Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed, text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.

Kooij JJS, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, et al. Updated European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD. Eur Psychiatry. 2019 Feb;56:14-34.Full text  Abstract

Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, et al. The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021 Sep;128:789-818.Full text  Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and management. Sep 2019 [internet publication].Full text

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed, text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.

2. Katzman MA, Bilkey TS, Chokka PR, et al. Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach. BMC Psychiatry. 2017 Aug 22;17(1):302.Full text  Abstract

3. Kooij JJS, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, et al. Updated European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD. Eur Psychiatry. 2019 Feb;56:14-34.Full text  Abstract

4. Kates N. Attention deficit disorder in adults. Management in primary care. Can Fam Physician. 2005 Jan;51(1):53-9.Full text  Abstract

5. Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R, et al. The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;163(4):716-23.Full text  Abstract

6. Rollini M, Baud P. Pharmacological treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults [in French]. Rev Med Suisse. 2008 Jul 16;4(165):1638-43. Abstract

7. Song P, Zha M, Yang Q, et al. The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health. 2021 Feb 11;11:04009.Full text  Abstract

8. Fayyad J, De Graaf R, Kessler R, et al. Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2007 May;190:402-9.Full text  Abstract

9. Chung W, Jiang SF, Paksarian D, et al. Trends in the prevalence and incidence of attention-deficit /hyperactivity disorder among adults and children of different racial and ethnic groups. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Nov 1;2(11): e1914344.Full text  Abstract

10. Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, et al. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;164(6):942-8.Full text  Abstract

11. Polanczyk GV, Willcutt EG, Salum GA, et al. ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2014 Apr;43(2):434-42.Full text  Abstract

12. Asherson P, Agnew-Blais J. Annual research review: does late-onset attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder exist? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2019 Apr;60(4):333-52.Full text  Abstract

13. Faraone SV, Biederman J. Can Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder onset occur in adulthood? JAMA Psychiatry. 2016 Jul 1;73(7):655-6. Abstract

14. Faraone SV, Biederman J. What is the prevalence of adult ADHD? Results of a population screen of 966 adults. J Atten Disord. 2005 Nov;9(2):384-91. Abstract

15. Simon V, Czobor P, Bálint S, et al. Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Mar;194(3):204-11.Full text  Abstract

16. Fayyad J, Sampson NA, Hwang I, et al. The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2017 Mar;9(1):47-65.Full text  Abstract

17. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E. The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med. 2006 Feb;36(2):159-65. Abstract

18. Sibley MH, Arnold LE, Swanson JM, et al. Variable patterns of remission from ADHD in the multimodal treatment study of ADHD. Am J Psychiatry. 2022 Feb;179(2):142-151.Full text  Abstract

19. Michielsen M, Semeijn E, Comijs HC, et al. Prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in older adults in The Netherlands. Br J Psychiatry. 2012 Oct;201(4):298-305.Full text  Abstract

20. Brugha T, Asherson P, Strydom A, et al. Adult psychiatric morbidity survey 2014, chapter 8: attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. 2014 [internet publication].Full text

21. Wingo AP, Ghaemi SN. A systematic review of rates and diagnostic validity of comorbid adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Nov;68(11):1776-84. Abstract

22. Ghirardi L, Brikell I, Kuja-Halkola R, et al. The familial co-aggregation of ASD and ADHD: a register-based cohort study. Mol Psychiatry. 2018 Feb;23(2):257-62.Full text  Abstract

23. de Graaf R, Kessler RC, Fayyad J, et al. The prevalence and effects of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on the performance of workers: results from the WHO World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Occup Environ Med. 2008 Dec;65(12):835-42.Full text  Abstract

24. Ramtekkar UP, Reiersen AM, Todorov AA, et al. Sex and age differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and diagnoses: implications for DSM-V and ICD-11. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 Mar;49(3):217-28.Full text  Abstract

25. Cortese S, Moreira-Maia CR, St Fleur D, et al. Association between ADHD and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2016 Jan;173(1):34-43.Full text  Abstract

26. Wilens TE, Faraone SV, Biederman J. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. JAMA. 2004 Aug 4;292(5):619-23. Abstract

27. Haberstick BC, Timberlake D, Hopfer CJ, et al. Genetic and environmental contributions to retrospectively reported DSM-IV childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Med. 2008 Jul;38(7):1057-66. Abstract

28. Schultz MR, Rabi K, Faraone SV, et al. Efficacy of retrospective recall of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: a twin study. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2006 Apr;9(2):220-32. Abstract

29. van den Berg SM, Willemsen G, de Geus EJ, et al. Genetic etiology of stability of attention problems in young adulthood. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2006 Jan 5;141B(1):55-60. Abstract

30. Faraone SV, Larsson H. Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2019 Apr;24(4):562-75.Full text  Abstract

31. Halperin JM, Trampush JW, Miller CJ, et al. Neuropsychological outcome in adolescents/young adults with childhood ADHD: profiles of persisters, remitters and controls. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008 Sep;49(9):958-66.Full text  Abstract

32. Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, et al. The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021 Sep;128:789-818.Full text  Abstract

33. Williams NM, Zaharieva I, Martin A, et al. Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet. 2010 Oct 23;376(9750):1401-8.Full text  Abstract

34. Demontis D, Walters RK, Martin J, et al. Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nat Genet. 2019 Jan;51(1):63-75.Full text  Abstract

35. Nigg J, Nikolas M, Burt SA. Measured gene-by-environment interaction in relation to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 Sep;49(9):863-73.Full text  Abstract

36. Walton E, Pingault JB, Cecil CA, et al. Epigenetic profiling of ADHD symptoms trajectories: a prospective, methylome-wide study. Mol Psychiatry. 2017 Feb;22(2):250-6.Full text  Abstract

37. Groen-Blokhuis MM, Middeldorp CM, van Beijsterveldt CE, et al. Evidence for a causal association of low birth weight and attention problems. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Dec;50(12):1247-54.e2. Abstract

38. Class QA, Rickert ME, Larsson H, et al. Fetal growth and psychiatric and socioeconomic problems: population-based sibling comparison. Br J Psychiatry. 2014 Nov;205(5):355-61.Full text  Abstract

39. Retz W, Rosler M, Kissling C, et al. Norepinephrine transporter and catecholamine-O-methyltransferase gene variants and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adults. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2008;115(2):323-9. Abstract

40. Stevens SE, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Kreppner JM, et al. Inattention/overactivity following early severe institutional deprivation: presentation and associations in early adolescence. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2008 Apr;36(3):385-98. Abstract

41. Kennedy M, Kreppner J, Knights N, et al. Early severe institutional deprivation is associated with a persistent variant of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: clinical presentation, developmental continuities and life circumstances in the English and Romanian Adoptees study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016 Oct;57(10):1113-25.Full text  Abstract

42. Buschgens CJ, van Aken MA, Swinkels SH, et al. Differential family and peer environmental factors are related to severity and comorbidity in children with ADHD. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2008;115(2):177-86. Abstract

43. Gustavson K, Ystrom E, Stoltenberg C, et al. Smoking in pregnancy and child ADHD. Pediatrics. 2017 Feb;139(2):e20162509.Full text  Abstract

44. Posner J, Polanczyk GV, Sonuga-Barke E. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet. 2020 Feb 8;395(10222):450-62.Full text  Abstract

45. Man KK, Chan EW, Ip P, et al. Prenatal antidepressant use and risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2017 May 31;357:j2350.Full text  Abstract

46. Suarez EA, Bateman BT, Hernández-Díaz S, et al. Association of antidepressant use during pregnancy with risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in children. JAMA Intern Med. 2022 Oct 3;182(11):1149-60. Abstract

47. Christensen J, Pedersen L, Sun Y, et al. Association of prenatal exposure to valproate and other antiepileptic drugs with risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Jan 4;2(1):e186606.Full text  Abstract

48. Castellanos FX, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Milham MP, et al. Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction. Trends Cogn Sci. 2006 Mar;10(3):117-23. Abstract

49. Strauß M, Ulke C, Paucke M, et al. Brain arousal regulation in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychiatry Res. 2018 Mar;261:102-8. Abstract

50. Metin B, Roeyers H, Wiersema JR, et al. A meta-analytic study of event rate effects on Go/No-Go performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Dec 15;72(12):990-6. Abstract

51. Kofler MJ, Raiker JS, Sarver DE, et al. Is hyperactivity ubiquitous in ADHD or dependent on environmental demands? Evidence from meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Jun;46:12-24.Full text  Abstract

52. Sonuga-Barke E, Bitsakou P, Thompson M. Beyond the dual pathway model: evidence for the dissociation of timing, inhibitory, and delay-related impairments in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 Apr;49(4):345-55. Abstract

53. Kinsbourne M. Minimal brain dysfunction as a neurodevelopmental lag. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1973 Feb 28;205:268-73. Abstract

54. Shaw P, Eckstrand K, Sharp W, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Dec 4;104(49):19649-54.Full text  Abstract

55. Fair DA, Posner J, Nagel BJ, et al. Atypical default network connectivity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Dec 15;68(12):1084-91.Full text  Abstract

56. Wilens TE. Mechanism of action of agents used in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(suppl 8):32-8.Full text  Abstract

57. Cortese S. The neurobiology and genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): what every clinician should know. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2012 Sep;16(5):422-33. Abstract

58. Hoogman M, Bralten J, Hibar DP, et al. Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: a cross-sectional mega-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;4(4):310-9.Full text  Abstract

59. Nakao T, Radua J, Rubia K, et al. Gray matter volume abnormalities in ADHD: voxel-based meta-analysis exploring the effects of age and stimulant medication. Am J Psychiatry. 2011 Nov;168(11):1154-63.Full text  Abstract

60. Gallo EF, Posner J. Moving towards causality in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: overview of neural and genetic mechanisms. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016 Jun;3(6):555-67.Full text  Abstract

61. Posner J, Park C, Wang Z. Connecting the dots: a review of resting connectivity MRI studies in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychol Rev. 2014 Mar;24(1):3-15.Full text  Abstract

62. Zametkin AJ, Nordahl TE, Gross M, et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onset. N Engl J Med. 1990 Nov 15;323(20):1361-6.Full text  Abstract

63. Amen DG, Hanks C, Prunella J. Preliminary evidence differentiating ADHD using brain SPECT imaging in older patients. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2008 Jun;40(2):139-46. Abstract

64. Cortese S, Kelly C, Chabernaud C, et al. Toward systems neuroscience of ADHD: a meta-analysis of 55 fMRI studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Oct;169(10):1038-55.Full text  Abstract

65. Sudre G, Szekely E, Sharp W, et al. Multimodal mapping of the brain's functional connectivity and the adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Oct 31;114(44):11787-92.Full text  Abstract

66. Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Mick E. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis, lifespan, comorbidities, and neurobiology. Ambul Pediatr. 2007 Jan-Feb;7(suppl 1):73-81. Abstract

67. Braun JM, Kahn RS, Froehlich T, et al. Exposures to environmental toxicants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in U.S. children. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec;114(12):1904-9.Full text  Abstract

68. Taylor A, Deb S, Unwin G. Scales for the identification of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a systematic review. Res Dev Disabil. 2011 May-Jun;32(3):924-38. Abstract

69. Dias G, Mattos P, Coutinho G, et al. Agreement rates between parent and self-report on past ADHD symptoms in an adult clinical sample. J Atten Disord. 2008 Jul;12(1):70-5. Abstract

70. Altszuler AR, Page TF, Gnagy EM, et al. Financial dependence of young adults with childhood ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2016 Aug;44(6):1217-29. Abstract

71. Barkley RA, Cox D. A review of driving risks and impairments associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the effects of stimulant medication on driving performance. J Safety Res. 2007;38(1):113-28. Abstract

72. Dalsgaard S, Østergaard SD, Leckman JF, et al. Mortality in children, adolescents, and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide cohort study. Lancet. 2015 May 30;385(9983):2190-6. Abstract

73. Guendelman MD, Ahmad S, Meza JI, et al. Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder predicts intimate partner victimization in young women. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2016 Jan;44(1):155-66. Abstract

74. Buitelaar NJL, Posthumus JA, Buitelaar JK. ADHD in childhood and/or adulthood as a risk factor for domestic violence or intimate partner violence: a systematic review. J Atten Disord. 2020 Jul;24(9):1203-14. Abstract

75. Ginsberg Y, Hirvikoski T, Lindefors N. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among longer-term prison inmates is a prevalent, persistent and disabling disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2010 Dec 22;10:112.Full text  Abstract

76. Quinn PO, Madhoo M. A review of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in women and girls: uncovering this hidden diagnosis. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2014;16(3).Full text  Abstract

77. Fuller-Thomson E, Lewis DA, Agbeyaka SK. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder casts a long shadow: findings from a population-based study of adult women with self-reported ADHD. Child Care Health Dev. 2016 Nov;42(6):918-27. Abstract

78. Hosain GM, Berenson AB, Tennen H, et al. Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and risky sexual behavior in young adult women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2012 Apr;21(4):463-8. Abstract

79. Youssef NA, Ege M, Angly SS, et al. Is obstructive sleep apnea associated with ADHD? Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Aug;23(3):213-24. Abstract

80. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and management. Sep 2019 [internet publication].Full text

81. Crunelle CL, van den Brink W, Moggi F, et al. International consensus statement on screening, diagnosis and treatment of substance use disorder patients with comorbid attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Addict Res. 2018;24(1):43-51.Full text  Abstract

82. Wilens TE. The nature of the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68 (Suppl 11):4-8. Abstract

83. Wilens TE, Morrison NR. Substance-use disorders in adolescents and adults with ADHD: focus on treatment. Neuropsychiatry (London). 2012 Aug;2(4):301-12.Full text  Abstract

84. Fischer M, Barkley RA, Smallish L, et al. Hyperactive children as young adults: driving abilities, safe driving behavior, and adverse driving outcomes. Accid Anal Prev. 2007 Jan;39(1):94-105. Abstract

85. Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Moulton JL 3rd. Lifetime criminality among boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a prospective follow-up study into adulthood using official arrest records. Psychiatry Res. 2008 Sep 30;160(3):237-46.Full text  Abstract

86. Cook J, Knight E, Hume I, et al. The self-esteem of adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a systematic review of the literature. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2014 Dec;6(4):249-68. Abstract

87. Nikolas MA, Marshall P, Hoelzle JB. The role of neurocognitive tests in the assessment of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Assess. 2019 May;31(5):685-98. Abstract

88. Onandia-Hinchado I, Pardo-Palenzuela N, Diaz-Orueta U. Cognitive characterization of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by domains: a systematic review. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2021 Jul;128(7):893-937. Abstract

89. DuPaul GJ, Stoner G. ADHD in the schools: assessment and intervention strategies. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1994.

90. Kessler RC, Adler LA, Gruber MJ, et al. Validity of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Screener in a representative sample of health plan members. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2007;16(2):52-65.Full text  Abstract

91. Conners CK. Clinical use of rating scales in diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1999 Oct;46(5):857-70. Abstract

92. Audenaert K, Jansen HM, Otte A, et al. Imaging of mild traumatic brain injury using 57Co and 99mTc HMPAO SPECT as compared to other diagnostic procedures. Med Sci Monit. 2003 Oct;9(10):MT112-7.Full text  Abstract

93. World Health Organization. ICD-11 International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 11th revision Geneva: WHO; 2022.Full text

94. Barkley RA, ed. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a handbook for diagnosis and treatment. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2006.

95. Brown TE. The Brown attention deficit disorder scales. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation; 1996.

96. Wender PH. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2001.

97. Ward MF, Wender PH, Reimherr FW. The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1993 Jun;150(6):885-90. Abstract

98. Das D, Vélez JI, Acosta MT, et al. Retrospective assessment of childhood ADHD symptoms for diagnosis in adults: validity of a short 8-item version of the Wender-Utah Rating Scale. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2016 Dec;8(4):215-23. Abstract

99. Searight HR, Burke JM, Rottnek F. Adult ADHD: evaluation and treatment in family medicine. Am Fam Physician. 2000 Nov 1;62(9):2077-86.Full text  Abstract

100. Barkley RA, Brown TE. Unrecognized attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults presenting with other psychiatric disorders. CNS Spectr. 2008 Nov;13(11):977-84. Abstract

101. Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance. Canadian ADHD practice guidelines: fourth edition. January 2020 [internet publication].

102. Kooij SJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, et al. European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: the European Network Adult ADHD. BMC Psychiatry. 2010 Sep 3;10:67.Full text  Abstract

103. Hirvikoski T, Waaler E, Lindström T, et al. Cognitive behavior therapy-based psychoeducational groups for adults with ADHD and their significant others (PEGASUS): an open clinical feasibility trial. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2015 Mar;7(1):89-99.Full text  Abstract

104. Hirvikoski T, Lindström T, Carlsson J, et al. Psychoeducational groups for adults with ADHD and their significant others (PEGASUS): A pragmatic multicenter and randomized controlled trial. Eur Psychiatry. 2017 Jul;44:141-52.Full text  Abstract

105. Castells X, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rigau D, et al. Efficacy of methylphenidate for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-regression analysis. CNS Drugs. 2011 Feb;25(2):157-69. Abstract

106. Cortese S, Adamo N, Del Giovane C, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018 Sep;5(9):727-38.Full text  Abstract

107. Faraone SV, Glatt SJ. A comparison of the efficacy of medications for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using meta-analysis of effect sizes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Jun;71(6):754-63. Abstract

108. Cunill R, Castells X, Tobias A, et al. Atomoxetine for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the adulthood: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2013 Sep;22(9):961-9. Abstract

109. Verbeeck W, Bekkering GE, Van den Noortgate W, et al. Bupropion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Oct 2;(10):CD009504.Full text  Abstract

110. Spencer TJ, Adler LA, Meihua Qiao, et al. Validation of the adult ADHD investigator symptom rating scale (AISRS). J Atten Disord. 2010 Jul;14(1):57-68. Abstract

111. Food and Drug Administration​. FDA updating warnings to improve safe use of prescription stimulants used to treat ADHD and other conditions. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text

112. Moran LV, Ongur D, Hsu J, et al. Psychosis with methylphenidate or amphetamine in patients with ADHD. N Engl J Med. 2019 Mar 21;380(12):1128-38.Full text  Abstract

113. Hollis C, Chen Q, Chang Z, et al. Methylphenidate and the risk of psychosis in adolescents and young adults: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019 Aug;6(8):651-8.Full text  Abstract

114. Boesen K, Paludan-Müller AS, Gøtzsche PC, et al. Extended-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Feb 24;2:CD012857.Full text  Abstract

115. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Methylphenidate long-acting (modified-release) preparations: caution if switching between products due to differences in formulations. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Full text

116. Hodgkins P, Shaw M, McCarthy S, et al. The pharmacology and clinical outcomes of amphetamines to treat ADHD: does composition matter? CNS Drugs. 2012;26:245-268. Abstract

117. Schneider-Thoma J, Efthimiou O, Bighelli I, et al. Second-generation antipsychotic drugs and short-term somatic serious adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019 Sep;6(9):753-65. Abstract

118. Kendall T, Taylor E, Perez A, et al; Guideline Development Group. Diagnosis and management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children, young people, and adults: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2008 Sep 24;337:a1239. Abstract

119. Jensen CM, Amdisen BL, Jørgensen KJ, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy for ADHD in adults: systematic review and meta-analyses. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2016 Mar;8(1):3-11. Abstract

120. Sollitto RJ. Implant arthroplasty: still a consideration. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1989 Jan;6(1):149-60.Full text  Abstract

121. Young Z, Moghaddam N, Tickle A. The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Atten Disord. 2020 Apr;24(6):875-88.Full text  Abstract

122. Solanto MV, Marks DJ, Wasserstein J, et al. Efficacy of meta-cognitive therapy for adult ADHD. Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Aug;167(8):958-68.Full text  Abstract

123. Hirvikoski T, Waaler E, Alfredsson J, et al. Reduced ADHD symptoms in adults with ADHD after structured skills training group: results from a randomized controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 2011 Mar;49(3):175-85. Abstract

124. Zhang J, Díaz-Román A, Cortese S. Meditation-based therapies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Ment Health. 2018 Aug;21(3):87-94. Abstract

125. Krisanaprakornkit T, Ngamjarus C, Witoonchart C, et al. Meditation therapies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jun 16;2010(6):CD006507.Full text  Abstract

126. Adamou M, Asherson P, Arif M, et al. Recommendations for occupational therapy interventions for adults with ADHD: a consensus statement from the UK adult ADHD network. BMC Psychiatry. 2021 Feb 4;21(1):72.Full text  Abstract

127. American Society of Addiction Medicine. ​Quality care: stimulant use disorder. May - Jun 2024. [internet publication].Full text

128. Klassen LJ, Bilkey TS, Katzman MA, et al. Comorbid attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder: treatment considerations. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2012 Sep;5(3):190-8. Abstract

129. Torgersen T, Gjervan B, Rasmussen K, et al. Prevalence of comorbid substance use disorder during long-term central stimulant treatment in adult ADHD. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2013 Mar;5(1):59-67. Abstract

130. Steinhausen HC, Bisgaard C. Substance use disorders in association with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, co-morbid mental disorders, and medication in a nationwide sample. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014 Feb;24(2):232-41.Full text  Abstract

131. Levin FR, Mariani JJ, Specker S, et al. Extended-release mixed amphetamine salts vs placebo for comorbid adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and cocaine use disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015 Jun;72(6):593-602.Full text  Abstract

132. Konstenius M, Jayaram-Lindström N, Guterstam J, et al. Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and drug relapse in criminal offenders with substance dependence: a 24-week randomized placebo-controlled trial. Addiction. 2014 Mar;109(3):440-9.Full text  Abstract

133. Skoglund C, Brandt L, Almqvist C, et al. Factors associated with adherence to methylphenidate treatment in adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Jun;36(3):222-8.Full text  Abstract

134. Lopez PL, Torrente FM, Ciapponi A, et al. Cognitive-behavioural interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 23;(3):CD010840.Full text  Abstract

135. Emilsson B, Gudjonsson G, Sigurdsson JF, et al. Cognitive behaviour therapy in medication-treated adults with ADHD and persistent symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2011;11:116.Full text  Abstract

136. American Psychiatric Association. Guideline watch (March 2013): Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorderFull text

137. Pompoli A, Furukawa TA, Imai H, et al. Psychological therapies for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 13;4:CD011004.Full text  Abstract

138. Rodrigues MF, Nardi AE, Levitan M. Mindfulness in mood and anxiety disorders: a review of the literature. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2017 Jul-Sep;39(3):207-15.Full text  Abstract

139. Sallee FR, McGough J, Wigal T, et al. Guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009 Feb;48(2):155-65. Abstract

140. Wilens TE, Bukstein O, Brams M, et al. A controlled trial of extended-release guanfacine and psychostimulants for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012 Jan;51(1):74-85.e2. Abstract

141. Radonjić NV, Bellato A, Khoury NM, et al. Nonstimulant medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Drugs. 2023 May;37(5):381-97. Abstract

142. Iwanami A, Saito K, Fujiwara M, et al. Efficacy and safety of guanfacine extended-release in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020 Apr 14;81(3):19m12979.Full text  Abstract

143. Nasser A, Liranso T, Adewole T, et al. A phase Ill, randomized, placebo-controlled trial toassess the efficacy and safety of once-daily SPN-812 (viloxazine extended-release) in thetreatment of attention-deficit /hyperactivity disorder in school-age children. Clin Ther. 2020Aug;42(8):1452-66.Full text  Abstract

144. Nasser A, Liranso T, Adewole T, et al. A phase 3, placebo-controlled trial of once-daily viloxazine extended-release capsules in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivitydisorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2021 Jul-Aug 01;41(4):370-80.Full text  Abstract

145. Nasser A, Liranso T, Adewole T, et al. A phase 3 placebo-controlled trial of once-daily 400-mg and 600-mg SPN-812 (viloxazine extended-release) in adolescents with ADHD. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2021 Mar 16;51(2):43-64.Full text  Abstract

146. Nasser A, Liranso T, Adewole T, et al. Once-daily SPN-812 200 and 400 mg in the treatment of ADHD in school-aged children: a phase III randomized, controlled trial. Clin Ther. 2021 Apr;43(4): 684-700Full text  Abstract

147. Lugo J, Fadeuilhe C, Gisbert L, et al. Sleep in adults with autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020 Sep;38:1-24.Full text  Abstract

148. Septier M, Stordeur C, Zhang J, et al. Association between suicidal spectrum behaviors and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019 Aug;103:109-18.Full text  Abstract

149. Chang Z, Quinn PD, Hur K, et al. Association between medication use for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk of motor vehicle crashes. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Jun 1;74(6):597-603.Full text  Abstract

150. Jerome L, Habinski L, Segal A. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and driving risk: a review of the literature and a methodological critique. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006 Oct;8(5):416-26. Abstract