Persistent depressive disorder

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.

Blanco C, Okuda M, Markowitz JC, et al. The epidemiology of chronic major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Dec;71(12):1645-56.Full text  Abstract

Devanand DP, Adorno E, Cheng J, et al. Late onset dysthymic disorder and major depression differ from early onset dysthymic disorder and major depression in elderly outpatients. J Affect Disord. 2004 Mar;78(3):259-67. Abstract

Levkovitz Y, Tedeschini E, Papakostas GI. Efficacy of antidepressants for dysthymia: A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. J Clin Psych. 2011 Apr;72(4):509-14. Abstract

Bridge JA, Iyengar S, Salary CB, et al. Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2007 Apr 18;297(15):1683-96. Abstract

Pedrelli P, Iovieno N, Vitali M, et al. Treatment of major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder with antidepressants in patients with comorbid opiate use disorders enrolled in methadone maintenance therapy: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 Oct;31(5):582-6. Abstract

Bauer M, Severus E, Köhler S, et al; World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry Task Force on Unipolar Depressive Disorders. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders, part 2: maintenance treatment of major depressive disorder - update 2015. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2015 Feb;16(2):76-95.Full text  Abstract

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.

2. First MB, Gaebel W, Maj M, et al. An organization- and category-level comparison of diagnostic requirements for mental disorders in ICD-11 and DSM-5. World Psychiatry. 2021 Feb;20(1):34-51.Full text  Abstract

3. International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision. Worl Health Organization. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text

4. Weissman MM, Leaf PJ, Bruce ML, et al. The epidemiology of dysthymia in five communities: rates, risks, comorbidity, and treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 1988 Jul;145(7):815-9. Abstract

5. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 Jan;51(1):8-19 Abstract

6. Kessler RC, Berglund PA, Demler O, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;62(6):593-602.Full text  Abstract

7. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, et al. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of twelve-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;62(6):617-27.Full text  Abstract

8. Blanco C, Okuda M, Markowitz JC, et al. The epidemiology of chronic major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Dec;71(12):1645-56.Full text  Abstract

9. Vandeleur CL, Fassassi S, Castelao E, et al. Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5 major depressive and related disorders in the community. Psychiatry Res. 2017 Apr;250:50-58.Full text  Abstract

10. Devanand DP, Nobler MS, Singer T, et al. Is dysthymia a different disorder in the elderly? Am J Psychiatry. 1994 Nov;151(11):1592-9. Abstract

11. Devanand DP, Adorno E, Cheng J, et al. Late onset dysthymic disorder and major depression differ from early onset dysthymic disorder and major depression in elderly outpatients. J Affect Disord. 2004 Mar;78(3):259-67. Abstract

12. Schaakxs R, Comijs HC, Lamers F, et al. Associations between age and the course of major depressive disorder: a 2-year longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018 Jul;5(7):581-590.Full text  Abstract

13. Kovacs M, Akiskal HS, Gatsonis C, et al. Childhood-onset dysthymic disorder. Clinical features and prospective naturalistic outcome. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 May;51(5):365-74. Abstract

14. Klein DN, Nordern KA, Ferro T, et al. Thirty-month naturalistic follow-up study of early onset dysthymic disorder: course, diagnostic stability, and prediction of outcome. J Abnorm Psychol. 1998 May;107(2):338-48. Abstract

15. Klein DN, Schwartz JE, Rose S, et al. Five-year course and outcome of dysthymic disorder: a prospective, naturalistic follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Jun;157(6):931-9. Abstract

16. Keller MB, Shapiro RW. Double depression: superimposition of acute depressive episodes on chronic depressive disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1982 Apr;139(4):438-42. Abstract

17. Keller MB, Klein DN, Hirschfeld RM, et al. Results of the DSM-IV mood disorders field trial. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 Jun;152(6):843-9. Abstract

18. Friedman RA, Markowitz JC, Parides M, et al. Acute response of social functioning in dysthymic patients with desipramine. J Affect Disord. 1995 May 17;34(2):85-8. Abstract

19. Dunner DL. Dysthymia and double depression. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;17(1):3-8. Abstract

20. Yang T, Dunner DL. Differential subtyping of depression. Depress Anxiety. 2001;13(1):11-7. Abstract

21. Howland RH. Chronic depression. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1993 Jul;44(7):633-9. Abstract

22. Angst J, Gamma A, Rössler W, et al. Long-term depression versus episodic major depression: results from the prospective Zurich study of a community sample. J Affect Dis. 2009 May;115(1-2):112-21. Abstract

23. Hellerstein DJ, Agosti V, Bosi M, et al. Impairment in psychosocial functioning associated with dysthymic disorder in the NESARC study. J Affect Disord. 2010 Dec;127(1-3):84-8. Abstract

24. Peterson RE, Cai N, Dahl AW, et al. Molecular Genetic Analysis Subdivided by Adversity Exposure Suggests Etiologic Heterogeneity in Major Depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2018 Jun 1;175(6):545-54.Full text  Abstract

25. Klein DN, Riso LP, Donaldson SK, et al. Family study of early-onset dysthymia. Mood and personality disorders in relatives of outpatients with dysthymia and episodic major depression and normal controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995 Jun;52(6):487-96. Abstract

26. Lyons MJ, Eisen SA, Goldberg J, et al. A registry-based twin study of depression in men. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998 May;55(5):468-72.Full text  Abstract

27. Khandaker GM, Stochl J, Zammit S, et al. Childhood inflammatory markers and intelligence as predictors of subsequent persistent depressive symptoms: a longitudinal cohort study. Psychol Med. 2018 Jul;48(9):1514-22.Full text  Abstract

28. Harkness KL, Theriault JE, Stewart JG, et al. Acute and chronic stress exposure predicts 1-year recurrence in adult outpatients with residual depression symptoms following response to treatment. Depress Anxiety. 2014 Jan;31(1):1-8. Abstract

29. Klein DN, Riso LP, Donaldson SK, et al. Family study of early-onset dysthymia. Mood and personality disorders in relatives of outpatients with dysthymia and episodic major depression and normal controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995 Jun;52(6):487-96. Abstract

30. Akiskal HS. Dysthymic disorder: psychopathology of proposed chronic depressive subtypes. Am J Psychiatry. 1983 Jan;140(1):11-20. Abstract

31. Akiskal HS, Rosenthal TL, Haykal RF, et al. Characterological depressions. Clinical and sleep EEG findings separating 'subaffective dysthymias' from 'character spectrum disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980 Jul;37(7):777-83. Abstract

32. Heim C, Owens MJ, Plotsky PM, et al. Persistent changes in corticotropin-releasing factor systems due to early life stress: relationship to the pathophysiology of major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1997;33(2):185-92. Abstract

33. Gray JP, Müller VI, Eickhoff SB, et al. Multimodal Abnormalities of Brain Structure and Function in Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Neuroimaging Studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2020 May 1;177(5):422-34.Full text  Abstract

34. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13.Full text  Abstract

35. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, et al. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961 Jun;4:561-71. Abstract

36. Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Ibrahim HM, et al. The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Clinician Rating (IDS-C) and Self-Report (IDS-SR), and the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Clinician Rating (QIDS-C) and Self-Report (QIDS-SR) in public sector patients with mood disorders: a psychometric evaluation. Psychol Med. 2004 Jan;34(1):73-82. Abstract

37. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for depression and suicide risk in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2023 Jun 20;329(23):2057-67.Full text  Abstract

38. Zuckerbrot RA, Cheung A, Jensen PS, et al. Guidelines for adolescent depression in primary care (GLAD-PC): part I. Practice preparation, identification, assessment, and initial management. Pediatrics. 2018 Mar;141(3).Full text  Abstract

39. US Preventive Services Task Force, Mangione CM, Barry MJ, et al. Screening for depression and suicide risk in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2022 Oct 18;328(15):1534-42.Full text  Abstract

40. Walter HJ, Abright AR, Bukstein OG, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with major and persistent depressive disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022 Oct 21[Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

41. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: treatment and management. June 2022 [internet publication].Full text

42. Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care; Joffres M, Jaramillo A, Dickinson J, et al. Recommendations on screening for depression in adults. CMAJ. 2013 Jun 11;185(9):775-82.Full text  Abstract

43. Keller MB, McCullough JP, Klein DN, et al. A comparison of nefazodone, the cognitive behavioral-analysis system of psychotherapy, and their combination for the treatment of chronic depression. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1462-70 [Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2001;345:232].Full text  Abstract

44. Cuijpers P, Sijbrandij M, Koole SL, et al. The efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in treating depressive and anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of direct comparisons. World Psychiatry. 2013 Jun;12(2):137-48.Full text  Abstract

45. Hollon SD, Ponniah K. A review of empirically supported psychological therapies for mood disorders in adults. Depress Anxiety. 2010 Oct;27(10):891-932.Full text  Abstract

46. Van Leeuwen WE, Unutzer J, Lee S, et al. Collaborative depression care for the old-old: findings from the IMPACT trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009 Dec;17(12):1040-9. Abstract

47. Hunkeler EM, Katon W, Tang L, et al. Long term outcomes from the IMPACT randomised trial for depressed elderly patients in primary care. BMJ. 2006 Feb 4;332(7536):259-63.Full text  Abstract

48. Smith SM, Cousins G, Clyne B, et al. Shared care across the interface between primary and specialty care in management of long term conditions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Feb 23;2:CD004910.Full text  Abstract

49. Interian A, Lewis-Fernández R, Gara MA, et al. A randomized-controlled trial of an intervention to improve antidepressant adherence among Latinos with depression. Depress Anxiety. 2013 Jul;30(7):688-96. Abstract

50. Arnarson EO, Craighead WE. Prevention of depression among Icelandic adolescents: a 12-month follow-up. Behav Res Ther. 2011 Mar;49(3):170-4. Abstract

51. Clarke GN, Hornbrook M, Lynch F, et al. A randomized trial of a group cognitive intervention for preventing depression in adolescent offspring of depressed parents. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001 Dec;58(12):1127-34.Full text  Abstract

52. ​Viswanathan M, Kennedy SM, McKeeman J, et al.​ Treatment of depression in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2020.Full text  Abstract

53. Liang JH, Li J, Wu RK, et al. Effectiveness comparisons of various psychosocial therapies for children and adolescents with depression: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021 May;30(5):685-97. Abstract

54. Zhou X, Teng T, Zhang Y, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antidepressants, psychotherapies, and their combination for acute treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 Jul;7(7):581-601.Full text  Abstract

55. Eckshtain D, Kuppens S, Ugueto A, et al. Meta-analysis: 13-year follow-up of psychotherapy effects on youth depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020 Jan;59(1):45-63. Abstract

56. Cheung AH, Zuckerbrot RA, Jensen PS, et al. Guidelines for adolescent depression in primary care (GLAD-PC): part II. Treatment and ongoing management. Pediatrics. 2018 Mar;141(3).Full text  Abstract

57. Berkman LF, Blumenthal J, Burg M, et al. Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) randomized trial. JAMA. 2003 Jun 18;289(23):3106-16.Full text  Abstract

58. Davidson KW, Rieckmann N, Clemow L, et al. Enhanced depression care for patients with acute coronary syndrome and persistent depressive symptoms: coronary psychosocial evaluation studies randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Apr 12;170(7):600-8.Full text  Abstract

59. van Melle JP, de Jonge P, Honig A, et al. Effects of antidepressant treatment following myocardial infarction. Br J Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;190:460-6.Full text  Abstract

60. Stewart JC, Perkins AJ, Callahan CM. Effect of collaborative care for depression on risk of cardiovascular events: data from the IMPACT randomized controlled trial. Psychosom Med. 2014 Jan;76(1):29-37. Abstract

61. Gartlehner G, Wagner G, Matyas N, et al. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for major depressive disorder: review of systematic reviews. BMJ Open. 2017 Jun 14;7(6):e014912. Abstract

62. Dunner DL, Schmaling KB, Hendrickson HE, et al. Cognitive therapy versus fluoxetine in the treatment of dysthymic disorder. Depression. 1996;4(1):34-41. Abstract

63. McCullough JP. Psychotherapy for dysthymia. A naturalistic study of ten patients. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1991 Dec;179(12):734-40. Abstract

64. Kocsis JH, Gelenberg AJ, Rothbaum AO, et al. Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy and brief supportive psychotherapy for augmentation of antidepressant nonresponse in chronic depression: the REVAMP trial. Arch Gen Psych. 2009 Nov;66(11):1178-88.Full text  Abstract

65. Markowitz JC. Psychotherapy for dysthymic disorder. Psych Clin North Am. 1996 Mar;19(1):133-49. Abstract

66. Markowitz JC. Psychotherapy of dysthymia. Am J Psychiatry. 1994 Aug;151(8):1114-21. Abstract

67. Markowitz JC, Kocsis JH, Bleiberg KL, et al. A comparative trial of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for pure dysthymic patients. J Affect Disord. 2005 Dec;89(1-3):167-75. Abstract

68. Gould RL, Coulson MC, Howard RJ. Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in older people: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012 Oct;60(10):1817-30. Abstract

69. Linde K, Sigterman K, Kriston L, et al. Effectiveness of psychological treatments for depressive disorders in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Fam Med. 2015 Jan-Feb;13(1):56-68.Full text  Abstract

70. Hellerstein DJ, Batchelder S, Kreditor D, et al. Bupropion sustained-release for the treatment of dysthymic disorder: an open-label study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001 Jun;21(3):325-9. Abstract

71. Levkovitz Y, Tedeschini E, Papakostas GI. Efficacy of antidepressants for dysthymia: A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. J Clin Psych. 2011 Apr;72(4):509-14. Abstract

72. von Wolff A, Hölzel LP, Westphal A, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants in the acute treatment of chronic depression and dysthymia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2013 Jan 10;144(1-2):7-15. Abstract

73. Kriston L, von Wolff A, Westphal A, et al. Efficacy and acceptability of acute treatments for persistent depressive disorder: a network meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2014 Aug;31(8):621-30. Abstract

74. Thase ME, Fava M, Halbreich U, et al. A placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial comparing sertraline and imipramine for the treatment of dysthymia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996 Sep;53(9):777-84. Abstract

75. Devanand DP, Nobler MS, Cheng J, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine treatment for elderly patients with dysthymic disorder. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005 Jan;13(1):59-68. Abstract

76. Hellerstein DJ, Yanowitch P, Rosenthal J, et al. A randomized double-blind study of fluoxetine versus placebo in treatment of dysthymia. Am J Psychiatry. 1993 Aug;150(8):1169-75. Abstract

77. Ravindran AV, Cameron C, Bhatla R, et al. Paroxetine in the treatment of dysthymic disorder without co-morbidities: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose study. Asian J Psychiatr. 2013 Apr;6(2):157-61. Abstract

78. Dunner DL, Hendrickson HE, Bea C, et al. Venaflaxine in dysthymic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry.1997 Dec;58(12):528-31. Abstract

79. Dunner DL, Hendrickson HE, Bea C, et al. Dysthymic disorder: treatment with citalopram. Depress Anxiety. 2002;15(1):18-22. Abstract

80. Dunner DL, Hendrickson HE, Bea C, et al. Dysthymic disorder: treatment with mirtazapine. Depress Anxiety. 1999;10(2):68-72. Abstract

81. Trivedi MH, Kleiber BA. Algorithm for the treatment of chronic depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(suppl 6):22-29. Abstract

82. Komossa K, Depping AM, Gaudchau A, et al. Second generation antipsychotics for major depressive disorder and dysthymia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(12):CD008121.Full text  Abstract

83. Bridge JA, Iyengar S, Salary CB, et al. Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2007 Apr 18;297(15):1683-96. Abstract

84. Hammad TA, Laughren T, Racoosin J. Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;63(3):332-9.Full text  Abstract

85. Iovieno N, Tedeschini E, Bentley KH, et al. Antidepressants for major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in patients with comorbid alcohol use disorders: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Aug;72(8):1144-51. Abstract

86. Pedrelli P, Iovieno N, Vitali M, et al. Treatment of major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder with antidepressants in patients with comorbid opiate use disorders enrolled in methadone maintenance therapy: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 Oct;31(5):582-6. Abstract

87. Levin FR, Mariani J, Brooks DJ, et al. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of venlafaxine-extended release for co-occurring cannabis dependence and depressive disorders. Addiction. 2013 Jun;108(6):1084-94. Abstract

88. Raby WN, Rubin EA, Garawi F, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of venlafaxine for the treatment of depressed cocaine-dependent patients. Am J Addict. 2014 Jan-Feb;23(1):68-75. Abstract

89. Arnold LM, Sarzi-Puttini P, Arsenault P, et al. Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in patients with fibromyalgia and comorbid depression taking concurrent antidepressant medication: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Rheumatol. 2015 Jul;42(7):1237-44. Abstract

90. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Schuurmans J, et al. Psychotherapy for chronic major depression and dysthymia: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010 Feb;30(1):51-62. Abstract

91. Cuijpers P, Dekker J, Hollon SD, et al. Adding psychotherapy to pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depressive disorders in adults: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009 Sep;70(9):1219-29. Abstract

92. Cuijpers P, van Sraten A, van Oppen P, et al. Are psychological and pharmacologic interventions equally effective in the treatment of adult depressive disorders? A meta-analysis of comparative studies. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Nov;69(11):1675-85 Abstract

93. Rayner L, Price A, Evans A, et al. Antidepressants for depression in physically ill people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(3):CD007503.Full text  Abstract

94. Gartlehner G, Gaynes BN, Hansen RA, et al. Comparative benefits and harms of second-generation antidepressants: background paper for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Nov 18;149(10):734-50.Full text  Abstract

95. Bauer M, Severus E, Köhler S, et al; World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry Task Force on Unipolar Depressive Disorders. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders, part 2: maintenance treatment of major depressive disorder - update 2015. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2015 Feb;16(2):76-95.Full text  Abstract

96. Cuijpers P, Reynolds CF 3rd, Donker T, et al. Personalized treatment of adult depression: medication, psychotherapy, or both? A systematic review. Depress Anxiety. 2012 Oct;29(10):855-64. Abstract

97. Nemeroff CB, Heim CM, Thase ME, et al. Differential responses to psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy in patients with chronic forms of major depression and childhood trauma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003 Nov 25;100(24):14293-6.Full text  Abstract

98. Machmutow K, Meister R, Jansen A, et al. Comparative effectiveness of continuation and maintenance treatments for persistent depressive disorder in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 May 20;(5):CD012855.Full text  Abstract

99. Cox GR, Fisher CA, De Silva S, et al. Interventions for preventing relapse and recurrence of a depressive disorder in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(11):CD007504.Full text  Abstract

100. Lawlor DA, Hopker SW. The effectiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression: systematic review and meta­regression analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2001 Mar 31;322(7289):763-7.Full text  Abstract

101. Hoffman BM, Babyak MA, Craighead E, et al. Exercise and pharmacotherapy in patients with major depression: one-year follow-up of the SMILE study. Psychosom Med. 2011 Feb-Mar;73(2):127-33. Abstract

102. Szuhany KL, Bugatti M, Otto MW. A meta-analytic review of the effects of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J Psychiatr Res. 2015 Jan;60:56-64.Full text  Abstract

103. Röhricht F, Papadopoulos N, Priebe S. An exploratory randomized controlled trial of body psychotherapy for patients with chronic depression. J Affect Disord. 2013 Oct;151(1):85-91. Abstract

104. Köhler-Forsberg O, Cusin C, Nierenberg AA. Evolving Issues in the Treatment of Depression. JAMA. 2019 Jun 25;321(24):2401-2.Full text  Abstract

105. da Silva TLR. Yoga in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders: a review. Asian J Psychiatr. 2009;2:6-16.

106. Smith CA, Armour M, Lee MS, et al. Acupuncture for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 4;3:CD004046.Full text  Abstract

107. Josephine K, Josefine L, Philipp D, et al. Internet- and mobile-based depression interventions for people with diagnosed depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2017 Dec 1;223:28-40.Full text  Abstract

108. Nieuwenhuijsen K, Verbeek JH, Neumeyer-Gromen A, et al. Interventions to improve return to work in depressed people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Oct 13;10(10):CD006237.Full text  Abstract

109. LaRocco-Cockburn A, Reed SD, Melville J, et al. Improving depression treatment for women: integrating a collaborative care depression intervention into OB-GYN care. Contemp Clin Trials. 2013 Nov;36(2):362-70. Abstract

110. Cox GR, Fisher CA, De Silva S, et al. Interventions for preventing relapse and recurrence of a depressive disorder in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Nov 14;11:CD007504.Full text  Abstract

111. Hoffman BM, Babyak MA, Craighead E, et al. Exercise and pharmacotherapy in patients with major depression: one-year follow-up of the SMILE study. Psychosom Med. 2011;73:127-133. Abstract

112. Röhricht F, Papadopoulos N, Priebe S. An exploratory randomized controlled trial of body psychotherapy for patients with chronic depression. J Affect Disord. 2013;151:85-91. Abstract

113. Zanardi R, Smeraldi E. A double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical trial of acetyl-L-carnitine vs. amisulpride in the treatment of dysthymia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006 May;16(4):281-7. Abstract

114. Bersani G, Meco G, Denaro A, et al. L-Acetylcarnitine in dysthymic disorder in elderly patients: a double-blind, multicenter, controlled randomized study vs. fluoxetine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013 Oct;23(10):1219-25. Abstract

115. Bloch M, Schmidt PJ, Danaceau MA, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone treatment of midlife dysthymia. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Jun 15;45(12):1533-41. Abstract

116. Schmidt PJ, Daly RC, Bloch M, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone monotherapy in midlife-onset major and minor depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;62(2):154-62.Full text  Abstract

117. Soares CN, Zitek B. Reproductive hormone sensitivity and risk for depression across the female life cycle: a continuum of vulnerability? J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2008 Jul;33(4):331-43.Full text  Abstract

118. Popova V, Daly EJ, Trivedi M, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Flexibly Dosed Esketamine Nasal Spray Combined With a Newly Initiated Oral Antidepressant in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Active-Controlled Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2019 Jun 1;176(6):428-38.Full text  Abstract

119. Daly EJ, Trivedi MH, Janik A, et al. Efficacy of Esketamine Nasal Spray Plus Oral Antidepressant Treatment for Relapse Prevention in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019 Jun 5;:.Full text  Abstract

120. Murrough JW, Iosifescu DV, Chang LC, et al. Antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in treatment-resistant major depression: a two-site randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2013 Oct;170(10):1134-42.Full text  Abstract

121. Swainson J, Thomas RK, Archer S, et al. Esketamine for treatment resistant depression. Expert Rev Neurother. 2019 Oct;19(10):899-911. Abstract

122. Health Quality Ontario. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2016;16(5):1-66.Full text  Abstract

123. Kennedy SH, Lam RW, McIntyre RS, et al.; CANMAT Depression Work Group. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 clinical guidelines for the management of adults with major depressive disorder: section 3. Pharmacological treatments. Can J Psychiatry. 2016 Sep;61(9):540-60.Full text  Abstract

124. Silverman JJ, Galanter M, Jackson-Triche M, et al. The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines for the Psychiatric Evaluation of Adults. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Aug 1;172(8):798-802. Abstract

125. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in children and young people: identification and management. June 2019 [internet publication].Full text

126. Wells KB, Stewart A, Hays RD, et al. The functioning and well-being of depressed patients: results from the Medical Outcomes Study. JAMA. 1989 Aug 18;262(7):914-9. Abstract

127. Schaakxs R, Comijs HC, Lamers F, et al. Associations between age and the course of major depressive disorder: a 2-year longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018 Jul;5(7):581-90.Full text  Abstract

128. Keller MB, Kocsis JH, Thase ME, et al. Maintenance phase efficacy of sertraline for chronic depression: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998 Nov 18;280(19):1665-72.Full text  Abstract

129. Gafoor R, Booth HP, Gulliford MC. Antidepressant utilisation and incidence of weight gain during 10 years' follow-up: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2018 May 23;361:k1951.Full text  Abstract

130. Hammad TA, Laughren T, Racoosin J. Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;63(3):332-9.Full text  Abstract

131. Gregorian RS, Golden KA, Bahce A, et al. Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Ann Pharmacother. 2002 Oct;36(10):1577-89. Abstract

132. Goldman LS, Alexander RC, Luchins DJ. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants: comparison of their cardiovascular effects. J Clin Psychiatry. 1986 May;47(5):225-9. Abstract

133. Cooke MJ, Waring WS. Citalopram and cardiac toxicity. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Apr;69(4):755-60. Abstract

134. Straley CM, Sochacki M, Reed E, et al. Comparison of the effect of citalopram, bupropion, sertraline, and tricyclic antidepressants on QTc: A cross-sectional study. J Affect Disord. 2022 Jan 1;296:476-84. Abstract

135. Geddes JR, Carney SM, Davies C, et al. Relapse prevention with antidepressant drug treatment in depressive disorders: a systematic review. Lancet. 2003 Feb 22;361(9358):653-61. Abstract