-year population-based follow-up study. Singapore Med J. 2014 Jul;55(7):378-82.Full text  Abstract

27. Brown EJ. The molecular basis of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2093-2094. Abstract

28. Llewelyn M, Cohen J. Superantigens: microbial agents that corrupt immunity. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2:156-162. Abstract

29. Daneman N, Green KA, Low DE, et al. Surveillance for hospital outbreaks of invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada, 1992 to 2000. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Aug 21;147(4):234-41. Abstract

30. Keung EZ, Liu X, Nuzhad A, et al. Immunocompromised status in patients with necrotizing soft-tissue infection. JAMA Surg. 2013 May;148(5):419-26.Full text  Abstract

31. Weng TC, Chen CC, Toh HS, et al. Ibuprofen worsens Streptococcus pyogenes soft tissue infections in mice. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2011 Dec;44(6):418-23.Full text  Abstract

32. Aronoff DM, Bloch KC. Assessing the relationship between the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and necrotizing fasciitis caused by group A streptococcus. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 Jul;82(4):225-35. Abstract

33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.​ Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases: chapter 17: varicella. May 2018 [internet publication].Full text

34. Bonne SL, Kadri SS. Evaluation and management of necrotizing soft tissue infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2017 Sep;31(3):497-511. Abstract

35. Endorf FW, Cancio LC, Klein MB. Necrotizing soft-tissue infections: clinical guidelines. J Burn Care Res. 2009 Sep-Oct;30(5):769-75. Abstract

36. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: suspected osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, or soft tissue infection (excluding spine and diabetic foot). 2022 [internet publication].Full text

37. Yen ZS, Wang HP, Ma HM, et al. Ultrasonographic screening of clinically-suspected necrotizing fasciitis. Acad Emerg Med. 2002 Dec;9(12):1448-51.Full text  Abstract

38. Gelbard RB, Ferrada P, Yeh DD, et al. Optimal timing of initial debridement for necrotizing soft tissue infection: a practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2018 Jul;85(1):208-14. Abstract

39. Fernando SM, Tran A, Cheng W, et al. Necrotizing soft tissue infection: diagnostic accuracy of physical examination, imaging, and LRINEC Score: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2019 Jan;269(1):58-65. Abstract

40. Wong CH, Khin LW, Heng KS, et al. The LRINEC (Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) score: a tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections. Crit Care Med. 2004 Jul;32(7):1535-41. Abstract

41. Hsiao CT, Chang CP, Huang TY, et al. Prospective validation of the Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis (LRINEC) Score for necrotizing fasciitis of the extremities. PLoS One. 2020;15(1):e0227748.Full text  Abstract

42. Hoesl V, Kempa S, Prantl L, et al. The LRINEC score-an indicator for the course and prognosis of necrotizing fasciitis? J Clin Med. 2022 Jun 22;11(13):3583.Full text  Abstract

43. Peetermans M, de Prost N, Eckmann C, et al. Necrotizing skin and soft-tissue infections in the intensive care unit. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020 Jan;26(1):8-17.Full text  Abstract

44. Murphy G, Markeson D, Choa R, et al. Raised serum lactate: a marker of necrotizing fasciitis? J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2013 Dec;66(12):1712-6. Abstract

45. Semeraro N, Ammollo CT, Semeraro F, et al. Sepsis-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation and thromboembolic disease. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2010 Aug 13;2(3):e2010024.Full text  Abstract

46. Konishi H, Foster RG, Follett BK. Evidence for a daily rhythmicity in the acute release of luteinizing hormone in response to electrical stimulation in the Japanese quail. J Comp Physiol A. 1987 Aug;161(2):315-9. Abstract

47. Kobayashi L, Konstantinidis A, Shackelford S, et al. Necrotizing soft tissue infections: delayed surgical treatment is associated with increased number of surgical debridements and morbidity. J Trauma. 2011 Nov;71(5):1400-5. Abstract

48. Carapetis JR, Jacoby P, Carville K, et al. Effectiveness of clindamycin and intravenous immunoglobulin, and risk of disease in contacts, in invasive group A streptococcal infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Aug 1;59(3):358-65. Abstract

49. Kaul R, McGeer A, Norrby-Teglund A, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome--a comparative observational study. The Canadian Streptococcal Study Group. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Apr;28(4):800-7. Abstract

50. Linnér A, Darenberg J, Sjölin J, et al. Clinical efficacy of polyspecific intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a comparative observational study. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Sep 15;59(6):851-7. Abstract

51. Darenberg J, Ihendyane N, Sjölin J, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a European randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Aug 1;37(3):333-40. Abstract

52. Kadri SS, Swihart BJ, Bonne SL, et al. Impact of intravenous immunoglobulin on survival in necrotizing fasciitis with vasopressor-dependent shock: a propensity score-matched analysis from 130 US hospitals. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Apr 1;64(7):877-85. Abstract

53. Hua C, Bosc R, Sbidian E, et al. Interventions for necrotizing soft tissue infections in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 31;(5):CD011680.Full text  Abstract

54. Terzian WTH, Nunn AM, Call EB, et al. Duration of antibiotic therapy in necrotizing soft tissue infections: shorter is safe. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2022 Jun;23(5):430-5.Full text  Abstract

55. Vilar DG, Fadrique GG, Martín IJ, et al. Hypebaric oxygen treatment in urology. Arch Esp Urol. 2011 Jul;64(6):507-16. Abstract

56. Menichetti F, Giuliano S, Fortunato S. Are there any reasons to change our behavior in necrotizing fasciitis with the advent of new antibiotics? Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2017 Apr;30(2):172-9. Abstract

57. Abrahamian FM, Sakoulas G, Tzanis E, et al. Omadacycline for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Aug 1;69(suppl 1):S23-32.Full text  Abstract

58. Lee YR, Burton CE, Bevel KR. Delafloxacin for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. J Pharm Technol. 2019 Jun;35(3):110-8. Abstract

59. Bulger EM, May AK, Robinson BRH, et al. A novel immune modulator for patients with necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTI): results of a multicenter, phase 3 randomized controlled trial of reltecimod (AB 103). Ann Surg. 2020 Sep 1;272(3):469-78. Abstract

60. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Group A streptococcal (GAS) disease: type II necrotizing fasciitis​. Jun 2022 [internet publication].Full text