References
Key articles
Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017 Apr;58(4):512-21.Full text Abstract
Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, et al. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017 Apr;58(4):522-30.Full text Abstract
Wirrell EC, Nabbout R, Scheffer IE, et al. Methodology for classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with list of syndromes: report of the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022 Jun;63(6):1333-48.Full text Abstract
Hirsch E, French J, Scheffer IE, et al. ILAE definition of the idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndromes: position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022 Jun;63(6):1475-99.Full text Abstract
Gaillard WD, Chiron C, Cross JH, et al; ILAE Committee for Neuroimaging, Subcommittee for Pediatric Neuroimaging. Guidelines for imaging infants and children with recent-onset epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009 Sep;50(9):2147-53.Full text Abstract
American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: seizures and epilepsy. 2019 [internet publication].Full text
Zuberi SM, Wirrell E, Yozawitz E, et al. ILAE classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in neonates and infants: position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022 Jun;63(6):1349-97.Full text Abstract
Specchio N, Wirrell EC, Scheffer IE, et al. International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in childhood: position paper by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022 Jun;63(6):1398-442.Full text Abstract
Kossoff EH, Zupec-Kania BA, Auvin S, et al; Charlie Foundation; Matthew's Friends; Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Optimal clinical management of children receiving dietary therapies for epilepsy: updated recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group. Epilepsia Open. 2018 Jun;3(2):175-92.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017 Apr;58(4):512-21.Full text Abstract
2. Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, et al. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017 Apr;58(4):522-30.Full text Abstract
3. Wirrell EC, Nabbout R, Scheffer IE, et al. Methodology for classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with list of syndromes: report of the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022 Jun;63(6):1333-48.Full text Abstract
4. Camfield P, Camfield C. Incidence, prevalence and aetiology of seizures and epilepsy in children. Epileptic Disord. 2015 Jun;17(2):117-23. Abstract
5. Eriksson KJ, Koivikko MJ. Prevalence, classification, and severity of epilepsy and epileptic syndromes in children. Epilepsia. 1997 Dec;38(12):1275-82.Full text Abstract
6. Ellis CA, Petrovski S, Berkovic SF. Epilepsy genetics: clinical impacts and biological insights. Lancet Neurol. 2020 Jan;19(1):93-100. Abstract
7. Hirsch E, French J, Scheffer IE, et al. ILAE definition of the idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndromes: position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022 Jun;63(6):1475-99.Full text Abstract
8. Kramer MA, Cash SS. Epilepsy as a disorder of cortical network organization. Neuroscientist. 2012 Aug;18(4):360-72.Full text Abstract
9. Destexhe A, McCormick DA, Sejnowski TJ. Thalamic and thalamocortical mechanisms underlying 3 Hz spike-and-wave discharges. Prog Brain Res. 1999;121:289-307. Abstract
10. Thurman DJ, Begley CE, Carpio A, et al. The primary prevention of epilepsy: a report of the Prevention Task Force of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2018 May;59(5):905-14.Full text Abstract
11. Appleton RE, Demellweek C. Post-traumatic epilepsy in children requiring inpatient rehabilitation following head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 May;72(5):669-72.Full text Abstract
12. Stafstrom CE, Staedtke V, Comi AM. Epilepsy mechanisms in neurocutaneous disorders: tuberous sclerosis complex, neurofibromatosis type 1, and Sturge-Weber syndrome. Front Neurol. 2017 Mar 17;8:87.Full text Abstract
13. Vestergaard M, Pedersen CB, Sidenius P, et al. The long-term risk of epilepsy after febrile seizures in susceptible subgroups. Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Apr 15;165(8):911-8.Full text Abstract
14. Berg AT, Shinnar S, Levy SR, et al. Childhood-onset epilepsy with and without preceding febrile seizures. Neurology. 1999 Nov 10;53(8):1742-8. Abstract
15. Waruiru C, Appleton R. Febrile seizures: an update. Arch Dis Child. 2004 Aug;89(8):751-6.Full text Abstract
16. Giovanardi Rossi P, Posar A, Parmeggiani A. Epilepsy in adolescents and young adults with autistic disorder. Brain Dev. 2000 Mar;22(2):102-6. Abstract
17. Steffenburg S, Steffenburg U, Gillberg C. Autism spectrum disorders in children with active epilepsy and learning disability: comorbidity, pre- and perinatal background, and seizure characteristics. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2003 Nov;45(11):724-30. Abstract
18. Koutroumanidis M, Arzimanoglou A, Caraballo R, et al. The role of EEG in the diagnosis and classification of the epilepsy syndromes: a tool for clinical practice by the ILAE Neurophysiology Task Force (Part 1). Epileptic Disord. 2017 Sep 1;19(3):233-98. Abstract
19. Koutroumanidis M, Arzimanoglou A, Caraballo R, et al. The role of EEG in the diagnosis and classification of the epilepsy syndromes: a tool for clinical practice by the ILAE Neurophysiology Task Force (Part 2). Epileptic Disord. 2017 Dec 1;19(4):385-437. Abstract
20. Panayiotopoulos CP. A clinical guide to epileptic syndromes and their treatment. 2nd ed. London, UK: Springer; 2007.
21. Wirrell EC, Hood V, Knupp KG, et al. International consensus on diagnosis and management of Dravet syndrome. Epilepsia. 2022 Jul;63(7):1761-77.Full text Abstract
22. Lu Y, Waltz S, Stenzel K, et al. Photosensitivity in epileptic syndromes of childhood and adolescence. Epileptic Disord. 2008 Jun;10(2):136-43. Abstract
23. Gaillard WD, Chiron C, Cross JH, et al; ILAE Committee for Neuroimaging, Subcommittee for Pediatric Neuroimaging. Guidelines for imaging infants and children with recent-onset epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009 Sep;50(9):2147-53.Full text Abstract
24. Pressler R, Binnie CD, Cooper R, et al, eds. Neonatal and paediatric clinical neurophysiology. Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone; 2007.
25. Berg AT. Risk of recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure. Epilepsia. 2008;49(suppl 1):13-8. Abstract
26. Winckler MI, Rotta NT. Clinical and electroencephalographic follow-up after a first unprovoked seizure. Pediatr Neurol. 2004 Mar;30(3):201-6. Abstract
27. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Epilepsies in children, young people and adults. Apr 2022 [internet publication].Full text
28. MacCormick JM, McAlister H, Crawford J, et al. Misdiagnosis of long QT syndrome as epilepsy at first presentation. Ann Emerg Med. 2009 Jul;54(1):26-32. Abstract
29. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: seizures and epilepsy. 2019 [internet publication].Full text
30. Szaflarski JP, Gloss D, Binder JR, et al. Practice guideline summary: use of fMRI in the presurgical evaluation of patients with epilepsy. Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2017 Jan 24;88(4):395-402.Full text Abstract
31. Zuberi SM, Wirrell E, Yozawitz E, et al. ILAE classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in neonates and infants: position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022 Jun;63(6):1349-97.Full text Abstract
32. Specchio N, Wirrell EC, Scheffer IE, et al. International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in childhood: position paper by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022 Jun;63(6):1398-442.Full text Abstract
33. Wirrell EC, Shellhaas RA, Joshi C, et al; Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium (PERC). How should children with West syndrome be efficiently and accurately investigated? Results from the National Infantile Spasms Consortium. Epilepsia. 2015 Apr;56(4):617-25.Full text Abstract
34. Stephani U. The natural history of myoclonic astatic epilepsy (Doose syndrome) and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia. 2006;47(suppl 2):53-5.Full text Abstract
35. Avbersek A, Sisodiya S. Does the primary literature provide support for clinical signs used to distinguish psychogenic nonepileptic seizures from epileptic seizures? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010 Jul;81(7):719-25. Abstract
36. Stone J, Burton C, Carson A. Recognising and explaining functional neurological disorder. BMJ. 2020 Oct 21;371:m3745. Abstract
37. Brown RJ, Reuber M. Psychological and psychiatric aspects of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES): a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Apr;45:157-82. Abstract
38. Burgunder JM, Finsterer J, Szolnoki Z, et al. EFNS guidelines on the molecular diagnosis of channelopathies, epilepsies, migraine, stroke, and dementias. Eur J Neurol. 2010 May;17(5):641-8.Full text Abstract
39. Dwivedi R, Ramanujam B, Chandra PS, et al. Surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy in children. N Engl J Med. 2017 Oct 26;377(17):1639-47.Full text Abstract
40. Perucca E, Perucca P, White HS, et al. Drug resistance in epilepsy. Lancet Neurol. 2023 Aug;22(8):723-34. Abstract
41. Gidal B, Klein P, Hirsch LJ. Seizure clusters, rescue treatments, seizure action plans: unmet needs and emerging formulations. Epilepsy Behav. 2020 Nov;112:107391.Full text Abstract
42. Mesraoua B, Abou-Khalil B, Hosni Khodair R, et al. Seizure clusters. J Drug Assess. 2021 Aug 14;10(1):86-90.Full text Abstract
43. Jafarpour S, Hirsch LJ, Gaínza-Lein M, et al. Seizure cluster: definition, prevalence, consequences, and management. Seizure. 2019 May;68:9-15.Full text Abstract
44. Leone MA, Giussani G, Nevitt SJ, et al. Immediate antiepileptic drug treatment, versus placebo, deferred, or no treatment for first unprovoked seizure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 May 4;(5):CD007144.Full text Abstract
45. Hirtz D, Berg A, Bettis D, et al. Practice parameter: treatment of the child with a first unprovoked seizure. Neurology. 2003 Jan 28;60(2):166-75.Full text Abstract
46. Guerrini R, Zaccara G, la Marca G, et al. Safety and tolerability of antiepileptic drug treatment in children with epilepsy. Drug Saf. 2012 Jul 1;35(7):519-33. Abstract
47. Mula M, Kanner AM, Schmitz B, et al. Antiepileptic drugs and suicidality: an expert consensus statement from the Task Force on Therapeutic Strategies of the ILAE Commission on Neuropsychobiology. Epilepsia. 2013 Jan;54(1):199-203.Full text Abstract
48. Kanner AM, Saporta AS, Kim DH, et al; Human Epilepsy Project. Mood and anxiety disorders and suicidality in patients with newly diagnosed focal epilepsy: an analysis of a complex comorbidity. Neurology. 2023 Mar 14;100(11):e1123-34.Full text Abstract
49. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Gynecologic management of adolescents and young women with seizure disorders: ACOG committee opinion, number 806. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 May;135(5):e213-20.Full text Abstract
50. European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. Mar 2018 [internet publication].Full text
51. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: updated advice following comprehensive safety review. Jan 2021 [internet publication].Full text
52. Dreier JW, Bjørk MH, Alvestad S, et al. Prenatal exposure to antiseizure medication and incidence of childhood- and adolescence-onset psychiatric disorders. JAMA Neurol. 2023 Jun 1;80(6):568-77. Abstract
53. Athar F, Ehsan M, Farooq M, et al. Adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes following in-utero exposure to oxcarbazepine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Aug;88(8):3600-9.Full text Abstract
54. Bromley R, Adab N, Bluett-Duncan M, et al. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Aug 29;(8):CD010224.Full text Abstract
55. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Pregabalin (Lyrica): findings of safety study on risks during pregnancy. Apr 2022 [internet publication].Full text
56. Bjørk MH, Zoega H, Leinonen MK, et al. Association of prenatal exposure to antiseizure medication with risk of autism and intellectual disability. JAMA Neurol. 2022 Jul 1;79(7):672-81.Full text Abstract
57. European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid topiramate exposure in pregnancy. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Full text
58. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Topiramate (Topamax): start of safety review triggered by a study reporting an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disabilities in children with prenatal exposure. Jul 2022 [internet publication].Full text
59. Robinson R. Vagal nerve stimulation is more effective than trials of further anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) in children who have already tried >5 AEDs. Paper presented at: EPNS 2011 9th Congress of the European Paediatric Neurology Society. 11-14 May 2011. Dubrovnik, Croatia. Poster sessions: P14.3. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2011 May;15(suppl 1):89.
60. Englot DJ, Chang EF, Auguste KI. Vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy: a meta-analysis of efficacy and predictors of response. J Neurosurg. 2011 Dec;115(6):1248-55. Abstract
61. Martin-McGill KJ, Bresnahan R, Levy RG, et al. Ketogenic diets for drug-resistant epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jun 24;(6):CD001903.Full text Abstract
62. Kossoff EH, Zupec-Kania BA, Auvin S, et al; Charlie Foundation; Matthew's Friends; Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Optimal clinical management of children receiving dietary therapies for epilepsy: updated recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group. Epilepsia Open. 2018 Jun;3(2):175-92.Full text Abstract
63. Morris GL 3rd, Gloss D, Buchhalter J, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy. Neurology. 2013 Oct 15;81(16):1453-9.Full text Abstract
64. Redgrave J, Day D, Leung H, et al. Safety and tolerability of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in humans; a systematic review. Brain Stimul. 2018 Nov-Dec;11(6):1225-38. Abstract
65. Toffa DH, Touma L, El Meskine T, et al. Learnings from 30 years of reported efficacy and safety of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for epilepsy treatment: a critical review. Seizure. 2020 Dec;83:104-23.Full text Abstract
66. Sheng J, Liu S, Qin H, et al. Drug-resistant epilepsy and surgery. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(1):17-28.Full text Abstract
67. Bok LA, Maurits NM, Willemsen MA, et al. The EEG response to pyridoxine-IV neither identifies nor excludes pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2010 Dec;51(12):2406-11.Full text Abstract
68. Wilmshurst JM, Gaillard WD, Vinayan KP, et al. Summary of recommendations for the management of infantile seizures: Task Force Report for the ILAE Commission of Pediatrics. Epilepsia. 2015 Aug;56(8):1185-97.Full text Abstract
69. Ozawa H, Kawada Y, Noma S, et al. Oral high-dose phenobarbital therapy for early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Pediatr Neurol. 2002 Mar;26(3):222-4. Abstract
70. Ohno M, Shimotsuji Y, Abe J, et al. Zonisamide treatment of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Pediatr Neurol. 2000 Oct;23(4):341-4. Abstract
71. Spoto G, Saia MC, Amore G, et al. Neonatal seizures: an overview of genetic causes and treatment options. Brain Sci. 2021 Sep 29;11(10):1295.Full text Abstract
72. Xu D, Chen S, Yang J, et al. Precision therapy with quinidine of KCNT1-related epileptic disorders: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Dec;88(12):5096-112.Full text Abstract
73. Malik SI, Galliani CA, Hernandez AW, et al. Epilepsy surgery for early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (Ohtahara syndrome). J Child Neurol. 2013 Dec;28(12):1607-17. Abstract
74. Nelson GR. Management of infantile spasms. Transl Pediatr. 2015 Oct;4(4):260-70.Full text Abstract
75. Hancock EC, Osborne JP, Edwards SW. Treatment of infantile spasms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 5;(6):CD001770.Full text Abstract
76. O'Callaghan FJK, Edwards SW, Alber FD, et al; International Collaborative Infantile Spasms Study (ICISS) investigators. Vigabatrin with hormonal treatment versus hormonal treatment alone (ICISS) for infantile spasms: 18-month outcomes of an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2018 Oct;2(10):715-25.Full text Abstract
77. Northrup H, Aronow ME, Bebin EM, et al; International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Group. Updated international tuberous sclerosis complex diagnostic criteria and surveillance and management recommendations. Pediatr Neurol. 2021 Oct;123:50-66.Full text Abstract
78. Grinspan ZM, Knupp KG, Patel AD, et al. Comparative effectiveness of initial treatment for infantile spasms in a contemporary US cohort. Neurology. 2021 Jul 15;97(12):e1217-28.Full text Abstract
79. Demarest ST, Shellhaas RA, Gaillard WD, et al; Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium. The impact of hypsarrhythmia on infantile spasms treatment response: observational cohort study from the National Infantile Spasms Consortium. Epilepsia. 2017 Dec;58(12):2098-103.Full text Abstract
80. Knupp KG, Leister E, Coryell J, et al; Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium. Response to second treatment after initial failed treatment in a multicenter prospective infantile spasms cohort. Epilepsia. 2016 Nov;57(11):1834-42.Full text Abstract
81. O'Callaghan FJ, Edwards SW, Alber FD, et al. Safety and effectiveness of hormonal treatment versus hormonal treatment with vigabatrin for infantile spasms (ICISS): a randomised, multicentre, open-label trial. Lancet Neurol. 2017 Jan;16(1):33-42.Full text Abstract
82. Knupp KG, Coryell J, Nickels KC, et al; Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium. Response to treatment in a prospective national infantile spasms cohort. Ann Neurol. 2016 Mar;79(3):475-84.Full text Abstract
83. Riikonen R, Mankinen K, Gaily E. Long-term outcome in pyridoxine-responsive infantile epilepsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2015 Nov;19(6):647-51. Abstract
84. Sahu JK, Madaan P, Prakash K. The landscape of infantile epileptic spasms syndrome in South Asia: peculiarities, challenges, and way forward. Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia. 2023 May;12:100170.Full text Abstract
85. Banerjee A, Sahu JK, Sankhyan N, et al. Randomized trial of high-dose pyridoxine in combination with standard hormonal therapy in West syndrome. Seizure. 2021 Oct;91:75-80.Full text Abstract
86. Auvin S, Pandit F, De Bellecize J, et al. Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infants: electroclinical features and long-term follow-up of 34 patients. Epilepsia. 2006 Feb;47(2):387-93.Full text Abstract
87. Caraballo RH, Flesler S, Pasteris MC, et al. Myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: an electroclinical study and long-term follow-up of 38 patients. Epilepsia. 2013 Sep;54(9):1605-12.Full text Abstract
88. Oguni H. Symptomatic epilepsies imitating idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2005 Nov;46(suppl 9):84-90.Full text Abstract
89. Lagae L. Dravet syndrome. Curr Opin Neurol. 2021 Apr 1;34(2):213-8. Abstract
90. Gao C, Pielas M, Jiao F, et al. Epilepsy in Dravet syndrome - current and future therapeutic opportunities. J Clin Med. 2023 Mar 27;12(7):2532.Full text Abstract
91. Brigo F, Igwe SC, Bragazzi NL. Antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of infants with severe myoclonic epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 18;(5):CD010483.Full text Abstract
92. Zhang L, Li W, Wang C. Efficacy and safety of fenfluramine in patients with Dravet syndrome: a meta-analysis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2021 Apr;143(4):339-48. Abstract
93. Lattanzi S, Brigo F, Trinka E, et al. Adjunctive cannabidiol in patients with Dravet syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety. CNS Drugs. 2020 Mar;34(3):229-41. Abstract
94. American Epilepsy Society. AES position statement on cannabis as a treatment for patients with epileptic seizures. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Full text
95. Gunning B, Mazurkiewicz-Bełdzińska M, Chin RFM, et al. Cannabidiol in conjunction with clobazam: analysis of four randomized controlled trials. Acta Neurol Scand. 2021 Feb;143(2):154-63.Full text Abstract
96. Lattanzi S, Trinka E, Striano P, et al. Cannabidiol efficacy and clobazam status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 2020 Jun;61(6):1090-8. Abstract
97. Nieto-Barrera M, Candau R, Nieto-Jimenez M, et al. Topiramate in the treatment of severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy. Seizure. 2000 Dec;9(8):590-4. Abstract
98. Nickels K, Kossoff EH, Eschbach K, et al. Epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures (Doose syndrome): clarification of diagnosis and treatment options through a large retrospective multicenter cohort. Epilepsia. 2021 Jan;62(1):120-7. Abstract
99. Nickels K, Thibert R, Rau S, et al; Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium. How do we diagnose and treat epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures (Doose syndrome)? Results of the Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium survey. Epilepsy Res. 2018 Aug;144:14-9. Abstract
100. Joshi C, Nickels K, Demarest S, et al. Results of an international Delphi consensus in epilepsy with myoclonic atonic seizures/ Doose syndrome. Seizure. 2021 Feb;85:12-8.Full text Abstract
101. Brigo F, Jones K, Eltze C, et al. Anti-seizure medications for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Apr 7;(4):CD003277.Full text Abstract
102. Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary: efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs II: treatment-resistant epilepsy. Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2018 Jul 10;91(2):82-90. Abstract
103. Cross JH, Auvin S, Falip M, et al. Expert opinion on the management of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: treatment algorithms and practical considerations. Front Neurol. 2017 Sep 29;8:505.Full text Abstract
104. Montouris G, Aboumatar S, Burdette D, et al. Expert opinion: proposed diagnostic and treatment algorithms for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in adult patients. Epilepsy Behav. 2020 Sep;110:107146.Full text Abstract
105. Sharawat IK, Panda PK, Panda P, et al. Efficacy and safety of rufinamide as adjunctive therapy in patients with Lennox Gastaut syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Seizure. 2021 Oct;91:296-307.Full text Abstract
106. Thiele EA, Marsh ED, French JA, et al. Cannabidiol in patients with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (GWPCARE4): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2018 Mar 17;391(10125):1085-96. Abstract
107. Devinsky O, Patel AD, Cross JH, et al. Effect of cannabidiol on drop seizures in the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018 May 17;378(20):1888-97.Full text Abstract
108. Fazlollahi A, Zahmatyar M, ZareDini M, et al. Adverse events of cannabidiol use in patients with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Apr 3;6(4):e239126.Full text Abstract
109. Knupp KG, Scheffer IE, Ceulemans B, et al. Efficacy and safety of fenfluramine for the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2022 Jun 1;79(6):554-64.Full text Abstract
110. Knupp KG, Scheffer IE, Ceulemans B, et al. Fenfluramine provides clinically meaningful reduction in frequency of drop seizures in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: interim analysis of an open-label extension study. Epilepsia. 2023 Jan;64(1):139-51.Full text Abstract
111. Agashe S, Worrell G, Britton J, et al. Cenobamate in generalized epilepsy and combined generalized and focal epilepsy. Neurol Clin Pract. 2023 Apr;13(2):e200133.Full text Abstract
112. Strzelczyk A, Schubert-Bast S. Expanding the treatment landscape for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: current and future strategies. CNS Drugs. 2021 Jan;35(1):61-83.Full text Abstract
113. Brigo F, Igwe SC, Lattanzi S. Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jan 21;(1):CD003032.Full text Abstract
114. Nevitt SJ, Sudell M, Cividini S, et al. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Apr 1;(4):CD011412.Full text Abstract
115. Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, et al; Childhood Absence Epilepsy Study Group. Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4;362(9):790-9.Full text Abstract
116. Coppola G, Auricchio G, Federico R, et al. Lamotrigine versus valproic acid as first-line monotherapy in newly diagnosed typical absence seizures: an open-label, randomized, parallel-group study. Epilepsia. 2004 Sep;45(9):1049-53.Full text Abstract
117. Rinaldi VE, Di Cara G, Mencaroni E, et al. Therapeutic options for childhood absence epilepsy. Pediatr Rep. 2021 Dec 16;13(4):658-67.Full text Abstract
118. Trinka E, Alsaadi T, Goji H, et al. Perampanel for the treatment of people with idiopathic generalized epilepsy in clinical practice. Epilepsia. 2023 Aug;64(8):2094-107.Full text Abstract
119. Operto FF, Orsini A, Sica G, et al. Perampanel and childhood absence epilepsy: a real life experience. Front Neurol. 2022 Aug 11;13:952900.Full text Abstract
120. Trudeau V, Myers S, LaMoreaux L, et al. Gabapentin in naive childhood absence epilepsy: results from two double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter studies. J Child Neurol. 1996 Nov;11(6):470-5. Abstract
121. Zanzmera P, Menon RN, Karkare K, et al. Epilepsy with myoclonic absences: electroclinical characteristics in a distinctive pediatric epilepsy phenotype. Epilepsy Behav. 2016 Nov;64(pt a):242-7. Abstract
122. Smith KM, Wirrell EC, Andrade DM, et al. Management of epilepsy with eyelid myoclonia: results of an international expert consensus panel. Epilepsia. 2023 Sep;64(9):2342-50.Full text Abstract
123. Zawar I, Knight EP. Epilepsy with eyelid myoclonia (Jeavons syndrome). Pediatr Neurol. 2021 Aug;121:75-80. Abstract
124. Smith KM, Youssef PE, Wirrell EC, et al. Jeavons syndrome: clinical features and response to treatment. Pediatr Neurol. 2018 Sep;86:46-51. Abstract
125. Petropoulos MC, Bonaiuto K, Currier J, et al. Practical aspects of childhood epilepsy. BMJ. 2019 Nov 11;367:l6096. Abstract
126. Bresnahan R, Panebianco M, Marson AG. Lamotrigine add-on therapy for drug-resistant generalised tonic-clonic seizures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jul 1;(7):CD007783.Full text Abstract
127. Caraballo R, Silva S, Beltran L, et al. Childhood-only epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures: a well-defined epileptic syndrome. Epilepsy Res. 2019 Jul;153:28-33. Abstract
128. Ji ZY, Huang YQ, He WZ. Sodium valproate combined with topiramate vs. sodium valproate alone for refractory epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2022 Jan 5:12:794856.Full text Abstract
129. Murphy K, Delanty N. Primary generalized epilepsies. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2000 Nov;2(6):527-42. Abstract
130. Cross JH. Pitfalls in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of epilepsy. Paediatr Child Health. 2009 May;19(5):199-202.Full text
131. Kostov H, Larsson PG, Roste GK. Is vagus nerve stimulation a treatment option for patients with drug-resistant idiopathic generalized epilepsy? Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2007;187:55-8. Abstract
132. Trevathan E, Kerls SP, Hammer AE, et al. Lamotrigine adjunctive therapy among children and adolescents with primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Pediatrics. 2006 Aug;118(2):e371-8. Abstract
133. Sharpe DV, Patel AD, Abou-Khalil B, et al. Levetiracetam monotherapy in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Seizure. 2008 Jan;17(1):64-8. Abstract
134. Verrotti A, Cerminara C, Coppola G, et al. Levetiracetam in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: long-term efficacy in newly diagnosed adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008 Jan;50(1):29-32. Abstract
135. Serafini A, Gerard E, Genton P, et al. Treatment of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy in patients of child-bearing potential. CNS Drugs. 2019 Mar;33(3):195-208. Abstract
136. Tennis P, Eldridge RR; International Lamotrigine Pregnancy Registry Scientific Advisory Committee. Preliminary results on pregnancy outcomes in women using lamotrigine. Epilepsia. 2002 Oct;43(10):1161-7.Full text Abstract
137. Bourgeois BF. Chronic management of seizures in the syndromes of idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2003 Mar;44 Suppl 2:27-32.Full text Abstract
138. Kothare SV, Valencia I, Khurana DS, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of zonisamide in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epileptic Disord. 2004 Dec;6(4):267-70.Full text Abstract
139. Kessler SK, McGinnis E. A practical guide to treatment of childhood absence epilepsy. Paediatr Drugs. 2019 Feb;21(1):15-24.Full text Abstract
140. French JA, Krauss GL, Wechsler RT, et al. Perampanel for tonic-clonic seizures in idiopathic generalized epilepsy: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2015 Sep 15;85(11):950-7.Full text Abstract
141. Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, et al; SANAD Study group. The SANAD study of effectiveness of valproate, lamotrigine, or topiramate for generalised and unclassifiable epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Mar 24;369(9566):1016-26.Full text Abstract
142. Wheless JW. Use of topiramate in childhood generalized seizure disorders. J Child Neurol. 2000;15(suppl 1):S7-13. Abstract
143. Wheless JW, Neto W, Wang S; EPMN-105 Study Group. Topiramate, carbamazepine, and valproate monotherapy: double-blind comparison in children with newly diagnosed epilepsy. J Child Neurol. 2004 Feb;19(2):135-41. Abstract
144. Boon P, Ferrao Santos S, Jansen AC, et al. Recommendations for the treatment of epilepsy in adult and pediatric patients in Belgium: 2020 update. Acta Neurol Belg. 2021 Feb;121(1):241-57.Full text Abstract
145. Gloss D, Pargeon K, Pack A, et al. Antiseizure medication withdrawal in seizure-free patients: practice advisory update summary: report of the AAN guideline subcommittee. Neurology. 2021 Dec 7;97(23):1072-81.Full text Abstract
146. Ayuga Loro F, Gisbert Tijeras E, Brigo F. Rapid versus slow withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jan 10;(1):CD005003.Full text Abstract
147. De SK. Ganaxolone: first FDA-approved medicine for the treatment of seizures associated with cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 deficiency disorder. Curr Med Chem. 2024;31(4):388-92.Full text Abstract
148. Olson HE, Demarest ST, Pestana-Knight EM, et al. Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 deficiency disorder: clinical review. Pediatr Neurol. 2019 Aug;97:18-25.Full text Abstract
149. Hahn CD, Jiang Y, Villanueva V, et al. A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of soticlestat as adjunctive therapy in pediatric patients with Dravet syndrome or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (ELEKTRA). Epilepsia. 2022 Oct;63(10):2671-83.Full text Abstract
150. Tolete P, Knupp K, Karlovich M, et al. Lorcaserin therapy for severe epilepsy of childhood onset: a case series. Neurology. 2018 Oct 30;91(18):837-9.Full text Abstract
151. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of lorcaserin as adjunctive treatment in participants with Dravet syndrome (MOMENTUM 1). NCT04572243. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text
152. ClinicalTrials.gov. Carisbamate in adult and pediatric subjects with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. NCT03731715. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text
153. ClinicalTrials.gov. Carisbamate safety study in adult and pediatric subjects with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. NCT04062981. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text
154. ClinicalTrials.gov. Investigate efficacy and safety of carisbamate as adjunctive treatment for seizures associated with LGS in children and adults. NCT05219617. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text
155. Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Koepp MJ, et al. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: a summary of the Sixteenth Eilat Conference on New Antiepileptic Drugs and Devices (EILAT XVI): I. Drugs in preclinical and early clinical development. Epilepsia. 2022 Nov;63(11):2865-82. Abstract
156. ClinicalTrials.gov. An open-label extension of the study XEN496 (Ezogabine) in Children With KCNQ2-DEE (EPIK-OLE). NCT04912856. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text
157. He Z, Li Y, Zhao X, et al. Dravet syndrome: advances in etiology, clinical presentation, and treatment. Epilepsy Res. 2022 Dec;188:107041. Abstract
158. Nelson JA, Knupp KG. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: current treatments, novel therapeutics, and future directions. Neurotherapeutics. 2023 Sep;20(5):1255-62. Abstract
159. ClinicalTrials.gov. An open-label study to investigate the safety of single and multiple ascending doses in children and adolescents with Dravet syndrome. NCT04442295. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text
160. ClinicalTrials.gov. An open-label extension study of STK-001 for patients with Dravet syndrome. NCT04740476. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text
161. Lundstrom BN, Osman GM, Starnes K, et al. Emerging approaches in neurostimulation for epilepsy. Curr Opin Neurol. 2023 Apr 1;36(2):69-76. Abstract
162. Haneef Z, Skrehot HC. Neurostimulation in generalized epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 2023 Apr;64(4):811-20. Abstract
163. Gummadavelli A, Englot DJ, Schwalb JM, et al; American Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgeons. ASSFN position statement on deep brain stimulation for medication-refractory epilepsy. Neurosurgery. 2022 May 1;90(5):636-41.Full text Abstract
164. Walton D, Spencer DC, Nevitt SJ, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Apr 15;(4):CD011025.Full text Abstract
165. Simula S, Daoud M, Ruffini G, et al. Transcranial current stimulation in epilepsy: a systematic review of the fundamental and clinical aspects. Front Neurosci. 2022 Aug 25;16:909421.Full text Abstract
166. Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary: efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: treatment of new-onset epilepsy: report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2018 Jul 10;91(2):74-81.Full text Abstract
167. Harden C, Tomson T, Gloss D, et al; American Academy of Neurology, American Epilepsy Society. Practice guideline summary: sudden unexpected death in epilepsy incidence rates and risk factors. Neurology. 2017 Apr 25;88(17):1674-80.Full text Abstract
168. Capovilla G, Kaufman KR, Perucca E, et al. Epilepsy, seizures, physical exercise, and sports: a report from the ILAE Task Force on Sports and Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2016 Jan;57(1):6-12.Full text Abstract
169. Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, et al; ILAE Subcommission on AED Guidelines. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2013 Mar;54(3):551-63.Full text Abstract
170. Hauser E, Freilinger M, Seidl R, et al. Prognosis of childhood epilepsy in newly referred patients. J Child Neurol. 1996 May;11(3):201-4. Abstract
171. Ramos Lizana J, Cassinello Garcia E, Carrasco Marina LL, et al. Seizure recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure in childhood: a prospective study. Epilepsia. 2000 Aug;41(8):1005-13.Full text Abstract
172. Sillanpää M, Schmidt D. Natural history of treated childhood-onset epilepsy: prospective, long-term population-based study. Brain. 2006 Mar;129(Pt 3):617-24.Full text Abstract
173. Guery D, Rheims S. Clinical management of drug resistant epilepsy: a review on current strategies. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2021 Jul 12;17:2229-42.Full text Abstract
174. McIntyre J, Robertson S, Norris E, et al. Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005 Jul 16-22;366(9481):205-10. Abstract
175. Holsti M, Sill BL, Firth SD, et al. Prehospital intranasal midazolam for the treatment of pediatric seizures. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2007 Mar;23(3):148-53. Abstract
176. Pensel MC, Nass RD, Taubøll E, et al. Prevention of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: current status and future perspectives. Expert Rev Neurother. 2020 May;20(5):497-508. Abstract
177. Wilson SJ, Baxendale S, Barr W, et al. Indications and expectations for neuropsychological assessment in routine epilepsy care: report of the ILAE Neuropsychology Task Force, Diagnostic Methods Commission, 2013-2017. Epilepsia. 2015 May;56(5):674-81.Full text Abstract
178. Keezer MR, Sisodiya SM, Sander JW. Comorbidities of epilepsy: current concepts and future perspectives. Lancet Neurol. 2016 Jan;15(1):106-15. Abstract
179. Hesdorffer DC, Ishihara L, Mynepalli L, et al. Epilepsy, suicidality, and psychiatric disorders: a bidirectional association. Ann Neurol. 2012 Aug;72(2):184-91. Abstract
180. Patel AD, Baca C, Franklin G, et al. Quality improvement in neurology: Epilepsy Quality Measurement Set 2017 update. Neurology. 2018 Oct 30;91(18):829-36.Full text Abstract
181. Maguire MJ, Marson AG, Nevitt SJ. Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Apr 16;(4):CD010682.Full text Abstract
182. Cheng LS, Prasad AN, Rieder MJ. Relationship between antiepileptic drugs and biological markers affecting long-term cardiovascular function in children and adolescents. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Winter;17(1):e5-46. Abstract
183. American Epilepsy Society. Substitution of different formulations of antiseizure medication for the treatment of epilepsy. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer